1,4-butanediol Interactions Overview

Additional Details

Is 1,4-Butanediol Safe? Are There Any Warnings?

1,4-Butanediol is considered unsafe when used orally. It has been associated with severe illnesses and deaths. Pregnant and lactating individuals should also avoid using it orally.

How Does 1,4-Butanediol Work? What Is the Mechanism of Action?

1,4-Butanediol is a chemical that is converted to gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in the body. GHB is a compound known for its euphoric and sedative effects. 1,4-Butanediol stimulates growth hormone secretion and can produce potentially dangerous sedative effects. It acts on GHB receptors and the endogenous opioid system, affecting dopamine release and raising dynorphin levels. GHB can also be converted to the neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain.

Pharmacokinetics

1,4-Butanediol is rapidly absorbed by the body, reaching maximum plasma levels within 24 minutes of oral ingestion. It is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes, first to 1,4-butaraldehyde and then to GHB. The elimination half-life of 1,4-butanediol in humans is around 39 minutes, with increased half-life when metabolism is inhibited. Unmetabolized 1,4-butanediol is excreted in the urine.

Interaction Overview

1,4-Butanediol may have interactions with alcohol, amphetamines, anticonvulsants, CNS depressants, divalproex sodium, naloxone, narcotic drugs, ritonavir, saquinavir, and topiramate. Concomitant use of these substances with 1,4-butanediol may result in varying effects and increased risk of respiratory depression, CNS depression, or other adverse effects. It is important to use caution and consult with a healthcare professional.

Common Side Effects to Watch For

Common side effects of 1,4-butanediol when used orally include agitation, amnesia, anxiety, bradycardia, chest tightness, confusion, hallucinations, nausea, tremor, and vomiting. Rare but serious adverse effects may include cardiac arrest, coma, death, and respiratory depression.

Are Supplements Standardized?

There is insufficient reliable information available about the standardization of 1,4-butanediol supplements.

What is 1,4-Butanediol Typically Used For?

1,4-Butanediol is used recreationally for its euphoric and sedative effects. It is used as a source of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and has gained popularity as a party or club drug. However, it can cause severe illnesses and even death. It is important to note that 1,4-butanediol should not be confused with GHB or gamma butyrolactone (GBL).

Drugs that interact with 1,4-butanediol