No known drug interactions for the matched ingredients — not a guarantee none exist. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Creatine Monohydrate Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by True Nutrition

Creatine Monohydrate label
See full label image
Powder Category: Non-nutrient/non-botanical
No known interaction
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Creatine Monohydrate against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line No known interaction

Creatine Monohydrate is a dietary supplement by True Nutrition with 1 active ingredient. Its ingredients are commonly taken for improving high-intensity exercise performance, building muscle strength and size, sports and athletic training.We don’t currently list a known drug interaction for its mapped ingredients — but that doesn’t guarantee none exist, so always confirm with your pharmacist.

Jump to a section

HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Creatine Monohydrate by True Nutrition

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 23, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 1 of its 1 active ingredient.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

This product contains one active ingredient: creatine monohydrate, a compound your muscles naturally produce and use for energy during intense exercise. There are no inactive ingredients listed for this powder.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: improve muscle strength and athletic performance.
  • We looked for evidence on: Athletic performance, Muscle strength, Physical performance, Muscle breakdown, Postoperative recovery, Sarcopenia — and 4 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Creatine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Athletic performance (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Creatine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Muscle strength, Sarcopenia.
  • Also on file: Creatine is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for HIV/AIDS-related wasting, Muscle breakdown, Muscle cramps, Muscular dystrophy.

The evidence supports creatine for a few specific uses. It's possibly effective for building muscle strength, supporting athletic performance, and helping with sarcopenia (age-related muscle loss).

It's also possibly effective for cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes, a rare genetic condition. For Huntington disease and osteopenia, the evidence suggests it's possibly ineffective.

For other uses, we don't have effectiveness data on file.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Creatine

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 1 of the 1 matched ingredient.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 1 of 1.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 1 of 1.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Creatine monohydrate is generally well tolerated in healthy adults. The most common side effects are dehydration, diarrhea, stomach upset, muscle cramps, and water retention — most people don't experience these, but they're worth knowing about.

Serious side effects are rare but have been reported in individual cases, including kidney problems and muscle breakdown. Pregnancy and nursing: the safety data advises against use during pregnancy and breastfeeding because there isn't enough information to know it's safe.

If you're pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or nursing, talk with your doctor or pharmacist before taking this.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Creatine

Meds to double-check

No known interactions
Known Interaction Concern · database check
No known interactions

No medication interactions are currently documented for the matched ingredients — that isn't a guarantee none exist.

Why this rating?
  • None of the 1 matched ingredient has a documented medication interaction on file.

No interactions are documented for creatine monohydrate in our data. That said, if you have kidney disease or take blood pressure medications, nephrotoxic drugs, or anything that stresses your kidneys, confirm with your doctor or pharmacist that this supplement is okay for you.

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. No medication interactions are currently documented, and safety information is well characterized.

Creatine monohydrate is a straightforward option if you're looking to build strength or boost athletic performance — the evidence backs those uses. If you have kidney problems or take medications that affect kidney function, check with your doctor or pharmacist first.

Pregnant women and nursing mothers should avoid it.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 1 of 1 active ingredient matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Jun 23, 2017.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Creatine Monohydrate, straight from the product label.

Brand True Nutrition
Barcode (UPC) 4003
Net contents 100 Gram(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Jun 23, 2017
DSLD ID 74782
Product type Non-nutrient/non-botanical
Supplement form Powder
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Creatine Monohydrate by True Nutrition, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
2 Gram(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
5 Gram(s)
Servings per container
20
UPC/BARCODE
4003
IngredientAmount% DV
Creatine Monohydrate5 Gram(s)--

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General Statements

Truenutrition.com Be true to yourself.

A cell-volumizer that improves blood lipid levels and promotes muscle growth!

Description Creatine (CR) is a naturally occurring substance, produced in our bodies in the liver from the amino acids L-arginine, L-glycine and L-methionine (1). Daily turnover of creatine occurs at a rate of -2g/day via non-enzymatic, irreversible degradation of creatine and creatine phosphate to creatinine(2). Creatinine freely diffuses out of the cell and is easily filtered by the healthy kidney(3). This loss is normaly replaced by endogenous CR synthesis, as well as exogenous (dietary) sources of creatine such as meat(4). However, vegetarians typically have lower levels of creatine in serum and muscle(5), and experience a greater elevation in muscle CR following dietary supplementation(6). Due in part to its relatively large mass, over 95% of the body's store of creatine is found in skeletal mmuscle (-120g in a 70kg male(1), where it participates in energetic processes to restore ATp and shuttle high energy phosphate in the form of CR phosphate from the mitochondria to the myofibrillar cross-bridges to generate muscular contractile force(7). Because CR is a charged molecule(2) it must normally be transported across cell membranes by a CR transport protein, including that of the gut (for oral absorption) and skeletal muscle (for uptake into the cell)(8-11). Following a period of CR loading, all of a 5g daily dose of CR monohydrate is recoverable in the urine as CR or its degradative by-product creatinine(12), suggesting that in most individuals, absorption of creatine monohydrate is complete, at least at these doses.

However, anecdotal reports of gastric distress(13) suggest that some individuals may have difficulty absorbing CR in the amounts provided by a CR supplement. To aid in trans-membrane movement, ethyl esterification (akin to the acetylation of salicylic acid to make aspirin, a.k.a acetylsalycylic acid) of drugs or other substances is commonly employed to bypass normal means of uptake, enhance bioavailability and reduce side effects(14). Although scientific investigation of the pharmacokinetics CR ethyl ester (CEE) is lacking, anecdotal reports of increased body mass without gastric discomfort are consistent with the abrupt weight gain noted in numerous research studies of CR monohydrate supplementation (15-22), suggesting the CEE does indeed make its way to skeletal muscle. The ergogenic and anabolic effects of CR have been under investigation for more than a decade, with widely inconsistent results(23). However, taken as a whole the large body of literature suggests that supplement CR can have ergogenic effects, especially during brief duration, high intensity exercise (such as resistance exercise) and in individuals who have low muscle CR levels, such as vegetarians, and those with abnormalities of CR metabolism(21,24,25).

Creatine may also have an anti-inflammatory action(26,27), aid in nerve re-generation(28) have an anaboic or anti-catabolic effect on skeletal muscle(29-32), although the literature is not consistent in this regard(33,34), and/or prevent performance decrements during periods of high intensity training(35). By aiding in muscular performance (training stimulus), affecting recovery via altering muscle protein metabolism or nerve function, CR would hypothetically enhance adaptation to exercise training, including the muscular growth adaptation to resistance training. The degree to which this occurs is likely dependent upon the degree to which supplemental CR increases muscle CR as well as body mass during the initial period of CR supplementation(36,37).

Consuming CR as CEE may even lower the amount of CR needed for this effect. CR supplementation improves blood lipid profile be elevating HDL concentration and reducing total cholesterol, LDL, and blood triglyceride levels(46, 47).

Packaging Packaged in heat-sealed foil pouches.

Volumetric measures Use the table below to approximate the gram equivalent weight for a given level measuring spoon (US Standard). Please note that accurate dosing should only be done with a recommended calibrated scale. Measuring spoon (level) g mg 90cc Scoop 47.3 47331 70cc Scoop 36.8 36813 29.6cc Scoop 15.6 15567 25cc Scoop 13.1 13147 Tablespoon 7.8 7778 10cc Scoop 5.3 5259 1/2 Tablespoon 3.9 3889 Teaspoon 2.6 2593 1/2 Teaspoon 1.3 1296 1.7cc Scoop 0.69 894 1/4 Teaspoon 0.6 648 1/8 Teaspoon 0.3 324 1/16 Teaspoon 0.2 162 1/32 Teaspoon 0.1 81

References 1. Walker, J.B., Creatine: biosynthesis, regulation, and function. Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol, 1979. 50: p. 177-242. 2. Wyss, M. and T. Wallimann, Creatine metabolism and the consequences of creatine depletion in muscle. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 1994. 133/134: p. 51-66. 3. Hogwerf, B.J., et al., Urine C-peptide and creatinine (Jaffe method) excretion in healthy young adults on varied diets: sustained effects of varied carbohydrate, protein, and meat content. AM J Cin Nutr. 1986. 43(3): p. 350-60. 4. Harris, R.C., et al., The concentration of creatine in meat, offal and commercial dog food. Research in Veterinary Science, 1997. 62(1): p. 58-62. 5.Delanghe, j., et al., Normal reference values for creatine, creatinine, and carnitine are lower in vegetarians. Clin Chem, 1989, 35(8): p. 1802-3. 6. Harris, R.C., et al., Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects be creatine supplementation. Clin. Sci.(Colch). 1992. 83: p. 367-374. 7. Bessman, S.P. and F. Savabi, The role of the phosphcreatine energy shuttle in exercise and muscle hypertrophy, in Proceedings of the 7th International Biochemistry of Exercise Conference held on June 1-4, 1988 in London, Ontario, Canada, A.W. Taylor, Editor. 1990, Human Kinetics Publishers: Champaign, IL. p. 167-178.

True Nutrition was established on the values of our customers not the owner's wallets. True Nutrition absolutely refuses to cut any corners when it comes to product quality, product validity and product manufacturing.

Precautions

Supplement Use Individuals should consult with their physician before beginning CEE supplementation, especially those with pre-existing renal disease. Adverse medical side effects of short and long-term CR supplementation are generally absent in the scientific literature(13, 23, 38-42), although individual cases of those experiencing reversable renal dysfunction in association with CR supplementation have been reported(43).

General warnings If you are currently pregnant or nursing, consult a physician prior to use.

Keep out of reach of children.

This product is manufactured in a facility that handles soy, gluten, and milk products.

This product is manufactured in a facility that handles milk, soy, egg, peanut, nut, tree, fish, crustaceans/shellfish, and wheat products.

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

CR can be taken in doses of 2-5g / day to elevate or maintain elevated muscle creatine levels(12, 44, 45).

CEE could be taken with with alpha lipoic acid to enhance its uptake(48), as well as with carbohydrate to enhance glycogen synthesis(49). Taking CEE, along with vitamin C, may reduce muscle soreness or inflammation(26, 27). CEE could also be used in a post-workout, weight gainer or carb-up drink along alpha lipoic acid, arginine (to optimize nutrient delivery), waxy maize and/or other carbohydrate source, and a high quality protein or protein blend.

Formula

Ingredients Creatine Monohydrate.

Products ordered using premium flavor systems will contain artificial flavoring and sweeteners.

Formulation

Allergen warnings This product is free from all forms of shell fish, tree nuts, yeast, gluten, salt, preservatives, lactose, and soy.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

Disclaimer: The above description is provided for information only and does not constitute medical advice. Please consult your physician or the appropriately licensed professional before engaging in a program of exercise or nutritional supplementation. No information in this site has been reviewed by the FDA. No product is intended to treat, diagnose, or cure any disease.

The above statement has not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose or treat any disease.

Brand IP Statement(s)

Copyright 2015 TrueNutrition.com

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Creatine Monohydrate by True Nutrition label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Creatine Monohydrate label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Creatine Monohydrate by True Nutrition

This is the 1 active ingredient this product is made of. Select it to open its full monograph.

Serving size2 Gram(s) Dosage formPowder Servings per container20 Amounts shown are per serving.

Creatine Monohydrate

No known
interactions
5 Gram(s) per serving

Creatine is one of the most studied sports supplements, with solid evidence that it can boost strength and performance during short, high-intensity ac...

Creatine Monohydrate monograph & interactions
Interaction report

Creatine Monohydrate by True Nutrition Drug Interactions

We don’t currently list any known drug interactions for the mapped ingredients in Creatine Monohydrate. This doesn’t guarantee none exist — always confirm with your pharmacist before combining a supplement with your medications.

The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Creatine Monohydrate, from the product label.

True Nutrition

See all True Nutrition products
Name
True Nutrition
Street Address
1211 Liberty Way
City
Vista
State
CA
ZipCode
92081
Phone Number
760.433.5376
Web Address
[email protected]
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Creatine Monohydrate by True Nutrition: Common Questions

Does Creatine Monohydrate by True Nutrition interact with any medications?
We do not currently list a known interaction for the mapped ingredients in Creatine Monohydrate. This does not guarantee none exist, so confirm with your pharmacist.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Creatine Monohydrate contains a single active ingredient, and that one ingredient can interact with many different medications on its own. We check it against each medication and show the mechanism responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
What's creatine monohydrate supposed to do?
It's meant to help build muscle strength and improve athletic performance — the evidence supports both. It may also help with age-related muscle loss and rare genetic conditions affecting the brain's energy metabolism.
What are the side effects?
Most common are dehydration, diarrhea, stomach upset, muscle cramps, and water retention. Serious effects like kidney problems or muscle breakdown are rare. Creatine is generally well tolerated in healthy adults.
Can I take it while pregnant or breastfeeding?
No — safety during pregnancy hasn't been established, so it's best avoided. There also isn't enough safety information for nursing mothers. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist if you're pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or nursing.
Is it safe for people with kidney problems?
People with kidney issues should be careful with creatine. Check with your doctor or pharmacist first, since creatine does put some load on the kidneys.
Does it really cause water retention?
Creatine is believed to cause slight water retention, which shows up as a side effect in some users. In one trial, about a quarter of patients on creatine reported swelling compared to 9% on placebo, though the difference lessened over time.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Creatine Monohydrate is safe with your meds?

Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.

Ask a pharmacist

Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Creatine Monohydrate label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Creatine Monohydrate’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Creatine

Creatine is one of the most studied sports supplements, with solid evidence that it can boost strength and performance during short, high-intensity activities like weightlifting and sprintin...

Read the full Creatine monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Creatine Monohydrate's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 86 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Creatine 86 references
  1. Koshy KM, Griswold E, Schneeberger EE. Interstitial nephritis in a patient taking creatine. N Engl J Med 1999;340:814-5. PubMed
  2. Vahedi K, Domingo V, Amarenco P, Bousser MG. Ischemic stroke in a sportsman who consumed MaHuang extract and creatine monohydrate for bodybuilding. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2000;68:112-3.
  3. Greenhaff P. Renal dysfunction accompanying oral creatine supplements. Lancet 1998;352:233-4. PubMed
  4. Vandenberghe K, Goris M, Van Hecke P, et al. Long-term creatine intake is beneficial to muscle performance during resistance training (abstract). J Appl Physiol 1997;83:2055-63. PubMed
  5. Hultman E, Soderlund K, Timmons JA, et al. Muscle creatine loading in men. J Appl Physiol 1996;81:232-7. PubMed
  6. Pritchard NR, Kalra PA. Renal dysfunction accompanying oral creatine supplements. Lancet 1998;351:1252-3. PubMed
  7. Poortmans JR, Auquier H, Renaut V, et al. Effect of short-term creatine supplementation on renal responses in men (abstract). Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1997;76:566-7. PubMed
  8. Poortmans JR, Francaux M. Long-term oral creatine supplementation does not impair renal function in healthy athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999;31:1108-10. PubMed
  9. Mihic S, MacDonald JR, McKenzie S, Tarnopolsky MA. Acute creatine loading increases fat-free mass, but does not affect blood pressure, plasma creatinine, or CK activity in men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000;32:291-6. PubMed
  10. Rawson ES, Wehnert ML, Clarkson PM. Effects of 30 days of creatine ingestion in older men. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1999;80:139-44. PubMed
  11. Earnest CP, Almada AL, Mitchell TL. High-performance capillary electrophoresis-pure creatine monohydrate reduces blood lipids in men and women. Clin Sci (Colch) 1996;91:113-8. PubMed
  12. Juhn MS. Oral creatine supplementation. Separating fact from hype. Phys Sportsmed 1999;27:47-50,53-54,56,61,89. PubMed
  13. Juhn MS, O'Kane JW, Vinci DM. Oral creatine supplementation in male collegiate athletes: a survey of dosing habits and side effects. J Am Diet Assoc 1999;99:593-5.
  14. Green AL, Hultman E, Macdonald IA, et al. Carbohydrate ingestion augments skeletal muscle creatine accumulation during creatine supplementation in humans. Am J Physiol 1996;271:E821-6. PubMed
  15. Balsom PD, Soderlund K, Sjodin B, Ekblom B. Skeletal muscle metabolism during short duration high-intensity exercise: influence of creatine supplementation. Acta Physiol Scand 1995;154:303-10. PubMed
  16. Snow RJ, McKenna MJ, Selig SE, et al. Effect of creatine supplementation on sprint exercise performance and muscle metabolism. (abstract) J Appl Physiol 1998;84:1667-73. PubMed
  17. McNaughton LR, Dalton B, Tarr J. The effects of creatine supplementation on high-intensity exercise performance in elite performers. (abstract) Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1998;78:236-40. PubMed
  18. Groeneveld GJ, Veldink JH, van der Tweel I, et al. A randomized sequential trial of creatine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2003;53:437-45. . PubMed
  19. Robinson SJ. Acute quadriceps compartment syndrome and rhabdomyolysis in a weight lifter using high-dose creatine supplementation. J Am Board Fam Pract 2000;13:134-7. PubMed
  20. Kammer RT. Lone atrial fibrillation associated with creatine monohydrate supplementation. Pharmacotherapy 2005;25:762-4. PubMed
  21. Gualano B, Ugrinowitsch C, Novaes RB, et al. Effects of creatine supplementation on renal function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008;103:33-40. PubMed
  22. Pfeffer, G., Majamaa, K., Turnbull, D. M., Thorburn, D., and Chinnery, P. F. Treatment for mitochondrial disorders. Cochrane Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;4:CD004426. PubMed
  23. Boos, C. J., White, S. H., Bland, S. A., and McAllister, P. D. Dietary supplements and military operations: caution is advised. J R.Army Med Corps 2010;156(1):41-43. PubMed
  24. Kreider, R. B. Dietary supplements and the promotion of muscle growth with resistance exercise. Sports Med 1999;27(2):97-110. PubMed
  25. Juhn, M. S., O'Kane, J. W., and Vinci, D. M. Oral creatine supplementation in male collegiate athletes: a survey of dosing habits and side effects. J Am.Diet.Assoc 1999;99(5):593-595.
  26. Volek, J. S., Duncan, N. D., Mazzetti, S. A., Putukian, M., Gomez, A. L., and Kraemer, W. J. No effect of heavy resistance training and creatine supplementation on blood lipids. Int J Sport Nutr.Exerc.Metab 2000;10(2):144-156. PubMed
  27. Robinson, T. M., Sewell, D. A., Casey, A., Steenge, G., and Greenhaff, P. L. Dietary creatine supplementation does not affect some haematological indices, or indices of muscle damage and hepatic and renal function. Br.J Sports Med 2000;34(4):284-288. PubMed
  28. Tarnopolsky, M. A. Potential benefits of creatine monohydrate supplementation in the elderly. Curr.Opin.Clin Nutr.Metab Care 2000;3(6):497-502. PubMed
  29. Tarnopolsky, M. A. and MacLennan, D. P. Creatine monohydrate supplementation enhances high-intensity exercise performance in males and females. Int J Sport Nutr.Exerc.Metab 2000;10(4):452-463. PubMed
  30. Arciero, P. J., Hannibal, N. S., III, Nindl, B. C., Gentile, C. L., Hamed, J., and Vukovich, M. D. Comparison of creatine ingestion and resistance training on energy expenditure and limb blood flow. Metabolism 2001;50(12):1429-1434. PubMed
  31. Chrusch, M. J., Chilibeck, P. D., Chad, K. E., Davison, K. S., and Burke, D. G. Creatine supplementation combined with resistance training in older men. Med Sci.Sports Exerc. 2001;33(12):2111-2117. PubMed
  32. Cox, G., Mujika, I., Tumilty, D., and Burke, L. Acute creatine supplementation and performance during a field test simulating match play in elite female soccer players. Int J Sport Nutr.Exerc.Metab 2002;12(1):33-46. PubMed
  33. Kilduff, L. P., Vidakovic, P., Cooney, G., Twycross-Lewis, R., Amuna, P., Parker, M., Paul, L., and Pitsiladis, Y. P. Effects of creatine on isometric bench-press performance in resistance-trained humans. Med Sci.Sports Exerc. 2002;34(7):1176-1183. PubMed
  34. Brose, A., Parise, G., and Tarnopolsky, M. A. Creatine supplementation enhances isometric strength and body composition improvements following strength exercise training in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol.Sci.Med Sci. 2003;58(1):11-19. PubMed
  35. Volek, J. S., Ratamess, N. A., Rubin, M. R., Gomez, A. L., French, D. N., McGuigan, M. M., Scheett, T. P., Sharman, M. J., Hakkinen, K., and Kraemer, W. J. The effects of creatine supplementation on muscular performance and body composition responses to
  36. Tyler, T. F., Nicholas, S. J., Hershman, E. B., Glace, B. W., Mullaney, M. J., and McHugh, M. P. The effect of creatine supplementation on strength recovery after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-b DOI
  37. Groeneveld, G. J., Beijer, C., Veldink, J. H., Kalmijn, S., Wokke, J. H., and van den Berg, L. H. Few adverse effects of long-term creatine supplementation in a placebo-controlled trial. Int J Sports Med 2005;26(4):307-313. PubMed
  38. Astorino, T. A., Marrocco, A. C., Gross, S. M., Johnson, D. L., Brazil, C. M., Icenhower, M. E., and Kneessi, R. J. Is running performance enhanced with creatine serum ingestion? J Strength.Cond.Res 2005;19(4):730-734. PubMed
  39. Cramer, J. T., Stout, J. R., Culbertson, J. Y., and Egan, A. D. Effects of creatine supplementation and three days of resistance training on muscle strength, power output, and neuromuscular function. J Strength.Cond.Res 2007;21(3):668-677. PubMed
  40. Young, P., De, Jonghe P., Stogbauer, F., and Butterfass-Bahloul, T. Treatment for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2008;(1):CD006052. PubMed
  41. Ostojic, S. M. and Ahmetovic, Z. Gastrointestinal distress after creatine supplementation in athletes: are side effects dose dependent? Res.Sports Med. 2008;16(1):15-22. PubMed
  42. Whitt, K. N., Ward, S. C., Deniz, K., Liu, L., Odin, J. A., and Qin, L. Cholestatic liver injury associated with whey protein and creatine supplements. Semin.Liver Dis. 2008;28(2):226-231. PubMed
  43. Koenig CA, Benardot D Cody M Thompson WR. Comparison of creatine monohydrate and carbohydrate supplementation on repeated jump height performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2008;22(4):1081-1086. PubMed
  44. Gordon, P. H., Cheung, Y. K., Levin, B., Andrews, H., Doorish, C., Macarthur, R. B., Montes, J., Bednarz, K., Florence, J., Rowin, J., Boylan, K., Mozaffar, T., Tandan, R., Mitsumoto, H., Kelvin, E. A., Chapin, J., Bedlack, R., Rivner, M., McCluskey, L.
  45. Bender, A., Samtleben, W., Elstner, M., and Klopstock, T. Long-term creatine supplementation is safe in aged patients with Parkinson disease. Nutr.Res. 2008;28(3):172-178. PubMed
  46. Parness, J. You're "hot" from pumping iron? Anesth.Analg. 2009;108(3):711-713. PubMed
  47. Gualano, B., Ferreira, D. C., Sapienza, M. T., Seguro, A. C., and Lancha, A. H., Jr. Effect of short-term high-dose creatine supplementation on measured GFR in a young man with a single kidney. Am.J.Kidney Dis. 2010;55(3):e7-e9. PubMed
  48. Saidi, H. and Mani, M. Severe metabolic acidosis secondary to coadministration of creatine and metformin, a case report. Am.J.Emerg.Med. 2010;28(3):388-6. PubMed
  49. Gualano, B., de, Salles Painelli, V, Roschel, H., Lugaresi, R., Dorea, E., Artioli, G. G., Lima, F. R., da Silva, M. E., Cunha, M. R., Seguro, A. C., Shimizu, M. H., Otaduy, M. C., Sapienza, M. T., da Costa, Leite C., Bonfa, E., and Lancha Junior, A. H.
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