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Aridol Bronchial Challenge Test Kit mannitol Kit — NDC 67850-0552-01 package photo
Label image from the product's FDA listing (DailyMed) — may show a different pack size or an older label revision.

Aridol Bronchial Challenge Test Kit mannitol Kit — NDC 67850-552-01 (Billing 67850-0552-01)

by Methapharm, Inc. · 1 KIT in 1 KIT * 1 POWDER in 1 CAPSULE * 1 POWDER in 1 KIT * 1 POWDER in 1 KIT * 1 POWDER in 1 KIT

This is a package of Aridol Bronchial Challenge Test Kit mannitol Kit from Methapharm, Inc., marketed since Oct 2010 and currently FDA-listed, this package's marketing is listed to end May 2027. It is this product's only package size.

NDC 67850-0552-01
🏷️ FDA NDC (as labeled) 67850-552-01 billing pads the product segment with a zero
Rx only Brand On market Non-controlled ⇄ Compare with another NDC
🗂️ FDA directory synced Oct 8, 2026 · this listing last changed Jul 24, 2026 · sources: openFDA · FDA label (DailyMed) · FDA Orange & Purple Book · First Databank · CMS NADAC, ASP, Medicare & Medicaid · RxNorm
📋 All sources & update times →

NDC database record

One package, one record: these facts belong to NDC 67850-552-01 alone.

Record
FDA NDC Directory package listing · Human prescription drug
Code segments
67850 labeler · 552 product · 01 package
Package marketed since
Oct 5, 2010
Package marketing ended
May 31, 2027
Sample package
No — commercial package
Barcode (UPC)
0367850552012
FDA record last changed
Jul 24, 2026

Identity & classification

Regulatory identifiers FDA, NLM and CMS codes for this package

FDA NDC (as labeled) 67850-552-01
Product NDC 67850-552
11-digit billing NDC 67850055201
NCPDP billing unit EA — each (per item)
UPC 0367850552012
Application # NDA022368
SPL Set ID 5387a4fb-b894-4cba-88a3-a947217d34da
DEA schedule Non-controlled
Marketing category NDA
Marketing status On market
FDA listing status Listed (active directory)
Marketing start 2010-10-05
Marketing end 2027-05-31
Dosage form KIT

Drug-database identifiers Medi-Span GPI and First Databank GCN / HICL / AHFS classification

GPI-14 94200063006400
GPI class Aridol
GCN Seq No 061391
GCN 97183
HICL code 003635
Ingredient (HICL) Mannitol
HIC1 code Z
Therapeutic class — broad (HIC1) Body As A Whole
HIC2 code Z9
Therapeutic class — intermediate (HIC2) Unclassified Drugs
HIC3 code Z9D
Therapeutic class — specific (HIC3) Diagnostic Preparations,Miscellaneous
AHFS code 36:70.00.00
AHFS class Respiratory Function
FDB label name ARIDOL BRONCHIAL CHALLENGE KIT
FDB brand name Aridol
Legend status F — Federal legend — prescription drug or device
Quick answers
  • GSN (GCN sequence number): 061391
  • GCN: 97183
  • GPI-14 (Medi-Span): 94200063006400
  • HICL (First Databank): 003635
  • AHFS class code: 36:70.00.00
Why two NDCs? The FDA registers this code as 67850-552-01 — a 5-3-2 layout, and that's what's printed on the package and shown on DailyMed. For insurance claims, every NDC is standardized to a uniform 11-digit 5-4-2 format by adding a zero to the product segment → 67850-0552-01. Same drug, same package — only the format differs.
Where does this data come from?
Identifiers from the FDA openFDA NDC Directory and Structured Product Labeling; RxCUI from RxNorm (NLM); GPI from Medi-Span; GCN / HIC / AHFS / legend from First Databank.

Clinical

Label name ARIDOL BRONCHIAL CHALLENGE KIT Ingredient Mannitol
7
Nutrient depletion considerations

Mannitol may be associated with lower levels of 7 nutrients — worth a chat with your pharmacist, not a cause for alarm.

An association is not a deficiency. Educational only — don't start or stop anything without professional guidance.
Where does this data come from?
Plain-language summary from MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine); supplement & herbal interactions and nutrient depletion data from the Natural Medicines database; our full guide is HelloPharmacist editorial content.

Pricing

A drug doesn't have one price. Each row is a different public payment system, and none is what you'd pay at the counter — that depends on your insurance. The ⓘ on each row explains what it measures.

Price systemPer eachPer package
Retail pharmacies payNADAC · weekly Not in the retail survey — common for institutional, discontinued, or low-volume packs.
Medicaid paysCMS SDUD · 12 mo No recent Medicaid claims on file for this NDC — rare and low-volume NDCs are suppressed in the public data.
Medicare drug plans payPart D · quarterly No Part D plan price is available for this NDC in our data.
ℹ️
No price is published for this exact package yet. CMS surveys NADAC per package size, so a different pack of the same drug often has one.
Where does this data come from?
NADAC (National Average Drug Acquisition Cost) is the CMS weekly pharmacy-acquisition-cost survey — what pharmacies pay. ASP (Average Sales Price) is the CMS Medicare Part B drug-payment file, published quarterly. Medicaid pays is computed by us from CMS State Drug Utilization Data (total reimbursed ÷ units, trailing 12 months) — gross of rebates and inclusive of dispensing fees, so it reflects what Medicaid paid, not an acquisition cost. Medicare drug plans pay is the median negotiated point-of-sale unit cost across plans listing this NDC in the CMS quarterly Prescription Drug Plan pricing files, before rebates. The VA pays is the federal contract price (FSS, and the statutory Big 4 ceiling where listed) from the VA National Acquisition Center pharmaceutical price file. All are free public government data; each measures a different payer, so the figures are not directly comparable.

Packaging — all sizes for this product

Package NDCDescription Marketing startMarketing endStatus
67850-0552-01 You're viewing this Main listing 1 KIT in 1 KIT * 1 POWDER in 1 CAPSULE * 1 POWDER in 1 KIT * 1 POWDER in 1 KIT * 1 POWDER in 1 KIT 2010-10-05 May 31, 2027 Active

Therapeutic equivalents

ProductLabelerPackNADAC/unitTEStatusPrice vs. this
Aridol Bronchial Challenge Test Kitthis 67850-0552-01 Methapharm, 1 capsule — — FDA listed —
About this product: this is the brand-name version. We did not find an FDA-approved generic match for this exact strength, form and route.
Where does this data come from?
Equivalents are other NDCs of the same ingredient, form and route from the openFDA NDC Directory, ranked least-expensive-first by NADAC. Therapeutic-equivalence (AB) ratings come from the FDA Orange Book; biologics use the FDA Purple Book for biosimilar & interchangeable status.

Availability & generic status

🏛️
2010
On the market since
Oct 2010
📍
2026
Currently FDA-listed
16 years listed
🔒
·
No generic listed yet
brand only
ℹ️No FDA-approved generic found

We did not find an FDA-approved generic match for this exact strength, form and route.

Where does this data come from?
Patents and exclusivity from the FDA Orange Book (small-molecule drugs), refreshed from public FDA data. Generic launch timing is an estimate, not a guarantee.

What it looks like

Color white / yellow / pink / red
Shapecapsule
Imprint40;mg
Size15 mm
ScoringNot scored
One label can cover several strengths, so colors may be combined — always confirm a loose pill against the dispensed prescription label or a pharmacist.
Where does this data come from?
Physical description (imprint, shape, color, scoring, coating) from this product’s FDA Structured Product Labeling (SPL), mirrored from DailyMed / openFDA.

Inactive Ingredients / Excipients

Inactive ingredients, also called excipients, are components of the drug product other than the active ingredient. They may include fillers, dyes, coatings, preservatives, flavors, or other formulation ingredients.

A current SPL was checked, but it does not contain a structured or narrative inactive-ingredient list for this product. This does not mean the product has no inactive ingredients.
Where does this data come from?
Source: official FDA Structured Product Labeling (SPL) via DailyMed and the openFDA label index. Structured IACT rows and label-wide narrative are kept separate; availability and product-level specificity depend on the submitted label.

Inactive ingredient FAQ

Are inactive ingredients the same for every manufacturer?
No. Inactive ingredients can differ by manufacturer, dosage form, strength, and package / product version.
Why might an inactive ingredient be missing?
Some SPLs do not provide a complete structured inactive-ingredient list, and older or unusual labels may only include the information in narrative text.
Can inactive ingredients matter?
Yes. They can matter for allergies, intolerances, dyes, gluten / lactose concerns, preservatives, and formulation differences — but confirm with a pharmacist or the manufacturer when it’s clinically important.

Manufacturer & labeler

LabelerMethapharm, Inc.
Application holderPHARMAXIS EUROPE LTD
FDA applicationNDA022368 (NDA)
Labeler code67850
First marketedOct 2010
Product typeHuman Prescription Drug
The labeler markets the product; the application holder owns the FDA approval. They’re often the same company but can differ (e.g. a repackager or an authorized generic). A mailing address / phone appears here when the manufacturer includes it in the product’s FDA label (not all do).
Where does this data come from?
Labeler, application holder and registered establishment from the FDA openFDA NDC Directory and Drugs@FDA; address/contact from the product’s FDA label.

Full prescribing information FDA SPL

The complete FDA label for this product — the official prescribing information, verbatim, section by section. Very long sections are excerpted here and marked; the full text is on DailyMed (linked in the sources below). Jump with a chip, search within the label, or expand everything.
🚨 Boxed Warning ~1 min read ▾

WARNING: RISK OF SEVERE BRONCHOSPASM Mannitol, the active ingredient in ARIDOL, acts as a bronchoconstrictor and may cause severe bronchospasm. Bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL is for diagnostic purposes only. Bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL should only be conducted by trained professionals under the supervision of a physician familiar with all aspects of the bronchial challenge test and the management of acute bronchospasm.

Medications (such as short-acting inhaled beta-agonist) and equipment to treat severe bronchospasm must be present in the testing area. If severe bronchospasm occurs it should be treated immediately by administration of a short-acting inhaled beta-agonist. Because of the potential for severe bronchoconstriction, the bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL should not be performed in any patient with clinically apparent asthma or very low baseline pulmonary function tests (e.g., FEV 1 <1-1.5 liters or <70% of the predicted values) [ see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ) ].

WARNING: RISK OF SEVERE BRONCHOSPASM See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning. Mannitol, the active ingredient in ARIDOL, acts as a bronchoconstrictor and may cause severe bronchospasm. Bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL is for diagnostic purposes only.

Only trained professionals under the supervision of a physician who are familiar with the management of acute bronchospasm should perform bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL. Medications (such as short-acting inhaled beta-agonist) and equipment to treat severe bronchospasm must be present in the testing area. Because of the potential for severe bronchoconstriction, bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL should not be performed in any patient with clinically apparent asthma or very low baseline pulmonary function tests (e.g., FEV 1 <1-1.5 liters or <70% of the predicted values) ( 5.1 )

🎯 Indications and Usage 130 words ▾

1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE ARIDOL is indicated for the assessment of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in adult and pediatric patients 6 years of age or older who do not have clinically apparent asthma. Limitations of Use: ARIDOL is not a standalone test or a screening test for asthma. Bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL should be used only as part of a physician's overall assessment of asthma.

ARIDOL is a sugar alcohol indicated for the assessment of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in adult and pediatric patients 6 years of age or older who do not have clinically apparent asthma. ( 1 ) Limitations of Use: ARIDOL is not a standalone test or a screening test for asthma. Bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL should be used only as part of a physician's overall assessment of asthma.

⏱️ Dosage and Administration ~3 min read ▾

2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION For Oral Inhalation Use Only One ARIDOL test kit contains dry powder mannitol capsules in graduated doses and a single patient use inhaler necessary to perform one bronchial challenge test. ( 2 ) The mannitol capsules supplied in the ARIDOL kit are to be used with the single patient use inhaler device ( 2 ). Discard the inhaler after use.

Capsule contents are to be inhaled in increasing dosage until either a positive response (15% reduction in FEV 1 from baseline or a 10% incremental reduction in FEV 1 between consecutive doses) is achieved or all capsules are inhaled (maximum total dose 635mg) ( 2 ) Starting and maximum dose is the same for children (≥6 years old) and adults ( 2 )

2.1Bronchial Challenge Test Kit Overview ARIDOL is a bronchial challenge test kit containing the required capsules of dry powder mannitol for oral inhalation in graduated doses with the supplied single patient use inhaler necessary to perform one bronchial challenge test. Do not swallow ARIDOL capsules. The airway response to bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL is measured using forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1 ).

Prior to bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL, standard spirometry should be performed and the reproducibility of the resting FEV 1 established.

2.2Administration Instructions An overview of the testing procedure can be found below. The ARIDOL bronchial challenge test should only be used with the provided inhaler. All remaining unused (opened and unopened) blister packs and the inhaler should be properly discarded at the completion of the test.

See the ARIDOL Bronchial Challenge Test Kit instructions for complete instructions on the dosing and spirometry procedures. a. A nose clip may be used if preferred. If so, apply nose clip to the patient and direct the patient to breathe through the mouth b.

Insert 0 mg capsule into inhalation device. Puncture capsule by depressing buttons on side of device slowly, and ONCE ONLY (a second puncture may fragment the capsules) c. The patient should exhale completely, before inhaling from device in a controlled deep inspiration d.

At the end of deep inspiration, start 60 second timer, subject should hold breath for 5 seconds and exhale through mouth before removal of nose clip e. At the end of 60 seconds, measure the FEV 1 in duplicate (the measurement after inhaling the 0 mg capsule is the baseline FEV 1 ) f. Repeat steps a-e following the mannitol capsule dose steps from Table 1 below until the patient has a positive response or 635 mg of mannitol has been administered (negative test) Table 1: Mannitol dose steps for bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL Dose # Dose mg Cumulative Dose mg Capsules per dose 1 0 0 1 2 5 5 1 3 10 15 1 4 20 35 1 5 40 75 1 6 80 155 2 x 40 mg 7 160 315 4 x 40 mg 8 160 475 4 x 40 mg 9 160 635 4 x 40 mg

2.3Bronchial Challenge Test Response and Patient Management A positive response is achieved when the patient experiences a 15% reduction in FEV 1 from (0 mg) baseline (or a 10% incremental reduction in FEV 1 between consecutive doses). The test result is expressed as a PD 15 . Patients with either a positive response to bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL or significant respiratory symptoms should receive a standard dose of a short-acting inhaled beta-agonist and monitored until fully recovered to within baseline.

💊 Dosage Forms and Strengths 216 words ▾

3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Inhalation powder: 0 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, and 40 mg of mannitol dry powder per capsule in a bronchial challenge test kit. Each kit contains one, single patient use, dry powder inhaler device and 3 consecutively numbered foil blister packs containing a total of 19 capsules of mannitol for oral inhalation as described below: Blister pack "1" : Marked 1 - 1 x empty clear capsule printed with two white bands Marked 2 - 1 x 5 mg white/clear capsule printed with 5 mg Marked 3 - 1 x 10 mg yellow/clear capsule printed with 10 mg Marked 4 - 1 x 20 mg pink/clear capsule printed with 20 mg Blister pack "2" : Marked 5 - 1 x 40 mg red/clear capsule printed with 40 mg Marked 6 - 2 x 40 mg red/clear capsules printed with 40 mg Marked 7 - 4 x 40 mg red/clear capsules printed with 40 mg Blister pack "3" : Marked 8 - 4 x 40 mg red/clear capsules printed with 40 mg Marked 9 - 4 x 40 mg red/clear capsules printed with 40 mg Inhalation powder: 0mg, 5mg, 10mg, 20mg, and 40mg of mannitol dry powder per capsule in a bronchial challenge test kit ( 2 , 3 )

⛔ Contraindications 90 words ▾

4 CONTRAINDICATIONS ARIDOL is contraindicated in: Patients with known hypersensitivity to mannitol or to the gelatin used to make the capsules Patients with conditions that may be compromised by induced bronchospasm or repeated spirometry maneuvers. Some examples include: aortic or cerebral aneurysm, uncontrolled hypertension, recent myocardial infarction or cerebral vascular accident [ see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )]. Known hypersensitivity to mannitol or to the gelatin used to make the capsules ( 4 ) Conditions that may be compromised by induced bronchospasm or repeated spirometry maneuvers ( 4 )

⚠️ Warnings and Cautions ~1 min read ▾

5 WARNINGS & PRECAUTIONS Severe bronchospasm: ARIDOL may cause severe bronchospasm in susceptible patients. Administer by trained professionals under the supervision of a physician. Medications and equipment to treat severe bronchospasm must be present in the testing area.

( 5.1 ) Subjects with co-morbid conditions: Use with caution in patients with conditions that may increase sensitivity to the bronchoconstricting or other potential effects of ARIDOL such as: severe cough, ventilatory impairment, unstable angina, or active upper or lower respiratory tract infection that may worsen with use of a bronchial irritant. ( 5.2 )

5.1Severe Bronchospasm Mannitol, the active ingredient in ARIDOL, acts as a bronchoconstrictor and may cause severe bronchospasm in susceptible patients. The test should only be conducted by trained professionals under the supervision of a physician familiar with all aspects of the bronchial challenge test and the management of acute bronchospasm. Patients should not be left unattended during the bronchial challenge test.

Medications and equipment to treat severe bronchospasm must be present in the testing area. If a patient has a ≥10% reduction in FEV 1 (from pre-challenge FEV 1 ) on administration of the 0 mg capsule, the ARIDOL Bronchial Challenge Test should be discontinued and the patient should be given a dose of a short-acting inhaled beta-agonist and monitored accordingly. Patients with either a positive response to bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL or significant respiratory symptoms should receive a short-acting inhaled beta-agonist.

Patients should be monitored until fully recovered to within baseline.

5.2Subjects with Co-morbid Conditions Bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL should be performed with caution in patients with conditions that may increase sensitivity to the bronchoconstricting or other potential effects of ARIDOL such as severe cough, ventilatory impairment, spirometry-induced bronchoconstriction, hemoptysis of unknown origin, pneumothorax, recent abdominal or thoracic surgery, recent intraocular surgery, unstable angina, or active upper or lower respiratory tract infection.

🤒 Adverse Reactions ~3 min read ▾

6 ADVERSE REACTIONS The following clinically significant adverse reaction is described elsewhere in the labeling: • Severe Bronchospasm [ see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )]. Most common adverse reactions (rate ≥1%) were headache, pharyngolaryngeal pain, throat irritation, nausea, cough, rhinorrhea, dyspnea, chest discomfort, wheezing, retching and dizziness. ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Methapharm, Inc. at 1-866-701-4636 or email at [email protected] or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch

6.1Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The safety population for the ARIDOL bronchial challenge test consisted of 1,082 subjects (577 females and 505 males) including patients with asthma, symptoms suggestive of asthma, and healthy individuals from 6 to 83 years of age who participated in the two clinical trials (Studies 1 and 2).

The racial distribution of subjects was 84% Caucasian, 5% Asian, 4% Black, and 7% Other. Pediatric and adolescents patients comprised 23% of the total study population with 118 pediatric patients aged 6-11 years and 128 adolescents aged 12-17 years. Adverse reactions were reported at the time of the testing procedure and for one day thereafter.

No serious adverse reactions were reported following bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL in either trial. Five adult subjects (0.6%) discontinued from the studies within a day following bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL because of cough, decreased lung function, feeling jittery, sore throat, and throat irritation. One adult subject (0.3%) discontinued following the methacholine bronchial challenge test because of dizziness.

One pediatric subject (0.4%) discontinued from the studies within a day following bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL because of retching. Table 2 displays the combined common adverse reactions (≥1%) within a day after bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL or methacholine in the overall population for Studies 1 and 2. Table 2: Adverse reactions with an incidence ≥1% within a day after bronchial challenge testing (overall population, Studies 1 and 2 combined) Adverse Reactions Treatment ARIDOL (N=1046) n (%) Methacholine Challenge (N=420) n (%) Headache 59 (6) 4 (1) Pharyngolaryngeal pain 25 (2) 0 Throat irritation 19 (2) 1 (<1) Nausea 19 (2) 0 Cough 17 (2) 8 (2) Rhinorrhea 16 (2) 0 Dyspnea 15 (1) 21 (5) Chest discomfort 13 (1) 18 (4) Wheezing 8 (1) 6 (1) Retching 6 (1) 0 Dizziness 5 (1) 13 (3) The maximum reduction in FEV 1 following bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL was 46%, compared to 54% for exercise testing and 67% for the methacholine challenge.

The incidences in decreases in FEV 1 ≥30% and ≥60% following ARIDOL, methacholine, and exercise challenges for Studies 1 and 2 is shown in Table 3. Table 3: Incidence of decreases in FEV 1 ≥30% or ≥60% (overall population, Studies 1 and 2) Challenge No. Exposed N (%) with Fall in FEV 1 ≥30% N (%) with Fall in FEV 1 ≥60% Study 1 Exercise 435 27 (6%) 0 Methacholine 420 51 (12%) 3 (1%) ARIDOL 419 3 (1%) 0 Study 2 ARIDOL asthmatics 536 23 (4%) 0 ARIDOL Non-asthmatics 91 0 0 There were no differences in the incidence of adverse reactions based on gender or race.

The clinical trials did not include sufficient numbers of subjects 65 years of age and older to determine whether they respond differently compared to subjects below 65 years of age. Pediatric Patients Aged 6 to 17 Years: Overall, the types and severities of adverse reactions in children were similar to those observed in the adult population. As in the adult population, the adverse reactions of pharyngolaryngeal pain, nausea, and headache were the more common with incidences of 4%, 3%, and 3%, respectively.

There were no major differences i… [Excerpted — this section continues on DailyMed.]

🔄 Drug Interactions 17 words ▾

7 DRUG INTERACTIONS No formal drug-drug interaction studies were conducted with mannitol, the active ingredient in ARIDOL.

👥 Use in Specific Populations ~3 min read ▾

8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS

8.1Pregnancy Risk Summary There are no available human data regarding inhaled mannitol to evaluate a drug-associated risk for major birth defects, miscarriage, or other adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Based on animal reproduction studies, no evidence of structural alterations was observed when mannitol was orally administered to pregnant rats and mice during organogenesis at doses up to approximately 20 and 10 times, respectively, the maximum recommended daily inhalation dose (MRDID) in humans (see Data). The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown.

All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the United States general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively Data Animal Data In animal reproduction studies, oral administration of mannitol to pregnant rats and mice during the period of organogenesis did not cause fetal structural alterations. The mannitol dose in rats and mice was approximately 20 and 10 times the maximum recommended human daily inhalation dose (MRDID) in humans, respectively, (on a mg/m2 basis at maternal doses of 1600 mg/kg/day in both species).

8.2Lactation Risk Summary There are no data on the presence of mannitol in human or animal milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for ARIDOL bronchial challenge test and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from ARIDOL or from the underlying maternal condition.

8.4Pediatric Use The safety and effectiveness of ARIDOL for the assessment of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in adult and pediatric patients 6 years of age or older who do not have clinically apparent asthma have been established. The use of ARIDOL for this indication is supported by evidence from two clinical studies that included 246 pediatric patients 6 to 17 years of age [ see Clinical Studies ( 14 )]. The mean and median maximum percentage reduction in FEV1 in patients with a positive ARIDOL challenge test in pediatric patients 6 to 17 years of age (19% and 18%, respectively) showed no apparent difference compared to the adult population (19% and 18%, respectively).

The safety profile of the ARIDOL bronchial challenge test in pediatric patients 6 to 17 years of age was similar to the adult population in two clinical studies [ see Adverse Reactions ( 6 )]. Safety and effectiveness of ARIDOL have not been established in pediatric patients less than 6 years old. Bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL should not be performed in children less than 6 years of age due to their inability to provide reliable spirometric measurements.

8.5Geriatric Use Clinical studies of ARIDOL did not include sufficient numbers of patients 50 years of age and older to determine whether they respond differently from younger adult patients.

8.6Hepatic and Renal Impairment Formal pharmacokinetic studies with mannitol, the active ingredient, in ARIDOL, have not been conducted in patients with hepatic or renal impairment. However, an increase in systemic exposure of mannitol can be expected in patients with renal impairment based on the kidney being its primary route of elimination. Given parenterally, mannitol is used as an osmotic diuretic in a variety of clinical situations including acute renal failure where the osmotic effects of mannitol inhibit the rate of water re-absorption and maintain the rate of urine production.

🤰 Pregnancy 194 words ▾

8.1Pregnancy Risk Summary There are no available human data regarding inhaled mannitol to evaluate a drug-associated risk for major birth defects, miscarriage, or other adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Based on animal reproduction studies, no evidence of structural alterations was observed when mannitol was orally administered to pregnant rats and mice during organogenesis at doses up to approximately 20 and 10 times, respectively, the maximum recommended daily inhalation dose (MRDID) in humans (see Data). The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown.

All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the United States general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively Data Animal Data In animal reproduction studies, oral administration of mannitol to pregnant rats and mice during the period of organogenesis did not cause fetal structural alterations. The mannitol dose in rats and mice was approximately 20 and 10 times the maximum recommended human daily inhalation dose (MRDID) in humans, respectively, (on a mg/m2 basis at maternal doses of 1600 mg/kg/day in both species).

🧒 Pediatric Use 190 words ▾

8.4Pediatric Use The safety and effectiveness of ARIDOL for the assessment of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in adult and pediatric patients 6 years of age or older who do not have clinically apparent asthma have been established. The use of ARIDOL for this indication is supported by evidence from two clinical studies that included 246 pediatric patients 6 to 17 years of age [ see Clinical Studies ( 14 )]. The mean and median maximum percentage reduction in FEV1 in patients with a positive ARIDOL challenge test in pediatric patients 6 to 17 years of age (19% and 18%, respectively) showed no apparent difference compared to the adult population (19% and 18%, respectively).

The safety profile of the ARIDOL bronchial challenge test in pediatric patients 6 to 17 years of age was similar to the adult population in two clinical studies [ see Adverse Reactions ( 6 )]. Safety and effectiveness of ARIDOL have not been established in pediatric patients less than 6 years old. Bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL should not be performed in children less than 6 years of age due to their inability to provide reliable spirometric measurements.

🧓 Geriatric Use 30 words ▾

8.5Geriatric Use Clinical studies of ARIDOL did not include sufficient numbers of patients 50 years of age and older to determine whether they respond differently from younger adult patients.

🆘 Overdosage 30 words ▾

10 OVERDOSAGE Susceptible persons may experience excessive bronchospasm from an overdosage. If such bronchospasm occurs, immediately administer a short-acting inhaled beta-agonist and other medical treatments such as oxygen, as necessary.

🧬 Clinical Pharmacology ~2 min read ▾

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

12.1Mechanism of Action The precise mechanisms through which inhaled mannitol causes bronchoconstriction are not known.

12.2Pharmacodynamics The response to inhaled mannitol is reported as the delivered dose of mannitol causing a 15% reduction in FEV 1 and is expressed as PD 15 .

12.3Pharmacokinetics Absorption: The rate and extent of absorption of mannitol after oral inhalation was generally similar to that observed after oral administration. In a study of 18 healthy adult male subjects the absolute bioavailability of mannitol powder following oral inhalation was 59% while the relative bioavailability of inhaled mannitol in comparison to orally administered mannitol was 96%. Following oral inhalation of 635 mg, the mean mannitol peak plasma concentration (C max ) was 13.71 mcg/mL while the mean extent of systemic exposure (AUC) was 73.15 mcg•hr/mL.

The mean time to peak plasma concentration (T max ) after oral inhalation was 1.5 hour. Distribution: Based on intravenous administration, the volume of distribution of mannitol was

34.3L. Elimination: Following oral inhalation, the elimination half-life of mannitol was 4.7 hours. The mean terminal elimination half-life for mannitol in plasma remained unchanged regardless of the route of administration (oral, inhalation, and intravenous). The urinary excretion rate versus time profile for mannitol was consistent for all routes of administration. The total clearance after intravenous administration was

5.1 L/hr while the renal clearance was

4.4L/hr. Therefore, the clearance of mannitol was predominately via the kidney. Following inhalation of 635 mg of mannitol in 18 healthy subjects, about 55% of the total dose was excreted in the urine as unchanged mannitol.

Following oral or intravenous administration of a 500 mg dose, the corresponding values were 54% and 87% of the dose, respectively. Metabolism: The extent of metabolism of mannitol appears to be small. This is evident from a urinary excretion of about 87% of unchanged drug after an intravenous dose to healthy subjects.

Specific Populations Patients with Hepatic and Renal Impairment: Formal pharmacokinetic studies using ARIDOL have not been conducted in patients with hepatic or renal impairment. Since the drug is eliminated primarily via the kidney, an increase in systemic exposure can be expected in renally impaired patients.

🧬 Mechanism of Action 16 words ▾

12.1Mechanism of Action The precise mechanisms through which inhaled mannitol causes bronchoconstriction are not known.

📦 How Supplied / Storage and Handling 200 words ▾

16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING How Supplied ARIDOL is a bronchial challenge test kit. Each kit contains one single patient use, dry powder inhaler device and 3 consecutively numbered foil blister packs containing a total of 19 capsules of dry powder mannitol for oral inhalation as described below: Blister pack "1" : Marked 1 - 1 x empty clear capsule printed with two white bands Marked 2 - 1 x 5 mg white/clear capsule printed with 5 mg Marked 3 - 1 x 10 mg yellow/clear capsule printed with 10 mg Marked 4 - 1 x 20 mg pink/clear capsule printed with 20 mg Blister pack "2" : Marked 5 - 1 x 40 mg red/clear capsule printed with 40 mg Marked 6 - 2 x 40 mg red/clear capsules printed with 40 mg Marked 7 - 4 x 40 mg red/clear capsules printed with 40 mg Blister pack "3" : Marked 8 - 4 x 40 mg red/clear capsules printed with 40 mg Marked 9 - 4 x 40 mg red/clear capsules printed with 40 mg NDC-67850-552-01 Storage Store below 77°F (25°C) with excursions permitted between 59°F-86°F (15°C-30°C). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature].

Do not freeze. Do not refrigerate.

📋 Description ~2 min read ▾

11 DESCRIPTION D-mannitol (referred to throughout as mannitol), the active ingredient in ARIDOL is a hexahydric alcohol, that is a sugar alcohol, with the following chemical name (2R,3R,4R,5R)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol and chemical structure: Mannitol is a white or almost white crystalline powder of free-flowing granules with an empirical formula of C 6 H 14 O 6 and molecular weight of 182.2. Mannitol is freely soluble in water, and very slightly soluble in alcohol. Mannitol shows polymorphism.

The ARIDOL Bronchial Challenge Test Kit contains one single patient use dry powder inhaler and 3 consecutively numbered foil blister packs containing a total of 19 capsules of mannitol for oral inhalation. All except the 0 mg printed hard gelatin capsules contain dry powder mannitol for oral inhalation. The accompanying dry powder inhaler is a plastic device used for inhaling the capsules.

All doses are to be administered using the same device supplied with each kit without washing or sterilizing the device at anytime during the test. To use the delivery system, a mannitol capsule is placed in the well of the inhaler, and the capsule is pierced by pressing and releasing the buttons ONCE on the side of the device. The mannitol dry powder is dispersed into the air stream when the patient inhales deeply through the mouthpiece.

There are no inactive ingredients in the mannitol capsules supplied with the ARIDOL Bronchial Challenge Test Kit. The 0 mg capsule and the bodies of the 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg capsules are clear. The white caps (5 mg) contain titanium dioxide.

The yellow caps (10 mg) contain titanium dioxide and yellow iron oxide. The pink caps (20 mg) and red caps (40 mg) contain titanium dioxide and red iron dioxide. The inhaler is a plastic device used for administering mannitol to the lungs.

The amount of drug delivered to the lung will depend on patient factors, such as inspiratory flow rate and inspiratory time. Under standardized in vitro testing at a fixed flow rate of 60 L/min for 2 seconds, the delivered dose from the inhaler from each of the 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg capsules is approximately 3.4, 7.7, 16.5 and 34.1 mg, respectively. Peak inspiratory flow rates (PIFR) achievable through the inhaler were evaluated in healthy and asthmatic individuals ranging from 7 to 65 years of age and with % FEV 1 of predicted ranging from 67% to 123%.

PIFR achieved in the study was at least

70.8L/min in all subjects assessed. The mean PIFR was 118.2 L/min and approximately ninety percent of each population studied generated a PIFR through the device exceeding 90 L/min. Aridol-kit-1

💬 Information for Patients 151 words ▾

17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION Severe Bronchospasm Prior to administration patients should be informed of the potential for bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL to cause severe bronchospasm and of the potential symptoms they may experience [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )] . Patients with Certain Co-morbid Conditions Bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL should be performed with caution in patients having severe cough, ventilatory impairment, spirometry-induced bronchoconstriction, hemoptysis of unknown origin, pneumothorax, recent abdominal or thoracic surgery, recent intraocular surgery, unstable angina, or active upper or lower respiratory tract infection or other conditions that may worsen with the use of a bronchial irritant [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )] .

Manufactured by: Arna Pharma Pty Ltd 20 Rodborough Rd Frenchs Forest NSW 2086 AUSTRALIA Manufactured for: Methapharm, Inc. 11772 West Sample Road, Suite 101 Coral Springs, FL, 33065 USA 1-833-887-7686 www.aridolchallenge.com [email protected] ARIDOL® is a registered trademark of Pharmaxis Europe Ltd

🧬 Pharmacokinetics ~1 min read ▾

12.3Pharmacokinetics Absorption: The rate and extent of absorption of mannitol after oral inhalation was generally similar to that observed after oral administration. In a study of 18 healthy adult male subjects the absolute bioavailability of mannitol powder following oral inhalation was 59% while the relative bioavailability of inhaled mannitol in comparison to orally administered mannitol was 96%. Following oral inhalation of 635 mg, the mean mannitol peak plasma concentration (C max ) was 13.71 mcg/mL while the mean extent of systemic exposure (AUC) was 73.15 mcg•hr/mL.

The mean time to peak plasma concentration (T max ) after oral inhalation was 1.5 hour. Distribution: Based on intravenous administration, the volume of distribution of mannitol was

34.3L. Elimination: Following oral inhalation, the elimination half-life of mannitol was 4.7 hours. The mean terminal elimination half-life for mannitol in plasma remained unchanged regardless of the route of administration (oral, inhalation, and intravenous). The urinary excretion rate versus time profile for mannitol was consistent for all routes of administration. The total clearance after intravenous administration was

5.1 L/hr while the renal clearance was

4.4L/hr. Therefore, the clearance of mannitol was predominately via the kidney. Following inhalation of 635 mg of mannitol in 18 healthy subjects, about 55% of the total dose was excreted in the urine as unchanged mannitol.

Following oral or intravenous administration of a 500 mg dose, the corresponding values were 54% and 87% of the dose, respectively. Metabolism: The extent of metabolism of mannitol appears to be small. This is evident from a urinary excretion of about 87% of unchanged drug after an intravenous dose to healthy subjects.

Specific Populations Patients with Hepatic and Renal Impairment: Formal pharmacokinetic studies using ARIDOL have not been conducted in patients with hepatic or renal impairment. Since the drug is eliminated primarily via the kidney, an increase in systemic exposure can be expected in renally impaired patients.

🧬 Pharmacodynamics 29 words ▾

12.2Pharmacodynamics The response to inhaled mannitol is reported as the delivered dose of mannitol causing a 15% reduction in FEV 1 and is expressed as PD 15 .

🔬 Clinical Studies ~3 min read ▾

14 CLINICAL STUDIES The effectiveness of the ARIDOL Bronchial Challenge Test Kit in assessing bronchial hyperresponsiveness in adults and children 6 years of age and older was assessed in two clinical studies. Study 1 was an operator-blinded, open-label crossover trial that assessed the sensitivity and specificity of bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL compared with a methacholine bronchial challenge test in detecting bronchial hyperresponsiveness in subjects with symptoms suggestive of asthma but without a definite diagnosis of asthma.

During the course of the study subjects underwent three types of bronchial challenge tests utilizing exercise, ARIDOL, and methacholine. A positive exercise test was defined as a decrease in FEV 1 ≥10%, a positive bronchial challenge test with ARIDOL was defined by either a decrease in FEV 1 by ≥15% from baseline or a between-dose reduction in FEV 1 ≥10%, and a positive methacholine response was defined as a decrease in FEV 1 ≥20% after breathing methacholine at a concentration less than or equal to 16 mg/mL. The sensitivity and specificity of bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL and methacholine were then assessed relative to exercise testing which served as a common comparator.

The sensitivity and specificity of ARIDOL and methacholine challenges were also assessed using a blinded study physician's diagnosis of asthma at the end of the study. Five-hundred nine subjects aged 6 to 50 years were screened for enrolment with 419 and 420 subjects receiving at least one dose of mannitol, the active ingredient in ARIDOL, or methacholine, respectively. The maximum cumulative dose of mannitol was 635 mg.

Bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL and methacholine demonstrated similar sensitivity and specificity in predicting bronchial hyperresponsiveness defined by a positive exercise challenge (Table 4). Table 4: Comparisons of the sensitivity and specificity (calculated relative to exercise challenge) for the ARIDOL test and methacholine in Study 1 Population Treatment Sensitivity % (95% CI) Specificity % (95% CI) Overall Population (n=419) ARIDOL 58 (50, 65) 63 (57, 69) Methacholine 53 (46, 51) 68 (62, 73) Difference 5 (-4, 13) -5 (-12, 3) Age 6-11 years old (n=36) ARIDOL 67 (47, 87) 47 (21, 72) Methacholine 71 (52, 91) 33 (9, 57) Difference -5 (-29, 20) 17 (-29, 62) Age 12-17 years old (n=70) ARIDOL 55 (37, 72) 62 (46, 77) Methacholine 65 (48, 81) 64 (49, 79) Difference -10 (32, 13) -3 (-24, 19) Bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL and methacholine also demonstrated similar sensitivity and specificity when calculated relative to a blinded study physician's diagnosis of asthma in subjects at the end of the study.

The sensitivity and specificity of bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL in children and adolescents 6 to 17 years of age in Study 1 was similar to that in the overall population (Table 4). Study 2 was a crossover study comparing bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL to hypertonic (4.5%) saline in identifying bronchial hyperresponsiveness in subjects 6 to 83 years of age with (n=551) and without (n=95) asthma. In this study the efficacy endpoint of interest was an estimation of the sensitivity and specificity of bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL with respect to a physician's clinical diagnosis of asthma.

Following completion of the bronchial challenge tests with ARIDOL and hypertonic saline, a respiratory physician assessed the data and categorized the subjects as having or not having asthma. The sensitivity of the ARIDOL bronchial challenge test in subjects with a physician diagnosis of asthma was 58% [(54%, 62%, 95 th CI)] compared to a sensitivity of the physician diagnosis in the same population of 97% [(95%, 98%, 95 th CI)]. The specificity of the ARIDOL bronchial challenge test in subjects without asthma was 95% [(90%, 99%, 95 th CI)] compared to the specificity of the physician diagnosis of 98% [(95%, 100%, 95 th CI)].

🧪 Nonclinical Toxicology 112 words ▾

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

13.1Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility In 2-year carcinogenicity studies in rats and mice, mannitol did not show evidence of carcinogenicity at oral dietary concentrations up to 5% (or 7,500 mg/kg on a mg/kg basis). These doses were approximately 55 and 30 times the MRHDID, respectively, on a mg/m 2 basis. Mannitol tested negative in the following assays: bacterial gene mutation assay, in vitro mouse lymphoma assay, in vitro chromosomal aberration assay in WI-38 human cells, in vivo chromosomal aberration assay in rat bone marrow, in vivo dominant lethal assay in rats, and in vivo mouse micronucleus assay.

The effect of inhaled mannitol on fertility has not been investigated.

📄 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility 109 words ▾

13.1Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility In 2-year carcinogenicity studies in rats and mice, mannitol did not show evidence of carcinogenicity at oral dietary concentrations up to 5% (or 7,500 mg/kg on a mg/kg basis). These doses were approximately 55 and 30 times the MRHDID, respectively, on a mg/m 2 basis. Mannitol tested negative in the following assays: bacterial gene mutation assay, in vitro mouse lymphoma assay, in vitro chromosomal aberration assay in WI-38 human cells, in vivo chromosomal aberration assay in rat bone marrow, in vivo dominant lethal assay in rats, and in vivo mouse micronucleus assay.

The effect of inhaled mannitol on fertility has not been investigated.

📄 Package Label / Principal Display Panel 94 words ▾

Aridol kit carton PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL NDC 67850-552-01 Rx Only Caution: Federal Law Requires Test To Be Administered By a Trained Healthcare Professional Only Do Not Swallow Aridol Capsules aridol™ (mannitol inhalation powder) Bronchial Challenge Test Kit FOR ORAL INHALATION ONLY One complete diagnostic kit to measure bronchial hyperresponsiveness Contents: 3 Blister Cards: 0 mg - 1 capsule 5 mg - 1 capsule 10 mg - 1 capsule 20 mg - 1 capsule 40 mg - 15 capsules 1 Aridol device: For use with enclosed capsules only See package insert for dosage information.

Aridol-kit-2.jpg

Source: FDA Structured Product Labeling, mirrored from DailyMed / openFDA. Prefer the government’s original formatting? View this label on DailyMed ↗

Medicare Part D spend CMS · PART D · 2025 (Q1-Q4)

Medicare Part D (outpatient prescription) spending for Mannitol (matched by generic name) — the program that covers self-administered drugs. 2 manufacturers.
⚠️ Drug-level data: CMS publishes Part D spending by drug, not by NDC — these figures combine every manufacturer, strength and package size sold under the name Mannitol. That’s a different level of aggregation than the Medicaid card above, which is specific to this exact 11-digit NDC (pack size included), so the two aren’t directly comparable.
Total Part D spend
$330.14
Claims incl. refills
40
Beneficiaries
13
Spend / beneficiary
$25.40
Spend / claim
$8.25
💵 About the dollar figures: spending is what Part D plans paid before confidential manufacturer rebates, so the program’s real net cost is lower. A blank patient count means fewer than 11 people — CMS hides counts that small to protect privacy. Source: CMS Medicare Quarterly Part D Spending by Drug (data.cms.gov), updated quarterly.

Reported adverse events (FAERS)

Read carefully: FAERS reports are voluntary and unverified. Counts are not incidence, do not establish causation, are subject to reporting bias, and cannot be used to compare one drug to another. Shown for signal context only. Reports for Aridol Bronchial Challenge Test Kit (this brand).

Top reported reactions

Pain615
Renal Failure593
Anxiety503
Injury496
Unevaluable Event471
Stress459
Fear431

Age at onset

Neonate17
Infant11
Child34
Adolescent18
Adult328
Elderly200

Reporter sex

4,829 reports
Male · 56%
Female · 43%
Unknown · 1%

Serious outcomes

Hospitalization2,136
Death1,389
Life-threatening658
Disabling311
Reports over time (by year) — tap or hover for the count & year
2019 2021 2023 2026 394 0
Most recent year is provisional (FAERS lags ~3 months).
Where does this data come from?
Adverse-event reports from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) via openFDA. FAERS reports are voluntary and unverified — counts are not incidence and don’t establish causation.

About this NDC listing & data coverage

Finished prescription product Kit / multi-component package

Kit / multi-component package

This NDC identifies a kit — a package containing more than one component. Structured data (pricing, ingredients, equivalents) is often reported per component rather than for the kit NDC itself, which can make this page look thinner than the components' own pages.

What data is (and isn’t) available for this NDC — tap to expand
NDC identity (package / product / labeler codes) ✓ Available
Labeler ✓ Available
Product & package description ✓ Available
Marketing category & status ✓ Available
Active ingredient / dosage form / route ✓ Available
FDA label (SPL via DailyMed) ✓ Available
Package photos ✓ Available
Inactive ingredients (structured) — Not published for this NDC The labeler did not submit a structured excipient list, or no SPL is available.
NADAC pharmacy acquisition price (CMS) — Not published for this NDC CMS publishes NADAC only for NDCs reported in its retail-pharmacy survey.
Orange Book / therapeutic-equivalence data — Not published for this NDC Applies only to products approved under an NDA/ANDA; many listings are out of scope.
HCPCS J-code billing crosswalk — Not published for this NDC Most self-administered / retail products have no J-code — that is normal.
Medicaid utilization (CMS SDUD) — Not published for this NDC CMS reports utilization only for NDCs with Medicaid claims above its privacy threshold.
“Not published” reflects what the public FDA / CMS / NLM sources provide for this exact package code — it is a property of the data feeds, not a judgment about the product.

Questions about this listing

Why is there no price listed?
The pricing shown on our NDC pages comes from CMS NADAC, a voluntary survey of retail community pharmacy invoices. CMS does not publish a NADAC for every NDC — packages outside the retail survey (institutional and hospital products, bulk packages, discontinued items, and many OTC items) may never receive one. A missing price reflects the survey's scope, not this product's actual cost, and does not mean the product is free or unavailable.
Is the NDC printed on the package the same as the 11-digit billing NDC?
Yes, they identify this exact package in different formats. The form printed on the packaging and shown on DailyMed is the one the FDA registered. Insurance claims use a fixed 11-digit 5-4-2 format, so the short segment is padded with a leading zero and the dashes are dropped. The Identity section at the top of this page lists each form of this code.
Is this package still being marketed?
Yes, per the latest FDA NDC Directory data on this page it is currently marketed — but Methapharm, Inc. has reported a marketing end date of 2027-05-31, after which this package is expected to stop being marketed. The directory data on this page refreshes weekly.
Who lists this product with the FDA?
Methapharm, Inc. is the labeler of record for this NDC — the company under whose FDA-assigned code the package is listed. The labeler may be the manufacturer itself or a distributor marketing the product under its own code.
Do I need a prescription for this product?
This NDC is listed with FDA as a prescription product, so it is dispensed under a prescriber's order. Your pharmacist can tell you whether any over-the-counter forms of the same medication exist.
This page identifies an FDA-listed package (the NDC) and reports public regulatory and pricing data about the listing. It is reference information, not a medical recommendation — talk to your pharmacist or prescriber about your own medication.
Where does this data come from?
Listing facts (marketing category, packager status, marketing dates) from the FDA openFDA NDC Directory; label availability from DailyMed; pricing coverage from CMS NADAC; equivalence scope from the FDA Orange Book.
For educational and professional reference only — not medical advice. Pricing reflects published NADAC and CMS ASP (free public data) and may differ from your acquisition cost; always verify before billing or dispensing.