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Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin crucial for several bodily functions. It plays a pivotal role in the formation of red blood cells, aiding in the prevention of anemia. Vitamin B12 is essential for maintaining a healthy nervous system and proper brain function, as it is involved in the synthesis of myelin, the protective sheath around nerve fibers. This vitamin is primarily found in animal-based foods such as meat, fish, dairy products, and eggs, making it important for vegetarians and vegans to consider supplementation. A deficiency in vitamin B12 can lead to neurological issues, fatigue, and cognitive impairment.

L-citrulline is an amino acid found in certain foods and synthesized within the body. It plays a vital role in the urea cycle, aiding in the removal of ammonia, a waste product of metabolism. This amino acid is known to enhance nitric oxide production, which can improve blood flow and cardiovascular health. L-citrulline is often used as a dietary supplement to support exercise performance, reduce muscle fatigue, and promote overall cardiovascular function.

Agmatine is an endogenous polyamine found in bacteria, plants, and animals, including humans, synthesized from the amino acid arginine. It plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including neurotransmission, nitric oxide synthesis, and cellular metabolism. In dietary supplements, agmatine is proposed to support mental health, cognitive function, and overall well-being. It's most common use is as a pre and post-workout supplement.

Amaranth is a diverse group of plants found in lowlands, wastelands, and gardens, with some species yielding seeds used as pseudocereals or for oil. Others, like Amaranthus dubius and Amaranthus tricolor, have large leaves used as vegetables. Common medicinal varieties include Amaranthus roxburghianus and Amaranthus spinosus. The whole amaranth plant is used medicinally. Its leaves contain some vitamin C and beta-carotene, with Amaranthus tricolor leaves also providing calcium, iron, and zinc. Amaranth seed oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), including linoleic, alpha-linolenic, and oleic acids, along with saturated fatty acids (SFAs) like palmitic and stearic acids, in a 1:3 SFA to UFA ratio, and also contains squalene, tocopherols, and sterols. Amaranth seeds, used as pseudocereals, are high in protein, vitamin E, antioxidant phenols, and minerals like iron. Amaranthus hypochondriacus seeds contain bioactive peptides like lunasin, vicilin, and 11S globulin. Amaranthus roxburghianus roots contain eugenol, benzene derivatives, and 3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydropyran-4-one, while Amaranthus spinosus bark contains betacyanins, quercetin, kaempferol, and amaranthoside.

L-tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid produced within the body through the conversion of the essential amino acid, phenylalanine. It is often used as a dietary supplement to support cognitive function, enhance focus, and mitigate stress by serving as a precursor for neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine.

Alpha-GPC (alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine) is a natural compound found in small amounts in foods such as soy lecithin, and is also available as a dietary supplement. It is a source of choline, a nutrient that is important for brain health and function. Alpha-GPC is particularly known for its potential to improve cognitive function, particularly in the areas of memory and learning. It is also being studied for its potential to improve symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. Alpha-GPC is likely better absorbed and utilized in the body than other sources of choline as it is known to cross the blood-brain barrier. The choline provided from Alpha-GPC is also a precursor to acetylcholine, an important neurotransmitter for cognitive functions such as attention, memory, and learning.