Magnesium Interactions Overview

Additional Details

Is Magnesium Safe? Are There Any Warnings?

Magnesium is generally safe to use when taken orally or intravenously in appropriate doses. However, excessive use of magnesium can cause diarrhea. It is important to avoid exceeding the recommended daily intake level of 350 mg. Pregnant women should be cautious when using prescription magnesium sulfate for longer than 5 days, as it can increase the risk of neonatal bone abnormalities. The US FDA recommends not using magnesium injection for longer than 5-7 days.

How Does Magnesium Work? What Is the Mechanism of Action?

Magnesium is a mineral that has various roles in the body. It is involved in more than 300 cellular reactions and is important for normal bone structure. Magnesium is required for the formation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) and is involved in ion movements across cell membranes. It plays a role in protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and the regulation of blood pressure. In the body, magnesium helps maintain nerve and muscle electrical potentials and transmits impulses across neuromuscular junctions. It also has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Magnesium works by antagonizing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which are involved in pain sensation. This is why magnesium can be effective in relieving symptoms associated with migraines, postoperative pain, and other pain conditions. Magnesium also has antidiabetic effects and plays a role in insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. It has been found to have effects on blood pressure regulation, cardiovascular health, and the prevention or control of convulsions. Additionally, magnesium is involved in immune function, neuroprotection, and bone health.

Pharmacokinetics

Magnesium is well absorbed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, with peak plasma concentrations occurring about 4 hours after a dose. The efficiency of absorption depends on magnesium stores in the body. It is distributed throughout the body, with about one-third in the skeleton and two-thirds in soft tissue. Magnesium is excreted primarily via the kidneys, with only 3-5% of the filtered load being excreted. The body tightly regulates magnesium levels and preserves serum levels at the expense of magnesium in cells and bone.

Interaction Overview (See Full List At Bottom Of Page)

Magnesium can interact with certain drugs and supplements. For example, it can enhance the effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics and increase the risk of neuromuscular weakness. Use with caution when taking magnesium with antacids, as it may reduce their laxative effect. Magnesium can also affect the absorption and excretion of certain medications, such as bisphosphonates, digoxin, and quinolone antibiotics. It is important to discuss any potential interactions with your healthcare provider.

Common Side Effects To Watch For

Common side effects of magnesium include diarrhea, gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, and vomiting when taken orally. Intravenous use of magnesium can cause bradycardia, dizziness, flushing sensation, hypotension, and pain or irritation at the injection site. Severe side effects are rare but can include loss of reflexes, respiratory depression, and neurological defects in infants when used intramuscularly or intravenously during pregnancy.

Are Supplements Standardized?

Magnesium supplements come in various forms, such as aspartate, oxide, lactate, citrate, chloride, and gluconate. The bioavailability and efficacy of these different forms can vary. Some supplement manufacturers promote a specific ratio of magnesium to calcium as being ideal, but there is no conclusive evidence to support this claim. It is important to choose reputable brands and consult with a healthcare professional for guidance on choosing the right magnesium supplement.

What Is Magnesium Typically Used For?

Magnesium is used for various purposes. Some of its uses have strong evidence supporting their effectiveness. These include bowel preparation, treatment of constipation, relief of dyspepsia, control of seizures in eclampsia, treatment of hypomagnesemia, and prevention of seizures associated with various causes. Magnesium also has potentially effective uses in reducing the risk of cerebral palsy, treating seizures, preventing torsades de pointes arrhythmia, and managing symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). There is insufficient evidence to support or refute its use in several other conditions. It is important to note that magnesium supplementation should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Different Forms of Magnesium

• Magnesium Oxide: This form has a high magnesium concentration but is poorly absorbed by the body. It is commonly used as a laxative due to its osmotic effect in the intestines.
• Magnesium Glycinate: This form is chelated with the amino acid glycine, which enhances its absorption and bioavailability. It is less likely to cause diarrhea or gastrointestinal discomfort compared to other forms.
• Magnesium Citrate: This form is a combination of magnesium and citric acid. It has a good absorption rate and is commonly used as a laxative or to relieve constipation.
• Magnesium Chloride: This form is known for its high bioavailability and is often used in topical magnesium products, such as lotions or sprays.
• Magnesium L-Threonate: This newer form of magnesium is believed to have better brain penetration and cognitive benefits. It is specifically designed to enhance magnesium levels in the brain.
• Magnesium Malate: This combination of magnesium and malic acid is often used for its potential benefits in supporting muscle performance and reducing muscle pain and fatigue.
• Magnesium Taurate: This form combines magnesium with the amino acid taurine. It is believed to support cardiovascular health and promote calmness and relaxation.
• Magnesium Orotate: This combination of magnesium and orotic acid is often used for its potential benefits in supporting heart health and improving athletic performance.
• Magnesium Sulfate: This form is commonly used for intravenous administration in medical settings, such as for the treatment of eclampsia or preterm labor. It is important to note that different forms of magnesium have varying absorption rates and effects on the body.
  

Drugs that interact with Magnesium