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Niacin, also known as vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin found in a variety of foods, including meat, poultry, fish, and fortified grains. It plays a variety of roles in the body, including in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It is also necessary for the production of energy in the body and in the synthesis of different hormones. Niacin deficiency is rare in developed countries, however, supplementation has been shown to have several positive benefits. For example, it can reduce the risk of diabetic neuropathy (i.e., nerve pain) and has been shown effective for treating some types of high cholesterol (extended-release niacin is used as a prescription drug in the United States for this purpose). There is a multitude of niacin forms available as dietary supplements, including NADH, niacinamide, and nicotinamide riboside, all with different properties.

L-tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid produced within the body through the conversion of the essential amino acid, phenylalanine. It is often used as a dietary supplement to support cognitive function, enhance focus, and mitigate stress by serving as a precursor for neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine.

Theanine, often referred to as L-theanine as that is the predominant isomer of theanine, is an amino acid commonly found in tea leaves, particularly in green tea. It is purported to increase levels of GABA, serotonin, and dopamine in the brain, which can help to reduce stress and anxiety. L-theanine may also promote a sense of calm and improve overall well-being. Some studies have also suggested that it may improve cognitive function, although more research is needed. Most reported drug interactions with theanine are due to its sedative effects.

Alpha-GPC (alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine) is a natural compound found in small amounts in foods such as soy lecithin, and is also available as a dietary supplement. It is a source of choline, a nutrient that is important for brain health and function. Alpha-GPC is particularly known for its potential to improve cognitive function, particularly in the areas of memory and learning. It is also being studied for its potential to improve symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. Alpha-GPC is likely better absorbed and utilized in the body than other sources of choline as it is known to cross the blood-brain barrier. The choline provided from Alpha-GPC is also a precursor to acetylcholine, an important neurotransmitter for cognitive functions such as attention, memory, and learning.

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) is a type of plant that is native to the eastern United States. It is a member of the Araliaceae family and is closely related to Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng). American ginseng has a long history of use in traditional medicine and is believed to have a number of potential health benefits. American ginseng is often referred to as an "adaptogen," which means that it may help the body to adapt to stress and improve overall well-being. It is commonly used to improve energy and mental clarity, and it has been suggested that it may have potential benefits for immune function, heart health, and diabetes management. American ginseng dietary supplements are generally standardized to contain 0.052% to 15% total ginsenosides, a group of compounds found in the plant.

Saffron is a spice derived from the dried stigmas of the crocus plant (Crocus sativus). It is native to Southwest Asia and is known for its distinctive golden-yellow color and unique, slightly bitter taste. Saffron is one of the most expensive spices in the world due to the labor-intensive process of harvesting and processing. Saffron has been used traditionally in cooking and herbal medicine for centuries. It is purported to have a number of potential health benefits, including reducing inflammation, improving mood, improving memory, and reducing the risk of certain types of cancer, but more studies are needed to determine its effects.