2.1 Important Administration Information

Multrys is supplied as a single-dose vial for admixture use only.  Prior to administration, Multrys must be transferred to a separate parenteral nutrition container, diluted, and used as an admixture in parenteral nutrition solution.

The final parenteral nutrition solution is for intravenous infusion into a central or peripheral vein. The choice of a central or peripheral venous route should depend on the osmolarity of the final infusate.  Solutions with osmolarity of 900 mOsmol/L or greater must be infused through a central catheter [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

2.2 Preparation and Administration Instructions

• Multrys is for admixture use only.Prior to administration, Multrys must be prepared and used as an admixture in parenteral nutrition solution.
• Add Multrys to the parenteral nutrition solution in a suitable work area such as a laminar flow hood (or an equivalent clean air compounding area).The key factor in the preparation is careful aseptic technique to avoid inadvertent touch contamination during mixing of solutions and addition of other nutrients.
• Inspect the parenteral nutrition solution containing Multrys for particulate matter before admixing, after admixing, and prior to administration.

2.3 Preparation Instructions for Admixing Using a Parenteral Nutrition Container

• Inspect Multrys single-dose vial for particulate matter.
• Transfer Multrys to the parenteral nutrition container after the admixture of amino acids, dextrose, lipid emulsion (if added), and electrolyte solutions is prepared.
• Because additives may be incompatible, evaluate all additions to the parenteral nutrition container for compatibility and stability of the resulting preparation.Consult with a pharmacist, if available.For introducing additives to the parenteral nutrition container, use aseptic technique.
• An interaction may occur between cupric ion and ascorbic acid; therefore, multivitamin additives should be added to the admixed parenteral nutrition solution shortly before infusion.
• Inspect the final parenteral nutrition solution containing Multrys to ensure that:
  
  
  • Precipitates have not formed during mixing or addition of additives.
  • The emulsion has not separated, if lipid emulsion has been added.Separation of the emulsion can be visibly identified by a yellowish streaking or the accumulation of yellowish droplets in the admixed emulsion.
  • Discard if any precipitates are observed.

Stability and Storage

• Single dose vial.Discard any unused portion.
• Penetrate vial closure only one time with a suitable sterile transfer device or dispensing set that allows measured dispensing of the contents.
• Transfer Multrys to the parenteral nutrition container promptly after removal from the vial. Discard any remaining drug.
• Use parenteral nutrition solutions containing Multrys promptly after mixing.Any storage of the admixture should be under refrigeration from 2ºC to 8ºC (36ºF to 46ºF) and limited to a period of no longer than 9 days.After removal from refrigeration, use promptly and complete the infusion within 24 hours. Discard any remaining admixture.
• Protect the parenteral nutrition solution from light.

2.4 Overview of Dosing

• Prior to administration of parenteral nutrition solution containing Multrys, correct severe fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders.
• The dosage of the final parenteral nutrition solution containing Multrys must be based on the concentrations of all components in the solution, the patient’s clinical condition, nutritional requirements, and the contribution of oral or enteral intake.
• Monitor fluid and electrolyte status during treatment use of Multrys and adjust the parenteral nutrition solution as needed.

2.5  Recommended Dosage in Pediatric Patients and Monitoring Considerations

Multrys is a fixed-combination product. Each mL of Multrys provides zinc 1,000 mcg, copper 60 mcg, manganese 3 mcg, and selenium 6 mcg.

Recommended Dosage for Pediatric Patients Weighing 0.4 kg to 0.59 kg

• The total recommended dosage of Multrys is 0.2 mL every other day.
• Daily supplementation of Zinc, Copper, and Selenium will be needed to meet daily requirements (See Table 2 below).

Recommended Dosage for Pediatric Patients Weighing 0.6 kg to less than 10 kg

• The recommended dosage of Multrys is 0.3 mL/kg/day rounded to nearest 0.1 mL for up to a maximum of 1 mL per day.
• The recommended volume of Multrys to be added to parenteral nutrition ranges from 0.2 mL per day to 1 mL per day based on body weight, see Table 1 below.

Table 1. Recommended Daily Volume of Multrys and Corresponding Amount of Each Trace Element (mcg)

Additional Trace Element Supplementation with Multrys

Multrys is recommended only for pediatric patients who require supplementation with all four of the individual trace elements (i.e., zinc, copper, manganese and selenium).

• To determine the additional amount of supplementation that is needed, compare the calculated daily recommended dosage based on the body weight of the patient to the amount of each trace element provided by Multrys and enteral nutrition sources.

Table 2: Daily Requirement for Trace Element Supplementation for Pediatric Patients

*Multrys is not recommended for pediatric patients who may require a lower dosage of one or more of these individual trace elements.

**Avoid additional manganese supplementation with Multrys use. Accumulation of manganese in the brain can occur with long-term administration with higher than the recommended dosage of 1 mcg/kg/day [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].

For pediatric patients weighing less than 3 kg, Multrys does not provide the recommended daily dosage of zinc. 

• Zinc:For patients weighing less than 3 kg, add Zinc Sulfate to provide total daily recommended dose of 400 mcg/kg/day using parenteral and/or enteral routes of administration.

For pediatric patients weighing 0.4 kg to 0.59 kg and 4 kg to 9.9 kg, Multrys does not provide the recommended daily dosage of copper or selenium. 

• Copper:For patients weighing 0.4 to 0.59 kg or 4 kg to 9.9 kg, add Cupric Chloride to provide total daily recommended dose of 20 mcg/kg/day using parenteral and/or enteral routes of administration.
• Selenium: For patients weighing 0.4 to 0.59 kg or 4 kg to 9.9 kg, add Selenious Acid to provide total daily recommended dose of 2 mcg/kg/day using parenteral and/or enteral routes of administration.

Monitoring

• Monitor zinc, copper, and selenium serum concentrations and manganese whole blood concentrations during long-term administration of parenteral nutrition.
• Trace element concentrations may vary depending on the assay used and the laboratory reference range.The collection, processing, and storage of the blood samples should be performed according to the laboratory’s sample requirements for analysis.

5.1 Pulmonary Embolism due to Pulmonary Vascular Precipitates

Pulmonary vascular precipitates causing pulmonary vascular emboli and pulmonary distress have been reported in patients receiving parenteral nutrition.  The cause of precipitate formation has not been determined in all cases; however, in some fatal cases, pulmonary emboli occurred as a result of calcium phosphate precipitates.  Precipitation has occurred following passage through an in-line filter; in vivo precipitate formation may also have occurred.  If signs of pulmonary distress occur, stop the parenteral nutrition infusion and initiate a medical evaluation.  In addition to inspection of the solution [see Dosage and Administration (2.2, 2.3)], the infusion set and catheter should also periodically be checked for precipitates.

5.2  Vein Damage and Thrombosis

Multrys must be prepared and used as an admixture in parenteral nutrition solution.  It is not for direct intravenous infusion.  In addition, consider the osmolarity of the final parenteral nutrition solution in determining peripheral versus central administration.  Solution with an osmolarity of 900 mOsmol/L or greater must be infused through a central catheter [see Dosage and Administration (2.1)].  The infusion of hypertonic nutrient solution into a peripheral vein may result in vein irritation, vein damage, and/or thrombosis.  The primary complication of peripheral access is venous thrombophlebitis, which manifests as pain, erythema, tenderness or a palpable cord. Remove the catheter as soon as possible, if thrombophlebitis develops.

5.3 Neurologic Toxicity with Manganese

 Pediatric patients on long-term parenteral nutrition receiving manganese at higher than recommended dosages and pediatric patients with cholestatic liver disease have experienced manganese accumulation in the basal ganglia.  Some adult patients with brain MRI findings reportedly experienced neuropsychiatric symptoms, including changes in mood or memory, seizures and/or parkinsonian-like tremors, dysarthria, mask-face, and halting gait.  Some pediatric patients experienced dystonic movements or seizures.  Brain MRI findings and clinical symptoms have also been observed in patients who received manganese at or below the recommended dosage and with normal blood manganese concentrations.  Regression of symptoms and brain MRI findings have occurred over weeks to months following discontinuation of manganese in most patients but have not always completely resolved.

 Monitor patients receiving long-term parenteral nutrition solutions containing Multrys for neurologic signs and symptoms and routinely monitor whole blood manganese concentrations and liver function tests. In case of suspected manganese toxicity or new neuro-psychiatric manifestations, temporarily discontinue Multrys, check manganese whole blood concentrations, and consider brain MRI evaluation.

 Monitor patients receiving Multrys for cholestasis or other biliary liver disease.  Consider individual trace element products as an alternative to Multrys in patients with hepatobiliary disease [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].

5.4  Hepatic Accumulation of Copper and Manganese

Copper is primarily eliminated in the bile and excretion is decreased in patients with cholestasis and/or cirrhosis.  Hepatic accumulation of copper and manganese have been reported in autopsies of patients receiving long-term parenteral nutrition containing copper and manganese at dosages higher than recommended.

Patients with cholestasis and/or cirrhosis receiving parenteral nutrition are at increased risk of manganese brain deposition and neurotoxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].

Administration of copper to patients with cholestasis and/or cirrhosis may cause hepatic accumulation of copper.  Administration of copper to patients with Wilson disease, an inborn error of copper metabolism with a defect in hepatocellular copper transport, may cause both increased hepatic accumulation of copper and aggravation of the underlying hepatocellular degeneration. 

If a patient develops signs or symptoms of hepatobiliary disease during the use of Multrys, obtain serum concentrations of copper and ceruloplasmin as well as manganese whole blood concentrations; consider using individual trace element products in these patients [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6)].

5.5  Aluminum Toxicity

Multrys contains aluminum that may be toxic.  Aluminum may reach toxic levels with prolonged parenteral administration if kidney function is impaired.  Preterm infants, including preterm neonates, are particularly at risk because their kidneys are immature, and they require large amounts of calcium and phosphate solutions, which contain aluminum.

Research indicates that patients with impaired kidney function, including preterm infants and premature neonates, who receive parenteral levels of aluminum at greater than 4 to 5 mcg/kg/day accumulate aluminum at levels associated with central nervous system and bone toxicity.  Tissue loading may occur at even lower rates of administration or lower daily amounts.

Exposure to aluminum from Multrys is not more than 0.45 mcg/kg/day.  When prescribing Multrys for use in parenteral nutrition containing other small volume parenteral products, the total daily patient exposure to aluminum from the admixture should be considered and maintained at no more than 5 mcg/kg/day.

5.6  Monitoring and Laboratory Tests

Monitor zinc, copper, and selenium serum concentrations, manganese whole blood concentration, fluid and electrolyte status, serum osmolarity, blood glucose, liver and kidney function, blood count, and coagulation parameters during use of parenteral nutrition containing Multrys [see Dosage and Administration (2.4)].

5.7  Hypersensitivity Reactions with Zinc and Copper

Postmarket safety reporting has identified zinc hypersensitivity in patients receiving zinc-containing insulin products and copper hypersensitivity in women receiving copper-containing intrauterine devices, providing evidence that patients may experience hypersensitivity reactions when exposed to these metals. If hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., pruritis, angioedema, dyspnea, rash, urticaria) occur in patients receiving Multrys in parenteral nutrition, discontinue Multrys, and initiate appropriate medical treatment [see Contraindications (4)].

8.4 Pediatric Use

Multrys is approved for use in neonatal and pediatric patients weighing less than 10 kg as a source of zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium for parenteral nutrition when oral or enteral nutrition is not possible, insufficient, or contraindicated.  Safety and dosing recommendations in pediatric patients less than 10 kg are based on published literature describing controlled studies of products containing zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium [see Dosage and Administration (2.5)].

8.6 Hepatic Impairment

Copper is primarily excreted in the bile.  Excretion is decreased in patients with cholestasis and/or cirrhosis.  Manganese is presumed to be excreted in bile [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].  Hepatic accumulation of copper and manganese has been reported with long-term administration of parenteral nutrition at dosages higher than recommended [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].

For patients with cholestasis or cirrhosis, monitor hepatic and biliary function during long-term administration of Multrys. 

If a patient develops signs or symptoms of hepatobiliary disease during use of Multrys, obtain serum concentrations of copper and ceruloplasmin as well as manganese whole blood concentrations; consider using individual trace element products in these patients.

12.1 Mechanism of Action

Zinc

Zinc functions as a cofactor of various enzymes including DNA polymerases, RNA polymerases, alcohol dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatases.  Zinc is a coordinator of protein structural folding that interacts with a variety of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.  In addition, zinc is a catalyst of essential biochemical reactions, including activation of substrates of carbonic anhydrase in erythrocyte.

Copper

Copper is a cofactor for many metalloenzymes acting as an oxidase to achieve reduction of molecular oxygen.  Examples of copper metalloenzymes include but are not limited to lysyl oxidase, monoamine oxidase, ferroxidase, cytochrome C oxidase, dopamine beta monooxygenase, tyrosinase, and superoxide dismutase.

Manganese

Manganese is essential for the normal catalytic activity of several metalloenzymes including manganese superoxide dismutase, arginase, glutamine synthetase, phosphoenolpyruvate decarboxylase, and pyruvate carboxylase.  Manganese contributes to the normal function of several other enzyme families including the oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases.

Selenium

Selenious acid is converted in vivo to hydrogen selenide via glutathione-involved electron reductions.  Hydrogen selenide acts as a selenium pool to form selenoproteins which include, but are not limited to, glutathione peroxidase, iodothyronine deiodinase, peroxidase, and thioredoxins.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

The exposure-response relationship and the time course of pharmacodynamic response are unknown for zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

Zinc

Over 85% of total body zinc is found in skeletal muscle and bone.  In blood, zinc is mainly localized within erythrocytes.  Approximately 80% of serum zinc is bound to albumin and the remainder to α-2-macroglobulin and amino acids.  In adults, zinc is primarily excreted via the gastrointestinal tract and eliminated in the feces.  A smaller amount of zinc is excreted via the kidneys in the urine.  Urinary zinc excretion rates in very low birth weight preterm infants are relatively high in the neonatal period, and they decline to a level on a body weight basis that is similar to that of normal adults by two months of age.

Copper

In plasma, about 7% of copper is bound to albumin and amino acids.  In the liver, about 93% of copper is bound to ceruloplasmin and released to the serum.  Copper is excreted in bile and into the gastrointestinal tract where it is not reabsorbed.  Copper is also eliminated through the kidneys.

Manganese

Manganese is widely distributed in body tissues including liver and specific brain regions such as the basal ganglia.  The concentrations of manganese are higher in erythrocytes compared to the plasma or serum concentrations.  In human plasma, manganese is bound to albumin and β1-globulin.  Manganese is found in human bile suggesting biliary excretion.

Selenium

In humans, 85% of intravenous administered 75Se-sodium selenite was protein-bound within 4 to 6 hours and 95% by 24 hours.