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Niacin, also known as vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin found in a variety of foods, including meat, poultry, fish, and fortified grains. It plays a variety of roles in the body, including in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It is also necessary for the production of energy in the body and in the synthesis of different hormones. Niacin deficiency is rare in developed countries, however, supplementation has been shown to have several positive benefits. For example, it can reduce the risk of diabetic neuropathy (i.e., nerve pain) and has been shown effective for treating some types of high cholesterol (extended-release niacin is used as a prescription drug in the United States for this purpose). There is a multitude of niacin forms available as dietary supplements, including NADH, niacinamide, and nicotinamide riboside, all with different properties.

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin crucial for several bodily functions. It plays a pivotal role in the formation of red blood cells, aiding in the prevention of anemia. Vitamin B12 is essential for maintaining a healthy nervous system and proper brain function, as it is involved in the synthesis of myelin, the protective sheath around nerve fibers. This vitamin is primarily found in animal-based foods such as meat, fish, dairy products, and eggs, making it important for vegetarians and vegans to consider supplementation. A deficiency in vitamin B12 can lead to neurological issues, fatigue, and cognitive impairment.

Calcium is a vital nutrient found in various foods such as dairy products, certain vegetables, and many fortified items. Over 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the bones and teeth, predominantly as hydroxyapatite. The remaining calcium circulates in the blood, extracellular fluid, muscles, and other tissues, where it is essential for processes like nerve signaling, muscle contraction, vascular activities, glandular secretion, and maintaining cell membrane and capillary permeability. It also plays critical roles in enzyme reactions, respiration, kidney function, and blood clotting, and is involved in neurotransmitter and hormone release, amino acid uptake, vitamin B12 absorption, and gastrin secretion. Calcium balance changes with age: it is positive during periods of growth, stable in adulthood, and tends to become negative in older age. Calcium loss occurs through feces, urine, sweat, and shedding skin cells. In women, reduced estrogen levels decrease calcium absorption and retention, increase bone turnover, and lead to lower bone mass. Calcium supplements come in various forms, including citrate and carbonate, which differ mainly in their calcium content and absorption rates. Calcium citrate is easily absorbed and can be taken without food, making it suitable for older adults or those with low stomach acid. In contrast, calcium carbonate, which contains a higher percentage of calcium, is best absorbed when taken with meals.

Iodine is a mineral that is crucial for our body's ability to produce thyroid hormone, which helps control our growth, metabolism, and energy levels. A lack of iodine in the diet is a common problem around the world and can lead to intellectual development issues. Adding iodine to salt (i.e., iodized salt) has helped reduce this problem. Iodine is commonly utilized as a dietary supplement, both in multivitamin preparations and as a standalone ingredient as it is purported to have overall health and wellness benefits, not just in those who are deficient. One such standalone iodine product is 'Iodoral'. Studies have shown iodine supplementation may help improve cognitive function and boost energy levels but more research is needed. It is recommended that you should be under medical supervision if you plan on taking iodine as there may be a risk of certain side effects with high dosages.

Magnesium is a mineral that is essential for the proper functioning of the body. It plays a role in many important physiological processes, including the contraction and relaxation of muscles, the transmission of nerve impulses, and the regulation of blood pressure. Magnesium is found in a variety of foods, including leafy green vegetables, nuts, and grains, and it is also available as a dietary supplement. There are several different forms of magnesium that are available as supplements, all of which can be used to prevent deficiency. Additionally, magnesium is purported to have several different health benefits, such as improving sleep, reducing muscle cramps, reducing anxiety, and preventing or treating migraines. Although magnesium is essential for health, magnesium-containing foods and supplements can interact with some prescription medications if used at the same time.

Cocoa is a plant native to South America, and is the source of cocoa beans, which are used to make chocolate and other products. Cocoa beans are rich in a number of compounds that are believed to have health benefits, including flavonoids, polyphenols, and other antioxidants. In traditional medicine, cocoa is used as a natural remedy for high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and other cardiovascular problems. It is also thought to have anti-inflammatory properties, and it may be helpful in reducing inflammation and swelling in the body.

Guarana (Paullinia cupana) is a plant native to the Amazon rainforest in South America. The seeds of the guarana plant are used in traditional medicine and as a dietary supplement. Guarana is often marketed as a natural stimulant and is claimed to improve physical performance, increase energy and alertness, and reduce fatigue. It is sometimes added to energy drinks, weight loss supplements, and other products. Guarana seeds typically contain around 3-6% caffeine, although some extracts may contain far more. Guarana, when used in dietary supplements, is often standardized for its caffeine and tannin content.

Theanine, often referred to as L-theanine as that is the predominant isomer of theanine, is an amino acid commonly found in tea leaves, particularly in green tea. It is purported to increase levels of GABA, serotonin, and dopamine in the brain, which can help to reduce stress and anxiety. L-theanine may also promote a sense of calm and improve overall well-being. Some studies have also suggested that it may improve cognitive function, although more research is needed. Most reported drug interactions with theanine are due to its sedative effects.

Eleuthero (Eleutherococcus senticosus) is a plant native to Asia and a member of the Araliaceae family. It is also commonly known as 'Siberian ginseng' or 'eleuthero root'. The root of the plant is used in traditional medicine for its purported ability to improve physical and mental performance, boost the immune system, and reduce fatigue. It is also claimed to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Eleuthero is often referred to as an 'adaptogen'. Adaptogens are believed to help the body resist stress. It is important to note that although eleuthero is known as 'Siberian ginseng', it is not related to Panax ginseng.

Rhodiola is a type of plant native to the Arctic regions of Europe and Asia. It is also known as "golden root" or "arctic root." The roots and rhizomes of Rhodiola are commonly used in dietary supplements for their purported effects as an 'adaptogen', which are used to improve physical and mental performance, reduce fatigue, and enhance the ability to cope with stress. Rhodiola is believed to work by increasing the production of certain chemicals in the brain (e.g., serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine) that are involved in mood and energy regulation. Rhodiola supplements are often standardized to a specific amount of their rosavin and salidroside content.

Ashwagandha, also known as Withania somnifera, is a herb commonly used in Ayurvedic medicine. It is native to India, and is used to treat a variety of conditions, including stress, anxiety, and insomnia. Some studies have also suggested that ashwagandha may have potential health benefits for conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. However, more research is needed. Ashwagandha is often referred to as an adaptogenic herb, which is theorized to help the body to adapt to stress.

Coenzyme Q10, also known as CoQ10, is a naturally occurring substance that is found in every cell of the body and plays an essential role in energy production within the mitochondria, which are the powerhouse of the cells. CoQ10 also acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage caused by harmful free radicals. While CoQ10 is endogenous, meaning our body can produce it on its own, levels can decrease with age, with certain medications (e.g., statins) or due to certain medical conditions. In such cases, supplementation with CoQ10 may be beneficial. Additionally, CoQ10 supplements have been studied for a variety of health benefits, including improving heart health, reducing inflammation, and potentially even aiding in the treatment of neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease. However, it's important to note that while some studies have shown potential benefits, the research on CoQ10 supplementation is still ongoing, and more studies are needed to fully understand its effects on the body.

Grapes are widely grown and cultivated for a variety of uses such as for food and beverage making (e.g., wine). They also have a long history of use in traditional medicine. The fruit and skin of grapes contain various compounds that are believed to have health benefits, including antioxidants such as resveratrol and flavonoids. These compounds may help to protect cells from damage and are purported to reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. Grapes and grape products may also have anti-inflammatory properties, which may help to reduce inflammation in the body and potentially improve symptoms of certain conditions. Grape seed extracts are also commonly used as a dietary supplement and are often standardized according to the content of polyphenols or proanthocyanidins.

Inositol is a type of carbohydrate (sugar alcohol) that is found in a variety of foods, including fruits, nuts, and grains. It is also known as vitamin B8 but is not considered 'essential' as it can be synthesized in the human body. Inositol is involved in a number of important physiological processes, including the metabolism of fats, the regulation of insulin, and the transmission of nerve impulses. Inositol is a popular dietary supplement and is believed to have a number of potential health benefits. It is thought to have a role in the treatment of certain mental health conditions, is believed to have a positive effect on cholesterol levels and may be helpful in the prevention or management of heart disease. In addition, inositol may have anti-inflammatory effects and may be helpful in the treatment of certain skin conditions.

Choline is an essential nutrient that is found in many foods, including eggs, and is important for a number of bodily functions, including liver function, brain development, and nerve function. Choline is a precursor to acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that plays a role in memory, mood, and muscle control. Choline also helps to transport fats out of the liver, which may help to reduce the risk of liver disease. Choline supplements are available in different forms, including choline bitartrate, choline chloride, and phosphatidylcholine. Choline bitartrate is the most common form of choline supplement, but phosphatidylcholine is the form that is found naturally in foods.