Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 3 of 5 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Max EFA Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by MM Sports Nutrition

Max EFA label
See full label image
Softgel Capsule Category: Botanical With Nutrients
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Max EFA against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Max EFA is a dietary supplement by MM Sports Nutrition with 5 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for source of omega-3 (ala) fatty acids, heart and cholesterol health, dry skin and inflammation.Based on those ingredients, 634 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Flaxseed Oil, Wheat Germ oil, Borage seed Oil. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Max EFA by MM Sports Nutrition

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Max EFA by MM Sports Nutrition — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Max EFA by MM Sports Nutrition

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 5 of its 5 active ingredients.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

Max EFA contains 5 active ingredients—each an oil rich in fatty acids. Flaxseed oil provides alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3), borage seed oil supplies gamma-linolenic acid (an omega-6), and the product also includes conjugated linoleic acid, wheat germ oil, and EPO (evening primrose oil).

These are all essential fatty acids (EFAs), compounds your body needs but can't make on its own. The softgel capsules also contain gelatin and glycerin as inactive ingredients to hold everything together.

Does it work?

Not established
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Not established

The graded evidence we hold for these ingredients covers different conditions than the ones this product is marketed for, so there's no established rating for its stated use.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: Essential fatty acid supplementation for wellness.
  • We looked for evidence on: Atopic dermatitis (eczema), Cardiovascular disease (CVD), Dry skin, Hyperlipidemia, Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Stress — and 3 related terms.
  • The closest evidence on file: Borage is rated "Possibly Ineffective" for Atopic dermatitis (eczema) (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Flaxseed Oil is rated "Possibly Ineffective" for Hyperlipidemia, Rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  • Also on file: Borage is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), Cardiovascular disease (CVD), Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Stress.

The evidence for flaxseed oil in this product is weak. It's rated possibly ineffective for obesity, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), bipolar disorder, and high cholesterol (hyperlipidemia)—meaning studies don't show it works for those purposes.

For borage seed oil, the picture is mixed: it's rated possibly ineffective for atopic dermatitis (eczema), but we have insufficient evidence to rate it for ADHD, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or alcoholism. We don't have effectiveness data on file for the other three ingredients in this product.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Flaxseed Oil Wheatgrass Borage

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 3 of the 3 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 3 of 3.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 3 of 3.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Flaxseed oil is generally well tolerated by most adults, though quality and dose vary between products. When taken at around 5 grams daily, a small number of people report changes in bowel habits, dry mouth, or indigestion; higher doses (30 grams or more daily) have been linked to loose stools and diarrhea.

Severe allergic reactions are rare. Borage seed oil is also generally well tolerated when it's certified free of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (toxic plant compounds), but other borage plant parts can harm the liver—this product uses seed oil, which contains little to no of those toxins.

At normal doses, borage may cause belching, bloating, diarrhea, or soft stools. The safety data note that borage is likely unsafe in pregnancy due to those potential liver toxins and a theoretical risk to the uterus, and there isn't enough safety information for breastfeeding.

Not enough reliable safety data exists for flaxseed oil in pregnancy or breastfeeding either—check with your doctor before use in those situations.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Flaxseed Oil Wheatgrass Borage

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 3 of the 3 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Borage, Flaxseed Oil, Wheatgrass.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; diabetes medications.
  • For scale: 635 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking Max EFA, check with your pharmacist if you're on blood thinners or antiplatelet drugs (like warfarin, dabigatran, clopidogrel, or aspirin at high doses)—both flaxseed oil and borage seed oil may increase bleeding risk. Also flag blood pressure medications, ezetimibe (Zetia), phenothiazines (antipsychotic drugs), and any drugs that induce the liver enzyme CYP3A4.

Use the medication checker to search your exact prescriptions.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with no established evidence rating for its marketed use. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

Max EFA is aimed at people looking to boost their essential fatty acid intake. If you take blood thinners, blood pressure medications, ezetimibe, or antipsychotics, you'll need to check your exact drugs against our interaction list first.

Pregnant or breastfeeding? Talk to your pharmacist or doctor before starting—the safety data isn't solid enough for either ingredient to recommend it on your own.

For everyone else, run your medication list through the checker on this page.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 3 of 5 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Aug 26, 2014.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Max EFA, straight from the product label.

Brand MM Sports Nutrition
Barcode (UPC) 691381228208
Net contents 120 Softgel(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Aug 26, 2014
DSLD ID 36949
Product type Botanical With Nutrients
Supplement form Softgel Capsule
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Max EFA by MM Sports Nutrition, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
2 Softgel(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
2 Softgel(s)
Servings per container
30
UPC/BARCODE
691381228208
IngredientAmount% DV
Conjugated Linoleic Acid600 mg--
Flaxseed Oil1800 mg--
Wheat Germ oil800 mg--
Borage seed Oil400 mg--
EPO400 mg--

Other ingredients: Gelatin, Glycerin

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Brand IP Statement(s)

The proprietary and synergistic components that make up Max EFA(TM) cover the entire spectrum of essential fatty acids and variations of them.

General Statements

The MM Sports Nutrition Research & Development Team is confident that this is the best EFA formula available on the market today.

ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID COMPLEX

Precautions

WARNING: Any omega-3 fatty acid supplement, including alpha linolenic acid (ALA), should not be taken by persons taking blood thinners (e.g., aspirin, warfarin), other anticoagulants or facing surgery and should inform their physician. Probably best avoided during pregnancy due to effects on hormones.

WARNING: If you are diabetic, consult your healthcare practitioner before using this product. Stay well hydrated throughout the day.

KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN.

Storage

STORE IN A COOL, DRY PLACE AWAY FROM MOISTURE AND SUNLIGHT. ALWAYS KEEP TIGHTLY SEALED.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Seals/Symbols

QIG QUALITY INGREDIENTS GUARANTEED

MAX MUSCLE SPORTS NUTRITION(R)

Formula

RICH IN OMEGA 3, 6 AND 9

Max EFA(TM) is a synergistic and proprietary formula, comprised of the following essential fatty acids: Flaxseed Oil: Flaxseed Oil is considered to be the world’s richest source of two very important EFA’s. These two essential fatty acids are alpha linolenic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid, and linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid. Flaxseed Oil also contains oleic acid, an omega-9 fatty acid, which is non-essential. Wheat Germ Oil: Wheat Germ Oil contains several very important nutrients. Wheat Germ Oil is a rich source of linoleic acid and also includes alpha linoleic acid and oleic acid. In addition to this, it is rich in the nutrients Octacosanol and Vitamin E. Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Oil: CLA is not actually an essential fatty acid, but a variation of linolenic acid, which is one of the essential omega 3 fatty acids. Derived from Safflower Oil, CLA contains the bioactive isomers cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 in the ideal 1:1 ratio. There have been substantial studies suggesting that CLA may increase metabolism and energy as well as help reduce the risk of certain types of cancers. Evening Primrose Oil (EPO): EPO is the most popular source of gamma linolenic acid (GLA) another omega-6 fatty acid. This is another variation of alpha linolenic acid, that has some very exciting research behind it. Borage Seed Oil: Borage Seed Oil is the most potent source of GLA. The benefits and research are very similar to Evening Primrose Oil, and the research is very exciting because it contains a much higher concentration of GLA.

FDA Statement of Identity

DIETARY SUPPLEMENT

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Directions: Suggested Dosage: 4 capsules daily. Dosage Option: Preferably 2 in the morning and 2 in the evening.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Max EFA by MM Sports Nutrition label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Max EFA label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Max EFA by MM Sports Nutrition

These are the 5 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size2 Softgel(s) Dosage formSoftgel Capsule Servings per container30 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Conjugated Linoleic Acid

600 mg per serving

Flaxseed Oil

Interacts with
293 drugs
1800 mg per serving

Flaxseed oil is a plant-based source of the omega-3 fatty acid ALA, which the body can partly convert to the omega-3s found in fish oil. It may help s...

Flaxseed Oil monograph & interactions

Wheat Germ oil

Interacts with
272 drugs
800 mg per serving

Wheatgrass is the young grass of the wheat plant, taken as a juice or powder, and is mainly used as a concentrated source of vitamins and plant nutrie...

Wheat Germ oil monograph & interactions

Borage seed Oil

Interacts with
226 drugs
400 mg per serving

Borage is a Mediterranean herb whose seed oil is rich in gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an omega-6 fatty acid studied mostly for skin conditions and arth...

Borage seed Oil monograph & interactions

EPO

400 mg per serving

Other (inactive) ingredients: Gelatin, Glycerin. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Max EFA by MM Sports Nutrition Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Max EFA?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
634Drugs
634 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Flaxseed Oil 293
Wheat Germ oil 272
Borage seed Oil 226

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Max EFA interact with 634 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

3 of the 5 ingredients in Max EFA interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Flaxseed Oil Wheat Germ oil Borage seed Oil

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Max EFA with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Flaxseed Oil3 drug types · 293 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, using flaxseed oil in combination with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs might have additive effects and increase the risk of bleeding.
Small clinical studies show that consuming flaxseed oil might decrease platelet aggregation and increase bleeding time.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, combining flaxseed oil with other antihypertensive drugs might have additive effects and increase the risk of hypotension.
Some clinical evidence suggests that long-term consumption of flaxseed oil can modestly lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure, while other clinical research shows no effect.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Ezetimibe (Zetia)

Concomitant use of flaxseed oil and ezetimibe reduces the absorption of alpha-linolenic acid from flaxseed oil.
In one clinical study, concomitant consumption of ezetimibe 10 mg daily with flaxseed oil 2 grams providing 1 gram of alpha-linolenic acid daily blocked the absorption of alpha-linolenic acid, resulting in an overall reduction in alpha-linolenic plasma levels from baseline.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Flaxseed Oil full monograph & interactions

Wheat Germ oil2 drug types · 272 drugs

Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, taking wheatgrass with antidiabetes drugs might lower blood glucose levels and increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Animal research shows that taking wheatgrass stimulates the release of insulin from beta-cells and lowers blood glucose.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, wheatgrass might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
In vitro research shows that wheatgrass induces CYP1A2 enzymes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Wheat Germ oil full monograph & interactions

Borage seed Oil3 drug types · 226 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, borage seed oil may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
In healthy individuals, borage seed oil supplementation does not seem to affect platelet aggregation. However, gamma-linolenic acid, a constituent of borage seed oil, seems to decrease platelet aggregation by 45% and increase the risk of bleeding by 40% in animal and clinical research.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Inducers

Theoretically, taking borage with drugs that induce CYP3A4 might increase levels of pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) toxic metabolites.
Although borage seed oil contains little to no PAs, some borage plant parts, such as the leaf, flower, and seed, can contain hepatotoxic PAs. Hepatotoxic PAs are substrates of CYP3A4, which converts these chemicals into toxic metabolites. Tell patients to avoid borage preparations that are not certified and labeled as hepatotoxic PA-free.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Phenothiazines

Theoretically, taking borage sed oil with phenothiazines might increase the risk of seizures.
Borage seed oil contains gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). There is concern that taking supplements containing GLA might cause seizures, or lower the seizure threshold, when taken with phenothiazines. This is based on limited data from two reports published in the 1980s. In one report, three patients with schizophrenia who had received phenothiazines developed EEG changes suggestive of temporal lobe epilepsy after starting treatment with evening primrose, another source of GLA. However, none experienced an actual seizure. In the other report, two patients with schizophrenia who were stabilized on phenothiazines developed seizures when evening primrose 4 grams daily was added. One of these patients had a prior history of seizures. It is unclear whether evening primrose had any additive epileptogenic effects with the phenothiazines, but there is no evidence that taking GLA-containing supplements alone can cause seizures.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Borage seed Oil full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Max EFA, from the product label.

MM Sports Nutrition

See all MM Sports Nutrition products
Name
Max Muscle Sports Nutrition
Street Address
210 W. Taft Ave.
City
Orange
State
CA
ZipCode
92865
Web Address
www.maxmuscle.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Max EFA by MM Sports Nutrition: Common Questions

Does Max EFA by MM Sports Nutrition interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Max EFA has a known interaction with 634 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Max EFA contains 5 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Will this help with high cholesterol?
Flaxseed oil—one of the main ingredients—is rated possibly ineffective for high cholesterol (hyperlipidemia) based on the data we hold. That means studies haven't shown it works for that goal. Talk to your pharmacist about what the research actually supports.
Can I take this if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
Not without checking with your doctor first. Borage seed oil is rated likely unsafe in pregnancy because of potential liver toxins and theoretical harm to the uterus. For breastfeeding, there isn't enough safety data for either borage or flaxseed oil. Your doctor can weigh whether it's right for you.
What side effects should I watch for?
Flaxseed oil may cause changes in bowel habits, dry mouth, or indigestion at typical doses, and diarrhea or loose stools at high doses—but only a small number of people report these. Borage seed oil commonly causes belching, bloating, diarrhea, or soft stools. Severe allergic reactions are rare but possible.
Does this product have any fillers?
Yes—the softgels contain gelatin and glycerin as inactive ingredients, which help form the capsule. These are standard excipients in softgel supplements.
What's EPO in the ingredient list?
EPO is evening primrose oil, another source of omega-6 fatty acids. We don't have interaction data on file for it, so if you're on medications, make sure to check your full prescription list with our tool.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Max EFA is safe with your meds?

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Max EFA label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Max EFA’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Flaxseed Oil

Interacts with 293 drugs

Flaxseed oil is a plant-based source of the omega-3 fatty acid ALA, which the body can partly convert to the omega-3s found in fish oil. It may help support heart health and provide healthy...

Read the full Flaxseed Oil monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Wheatgrass

Interacts with 272 drugs

Wheatgrass is the young grass of the wheat plant, taken as a juice or powder, and is mainly used as a concentrated source of vitamins and plant nutrients. Solid scientific evidence for most...

Read the full Wheatgrass monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Borage

Interacts with 226 drugs

Borage is a Mediterranean herb whose seed oil is rich in gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an omega-6 fatty acid studied mostly for skin conditions and arthritis with mixed results. The plant's le...

Read the full Borage monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Max EFA's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 37 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Flaxseed Oil 21 references
  1. Kolonel LN, Nomura AM, Cooney RV. Dietary fat and prostate cancer: current status. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:414-28. PubMed
  2. Ramon JM, Bou R, Romea S, et al. Dietary fat intake and prostate cancer risk: a case-control study in Spain. Cancer Causes Control 2000;11:679-85. PubMed
  3. Nordstrom DC, Honkanen VE, Nasu Y, et al. Alpha-linolenic acid in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind, placebo-controlled and randomized study: flaxseed vs. safflower seed. Rheumatol Int 1995;14:231-4. PubMed
  4. De Stefani E, Deneo-Pellegrini H, Boffetta P, et al. Alpha-linolenic acid and risk of prostate cancer: a case-control study in Uruguay. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2000;9:335-8.
  5. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, et al. A prospective study of dietary fat and risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:1571-9. PubMed
  6. Bloedon LT, Szapary PO. Flaxseed and cardiovascular risk. Nutr Rev 2004;62:18-27. DOI
  7. Laaksonen DE, Laukkanen JA, Niskanen L, et al. Serum linoleic and total polyunsaturated fatty acids in relation to prostate and other cancers: a population-based cohort study. Int J Cancer 2004;111:444-50.. PubMed
  8. Brouwer IA, Katan MB, Zock PL. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid is associated with reduced risk of fatal coronary heart disease, but increased prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis. J Nutr 2004;134:919-22.
  9. Paschos GK, Magkos F, Panagiotakos DB, et al. Dietary supplementation with flaxseed oil lowers blood pressure in dyslipidaemic patients. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007;61:1201-6. PubMed
  10. Harper CR, Edwards MC, Jacobson TA. Flaxseed oil supplementation does not affect plasma lipoprotein concentration or particle size in human subjects. J Nutr 2006;136:2844-8. PubMed
  11. University of Montreal. Pregnant Women Consuming Flaxseed Oil Have High Risk Of Premature Birth.ScienceDaily, October 29, 2008. Available at: www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081027140817.htm (Accessed May 14, 2009).
  12. Allman, M. A., Pena, M. M., and Pang, D. Supplementation with flaxseed oil versus sunflowerseed oil in healthy young men consuming a low fat diet: effects on platelet composition and function. Eur.J Clin.Nutr. 1995;49(3):169-178.
  13. Ursoniu S, Sahebkar A, Andrica F, Serban C, Banach M; Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-analysis Collaboration Group. Effects of flaxseed supplements on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trial. Clin Nutr. 2016 Jun;3 PubMed
  14. Taghizadeh M, Jamilian M, Mazloomi M, Sanami M, Asemi Z. A randomized-controlled clinical trial investigating the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on vitamin E co-supplementation on markers of insulin metabolism and lipid profiles in gestational diabetes. J
  15. Blackwood DP, LaVallee RK, Al Busaidi A, Jassal DS, Pierce GN. A randomized trial of the effects of ezetimibe on the absorption of omega-3 fatty acids in cardiac disease patients: a pilot study. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2015 Oct;10(5):e155-e159. PubMed
  16. Morshedzadeh N, Shahrokh S, Aghdaei HA, et al. Effects of flaxseed and flaxseed oil supplement on serum levels of inflammatory markers, metabolic parameters and severity of disease in patients with ulcerative colitis. Complement Ther Med. 2019;46:36-43. PubMed
  17. Downie LE, Hom MM, Berdy GJ, et al. An artificial tear containing flaxseed oil for treating dry eye disease: A randomized controlled trial. Ocul Surf. 2020;18(1):148-157. PubMed
  18. Saleh-Ghadimi S, Kheirouri S, Golmohammadi A, Moludi J, Jafari-Vayghan H, Alizadeh M. Effect of flaxseed oil supplementation on anthropometric and metabolic indices in patients with coronary artery disease: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial. J PubMed
  19. Jamilian M, Tabassi Z, Reiner Z, et al. The effects of n-3 fatty acids from flaxseed oil on genetic and metabolic profiles in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2020;123(7):792-799
  20. Li L, Li H, Gao Y, Vafaei S, Zhang X, Yang M. Effect of flaxseed supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review, and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Food Funct 2023;14(2):675-690. PubMed
  21. Mahmudiono T, Jasim SA, Karim YS, et al. The effect of flaxseed oil consumption on blood pressure among patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Phytother Res 2022;36(10):

See these in context on the Flaxseed Oil monograph →

Wheatgrass 5 references
  1. Ben-Arye E, Golden E, Wengrower D, et al. Wheat grass juice in the treatment of active distal ulcerative colitis a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002;4:444-9.. PubMed
  2. Mohan Y, Jesuthankaraj GN1, Ramasamy Thangavelu N. Antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of Triticum aestivum in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2013;2013:716073.
  3. Shakya G, Randhi PK, Pajaniradje S, Mohankumar K, Rajagopalan R. Hypoglycaemic role of wheatgrass and its effect on carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in type II diabetic rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2016;32(6):1026-32. PubMed
  4. Food and Drug Administration. Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 (FALCPA); Public Law 108-282, Title II. Accessed on May 19, 2021. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/food/food-allergensgluten-free-guidance-documents-regulatory-infor
  5. Haron MH, Dale O, Martin K, et al. Evaluation of the Herb-Drug Interaction Potential of Commonly Used Botanicals on the US Market with Regard to PXR- and AhR-Mediated Influences on CYP3A4 and CYP1A2. J Diet Suppl 2022. PubMed

See these in context on the Wheatgrass monograph →

Borage 11 references
  1. Guivernau M, Meza N, Barja P, Roman O. Clinical and experimental study on the long-term effect of dietary gamma-linolenic acid on plasma lipids, platelet aggregation, thromboxane formation, and prostacyclin production. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty A PubMed
  2. WHO working group. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Environmental Health Criteria, 80. WHO: Geneva, 1988.
  3. Fan YY, Chapkin RS. Importance of dietary gamma-linolenic acid in human health and nutrition. J Nutr 1998;128:1411-4.
  4. Takwale A, Tan E, Agarwal S, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of borage oil in adults and children with atopic eczema: randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group trial. BMJ 2003;327:1385. PubMed
  5. Chojkier M. Hepatic sinusoidal-obstruction syndrome: toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J Hepatol 2003;39:437-46. PubMed
  6. Roeder E. Medicinal plants in Europe containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Pharmazie 1995;50:83-98.
  7. Wang YP, Yan J, Fu PP, Chou MW. Human liver microsomal reduction of pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides to form the corresponding carcinogenic parent alkaloid. Toxicol Lett 2005;155:411-20. PubMed
  8. Holman CP and Bell AF. A trial of evening primrose oil in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia. J Orhtomolecular Psych 1983;12:302-304.
  9. Vaddadi KS. The use of gamma-linolenic acid and linoleic acid to differentiate between temporal lobe epilepsy and schizophrenia. Prostaglandins Med 1981;6(4):375-379. PubMed
  10. Bard, J. M., Luc, G., Jude, B., Bordet, J. C., Lacroix, B., Bonte, J. P., Parra, H. J., and Duriez, P. A therapeutic dosage (3 g/day) of borage oil supplementation has no effect on platelet aggregation in healthy volunteers. Fundam.Clin.Pharmacol. 1997;1
  11. Puri BK. The safety of evening primrose oil in epilepsy. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids 2007;77:101-3. PubMed

See these in context on the Borage monograph →

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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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