Amaranth - Cyclosporine Interaction

Amaranth is a diverse group of plants found in lowlands, wastelands, and gardens, with some species yielding seeds used as pseudocereals or for oil. Others, like Amaranthus dubius and Amaranthus tricolor, have large leaves used as vegetables. Common medicinal varieties include Amaranthus roxburghianus and Amaranthus spinosus. The whole amaranth plant is used medicinally. Its leaves contain some vitamin C and beta-carotene, with Amaranthus tricolor leaves also providing calcium, iron, and zinc. Amaranth seed oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), including linoleic, alpha-linolenic, and oleic acids, along with saturated fatty acids (SFAs) like palmitic and stearic acids, in a 1:3 SFA to UFA ratio, and also contains squalene, tocopherols, and sterols. Amaranth seeds, used as pseudocereals, are high in protein, vitamin E, antioxidant phenols, and minerals like iron. Amaranthus hypochondriacus seeds contain bioactive peptides like lunasin, vicilin, and 11S globulin. Amaranthus roxburghianus roots contain eugenol, benzene derivatives, and 3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydropyran-4-one, while Amaranthus spinosus bark contains betacyanins, quercetin, kaempferol, and amaranthoside.