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NDC 49502-0425-93 SYMFI LO 400; 300; 300 mg/1; mg/1; mg/1 Details
SYMFI LO 400; 300; 300 mg/1; mg/1; mg/1
SYMFI LO is a ORAL TABLET, FILM COATED in the HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG category. It is labeled and distributed by Mylan Specialty L.P.. The primary component is EFAVIRENZ; LAMIVUDINE; TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE.
MedlinePlus Drug Summary
The combination of efavirenz, lamivudine, and tenofovir is used to treat HIV in adults and children. Efavirenz is in a class of medications called non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Lamivudine and tenofovir are in a class of medications called nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). They work by decreasing the amount of HIV in the body. Although efavirenz, lamivudine and tenofovir will not cure HIV, these medications may decrease your chance of developing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and HIV-related illnesses such as serious infections or cancer. Taking these medications along with practicing safer sex and making other lifestyle changes may decrease the risk of getting or transmitting the HIV virus to other people.
Related Packages: 49502-0425-93Last Updated: 11/30/2022
MedLinePlus Full Drug Details: Efavirenz, Lamivudine, and Tenofovir
Product Information
| NDC | 49502-0425 |
|---|---|
| Product ID | 49502-425_b3c95eed-7579-40b4-bf99-1530b71a975a |
| Associated GPIs | 12109903330330 |
| GCN Sequence Number | 078145 |
| GCN Sequence Number Description | efavirenz/lamivu/tenofov disop TABLET 400-300 MG ORAL |
| HIC3 | W5Q |
| HIC3 Description | ARTV NUCLEOSIDE,NUCLEOTIDE,NON-NUCLEOSIDE RTI COMB |
| GCN | 44425 |
| HICL Sequence Number | 044763 |
| HICL Sequence Number Description | EFAVIRENZ/LAMIVUDINE/TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE |
| Brand/Generic | Brand |
| Proprietary Name | SYMFI LO |
| Proprietary Name Suffix | n/a |
| Non-Proprietary Name | Efavirenz, Lamivudine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate |
| Product Type | HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG |
| Dosage Form | TABLET, FILM COATED |
| Route | ORAL |
| Active Ingredient Strength | 400; 300; 300 |
| Active Ingredient Units | mg/1; mg/1; mg/1 |
| Substance Name | EFAVIRENZ; LAMIVUDINE; TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE |
| Labeler Name | Mylan Specialty L.P. |
| Pharmaceutical Class | Cytochrome P450 2B6 Inducers [MoA], Cytochrome P450 2C19 Inhibitors [MoA], Cytochrome P450 2C9 Inhibitors [MoA], Cytochrome P450 3A Inducers [MoA], Cytochrome P450 3A4 Inhibitors [MoA], Hepatitis B Virus Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor [ |
| DEA Schedule | n/a |
| Marketing Category | NDA |
| Application Number | NDA208255 |
| Listing Certified Through | 2024-12-31 |
Package
Package Images
NDC 49502-0425-93 (49502042593)
| NDC Package Code | 49502-425-93 |
|---|---|
| Billing NDC | 49502042593 |
| Package | 1 BOTTLE, PLASTIC in 1 CARTON (49502-425-93) / 30 TABLET, FILM COATED in 1 BOTTLE, PLASTIC |
| Marketing Start Date | 2018-03-13 |
| NDC Exclude Flag | N |
| Pricing Information | N/A |
Standard Product Labeling (SPL)/Prescribing Information SPL 86aad85d-5460-4c38-9761-a225e6bce190 Details
HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
SYMFI LO®(efavirenz, lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) tablets, for oral use
Initial U.S. Approval: 2018
WARNING: POST TREATMENT ACUTE EXACERBATIONS OF HEPATITIS B
See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning.
- •
- Severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B have been reported in patients who are co-infected with HBV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and have discontinued lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Monitor hepatic function closely in these patients and, if appropriate, initiate anti-hepatitis B treatment. (5.1)
RECENT MAJOR CHANGES
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
SYMFI LO is a three-drug combination of efavirenz (EFV), a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, and lamivudine (3TC) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), both nucleo(t)side reverse transcriptase inhibitors and is indicated as a complete regimen for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in adult and pediatric patients weighing at least 35 kg. (1)
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
- •
- Testing: Prior to initiation and during treatment with SYMFI LO, patients should be tested for hepatitis B virus infection, and estimated creatinine clearance, urine glucose, and urine protein should be obtained. (2.1)
- •
- Recommended dose: One tablet taken orally once daily on an empty stomach, preferably at bedtime. (2.2)
- •
- Renal Impairment: Not recommended in patients with CrCL less than 50 mL/min or patients with end-stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis. (2.3)
- •
- Hepatic Impairment: Not recommended for patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment. Use caution in patients with mild hepatic impairment. (2.4)
DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
Tablets: 400 mg efavirenz, 300 mg lamivudine and 300 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (equivalent to 245 mg of tenofovir disoproxil). (3)
CONTRAINDICATIONS
WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
- •
- Lactic Acidosis/Severe Hepatomegaly with Steatosis: Discontinue treatment in patients who develop symptoms or laboratory findings suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced hepatotoxicity. (5.2)
- •
- New Onset or Worsening Renal Impairment: Can include acute renal failure and Fanconi syndrome. Avoid administering SYMFI LO with concurrent or recent use of nephrotoxic drugs. (5.4)
- •
- Serious Psychiatric Symptoms: Immediate medical evaluation is recommended for serious psychiatric symptoms such as severe depression or suicidal ideation. (5.5)
- •
- Nervous System Symptoms (NSS): NSS are frequent, usually begin 1 to 2 days after initiating therapy and resolve in 2 to 4 weeks. Dosing at bedtime may improve tolerability. NSS are not predictive of onset of psychiatric symptoms. (5.6)
- •
- Rash: Rash usually begins within 1 to 2 weeks after initiating therapy and resolves within 4 weeks. Discontinue if severe rash develops. (5.8)
- •
- Hepatotoxicity: Monitor liver function tests before and during treatment in patients with underlying hepatic disease, including hepatitis B or C coinfection, marked transaminase elevations, or who are taking medications associated with liver toxicity. Among reported cases of hepatic failure, a few occurred in patients with no pre-existing hepatic disease. (5.9, 8.7)
- •
- Pancreatitis: Use with caution in pediatric patients with a history of pancreatitis or other significant risk factors for pancreatitis. Discontinue SYMFI LO as clinically appropriate. (5.10)
- •
- Convulsions: Use caution in patients with a history of seizures. (5.11)
- •
- Lipids: Total cholesterol and triglyceride elevations. Monitor before therapy and periodically thereafter. (5.12)
- •
- Decreases in Bone Mineral Density (BMD): Observed in HIV-infected patients. Consider assessment of BMD in patients with a history of pathologic fracture or other risk factors for osteoporosis or bone loss. (5.13)
- •
- Immune Reconstitution Syndrome: Observed in HIV-infected patients. May necessitate further evaluation and treatment. (5.14)
- •
- Redistribution/Accumulation of Body Fat: Observed in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral combination therapy. (5.15)
ADVERSE REACTIONS
- •
- Most common adverse reactions (> 5% with SYMFI LO) are rash and dizziness. (6)
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Mylan at 1-877-446-3679 (1-877-4-INFO-RX) or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.
DRUG INTERACTIONS
- •
- SYMFI LO should not be administered with other antiretroviral medications for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. (7.1)
- •
- Coadministration of SYMFI LO can alter the concentrations of other drugs and other drugs may alter the concentration of SYMFI LO. The potential for drug-drug interactions should be considered before and during therapy. (5.3, 7)
USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
- •
- Pregnancy: Women should avoid pregnancy during EFV therapy, a component of SYMFI LO, and for 12 weeks after discontinuation. (5.7, 8.1, 8.3)
- •
- Lactation: Breastfeeding not recommended due to potential for HIV transmission. (8.2)
- •
- Females and Males of Reproductive Potential: Pregnancy testing and contraception are recommended. (8.3)
See 17 for PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION and FDA-approved patient labeling.
Revised: 10/2019
Table Of Contents
FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION: CONTENTS*
WARNING: POST TREATMENT ACUTE EXACERBATIONS OF HEPATITIS B
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
2.1 Testing Prior to Initiation and During Treatment with SYMFI LO
2.2 Recommended Dosage for Adult and Pediatric Patients Weighing at Least 35 kg
2.3 Not Recommended in Renal Impairment
2.4 Not Recommended in Moderate to Severe Hepatic Impairment
3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
4 CONTRAINDICATIONS
5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
5.1 Severe Acute Exacerbation of Hepatitis B in Patients Coinfected with HIV-1 and HBV
5.2 Lactic Acidosis and Severe Hepatomegaly with Steatosis
5.3 Risk of Adverse Reactions or Loss of Virologic Response Due to Drug Interactions
5.4 New Onset or Worsening Renal Impairment
5.5 Psychiatric Symptoms
5.6 Nervous System Symptoms
5.7 Embryo-Fetal Toxicity
5.8 Skin and Systemic Hypersensitivity Reaction
5.9 Hepatotoxicity
5.10 Pancreatitis
5.11 Convulsions
5.12 Lipid Elevations
5.13 Bone Loss and Mineralization Effects
5.14 Immune Reconstitution Syndrome
5.15 Fat Redistribution
5.16 QTc Prolongation
6 ADVERSE REACTIONS
6.1 Clinical Trials Experience
6.2 Postmarketing Experience
7 DRUG INTERACTIONS
7.1 Not Recommended with Other Antiretroviral Medications
7.2 QT Prolonging Drugs
7.3 Drugs Affecting Renal Function
7.4 Cannabinoid Test Interaction
7.5 Established and Other Potentially Significant Interactions
7.6 Drugs without Clinically Significant Interactions
7.7 Drugs Inhibiting Organic Cation Transporters
7.8 Sorbitol
8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
8.1 Pregnancy
8.2 Lactation
8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential
8.4 Pediatric Use
8.5 Geriatric Use
8.6 Renal Impairment
8.7 Hepatic Impairment
10 OVERDOSAGE
11 DESCRIPTION
12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
12.1 Mechanism of Action
12.2 Pharmacodynamics
12.3 Pharmacokinetics
12.4 Microbiology
13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
13.2 Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology
14 CLINICAL STUDIES
14.1 Clinical Efficacy in Patients with HIV-1 Infection
16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING
17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION
- *
- Sections or subsections omitted from the full prescribing information are not listed.
WARNING
Severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B have been reported in patients who are co-infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and have discontinued lamivudine or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, two components of SYMFI LO. Monitor hepatic function closely in these patients and, if appropriate, initiate anti-hepatitis B treatment [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
2.1 Testing Prior to Initiation and During Treatment with SYMFI LO
Prior to initiation of SYMFI LO, test patients for hepatitis B virus infection [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
It is recommended that serum creatinine, serum phosphorus, estimated creatinine clearance, urine glucose, and urine protein be assessed before initiating SYMFI LO and during therapy in all patients as clinically appropriate [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].
Monitor hepatic function prior to and during treatment with SYMFI LO [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9)].
2.2 Recommended Dosage for Adult and Pediatric Patients Weighing at Least 35 kg
SYMFI LO is a three-drug fixed-dose combination product containing 400 mg of efavirenz (EFV), 300 mg of lamivudine (3TC), and 300 mg of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). The recommended dosage of SYMFI LO in HIV-1-infected adults and pediatric patients weighing at least 35 kg is one tablet taken orally once daily. SYMFI LO tablets should be taken on an empty stomach, preferably at bedtime. Dosing at bedtime may improve the tolerability of nervous system symptoms [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6) and Adverse Reactions (6.1)].
2.3 Not Recommended in Renal Impairment
Because SYMFI LO is a fixed-dose combination tablet and cannot be dose adjusted, it is not recommended for patients with impaired renal function (creatinine clearance less than 50 mL/min) or patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring hemodialysis [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6)].
2.4 Not Recommended in Moderate to Severe Hepatic Impairment
SYMFI LO is not recommended in patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B or C) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9) and Use in Specific Populations (8.7)].
3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
4 CONTRAINDICATIONS
SYMFI LO is contraindicated:
- •
- in patients with a previous hypersensitivity reaction (e.g., Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme, or toxic skin eruptions) to any of the components contained in the formulation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)].
- •
- when coadministered with elbasvir and grazoprevir [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) and Drug Interactions (7.5)].
5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
5.1 Severe Acute Exacerbation of Hepatitis B in Patients Coinfected with HIV-1 and HBV
Posttreatment Exacerbations of Hepatitis
All patients with HIV-1 should be tested for the presence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) before initiating antiretroviral therapy [see Dosage and Administration (2.1)]. Discontinuation of anti-HBV therapy, including 3TC and TDF, may be associated with severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B. Patients infected with HBV who discontinue SYMFI LO should be closely monitored with both clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least several months after stopping treatment. If appropriate, resumption of anti-hepatitis B therapy may be warranted.
Important Differences Among Lamivudine-Containing Products
SYMFI LO tablets contain a higher dose of the same active ingredient, 3TC, than EPIVIR-HBV® tablets. EPIVIR-HBV was developed for patients with chronic hepatitis B. The formulation and dosage of 3TC in EPIVIR-HBV are not appropriate for patients co-infected with HIV-1 and HBV. Safety and efficacy of 3TC have not been established for treatment of chronic hepatitis B in patients co-infected with HIV-1 and HBV.
If treatment with EPIVIR-HBV, TDF, or a tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)-containing product is prescribed for chronic hepatitis B for a patient with unrecognized or untreated HIV-1 infection, rapid emergence of HIV-1 resistance is likely to result because of the subtherapeutic dose and the inappropriateness of monotherapy HIV-1 treatment.
5.2 Lactic Acidosis and Severe Hepatomegaly with Steatosis
Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogs and other antiretrovirals. Female sex and obesity may be risk factors for the development of lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis in patients treated with antiretroviral nucleoside analogues. Treatment should be suspended in any patient who develops clinical or laboratory findings suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced hepatotoxicity, which may include hepatomegaly and steatosis even in the absence of marked transaminase elevations.
5.3 Risk of Adverse Reactions or Loss of Virologic Response Due to Drug Interactions
The concomitant use of SYMFI LO and other drugs may result in known or potentially significant drug interactions, some of which may lead to [see Contraindications (4) and Drug Interactions (7.5)]:
- •
- Loss of therapeutic effect of SYMFI LO and possible development of resistance.
- •
- Possible clinically significant adverse reactions from greater exposures of concomitant drugs.
See Table 5 for steps to prevent or manage these possible and known significant drug interactions, including dosing recommendations. Consider the potential for drug interactions prior to and during therapy with SYMFI LO; review concomitant medications during therapy with SYMFI LO; and monitor for the adverse reactions associated with the concomitant drugs.
5.4 New Onset or Worsening Renal Impairment
TDF, a component of SYMFI LO is principally eliminated by the kidney. Renal impairment, including cases of acute renal failure and Fanconi syndrome (renal tubular injury with severe hypophosphatemia), has been reported with the use of TDF [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)].
Prior to initiation and during use of SYMFI LO, on a clinically appropriate schedule, assess serum creatinine, estimated creatinine clearance, urine glucose, and urine protein in all patients.
Avoid SYMFI LO with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent (e.g., high-dose or multiple non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs]) [see Drug Interactions (7.3)]. Cases of acute renal failure after initiation of high-dose or multiple NSAIDs have been reported in HIV-infected patients with risk factors for renal dysfunction who appeared stable on TDF. Some patients required hospitalization and renal replacement therapy. Alternatives to NSAIDs should be considered, if needed, in patients at risk for renal dysfunction.
Persistent or worsening bone pain, pain in extremities, fractures and/or muscular pain or weakness may be manifestations of proximal renal tubulopathy and should prompt an evaluation of renal function in patients at risk of renal dysfunction.
5.5 Psychiatric Symptoms
Serious psychiatric adverse experiences have been reported in patients treated with EFV, a component of SYMFI LO. In controlled trials of 1008 patients treated with regimens containing EFV for a mean of 2.1 years and 635 patients treated with control regimens for a mean of 1.5 years, the frequency (regardless of causality) of specific serious psychiatric events among patients who received EFV or control regimens, respectively, were severe depression (2.4%, 0.9%), suicidal ideation (0.7%, 0.3%), nonfatal suicide attempts (0.5%, 0), aggressive behavior (0.4%, 0.5%), paranoid reactions (0.4%, 0.3%), and manic reactions (0.2%, 0.3%). When psychiatric symptoms similar to those noted above were combined and evaluated as a group in a multifactorial analysis of data from a study using EFV 600 mg, treatment with EFV was associated with an increase in the occurrence of these selected psychiatric symptoms. Other factors associated with an increase in the occurrence of these psychiatric symptoms were history of injection drug use, psychiatric history, and receipt of psychiatric medication at study entry; similar associations were observed in both the EFV and control treatment groups. In a study using EFV 600 mg, onset of new serious psychiatric symptoms occurred throughout the study for both EFV-treated and control-treated patients. One percent of EFV-treated patients discontinued or interrupted treatment because of one or more of these selected psychiatric symptoms.
In the ENCORE1 (Evaluation of Novel Concepts in Optimization of antiRetroviral Efficacy) study, at Week 48 the frequency (regardless of causality) of the most common (occurring in > 1% patients) psychiatric events among patients who received EFV 400 mg (N = 321) or EFV 600 mg (N = 309) regimens, respectively, were: abnormal dreams (8.7%, 11.3%), insomnia (6.2%, 6.5%), somnolence (3.1%, 3.9%), depression (3.1%, 1.6%), nightmare (1.9%, 2.6%), sleep disorder (2.2%, 1.3%), and anxiety (1.2%, 1.3%).
There have also been occasional postmarketing reports of death by suicide, delusions, psychosis-like behavior, although a causal relationship to the use of EFV cannot be determined from these reports [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)]. Postmarketing cases of catatonia have also been reported and may be associated with increased efavirenz exposure. Patients with serious psychiatric adverse experiences should seek immediate medical evaluation to assess the possibility that the symptoms may be related to the use of EFV, and if so, to determine whether the risks of continued therapy outweigh the benefits.
5.6 Nervous System Symptoms
Fifty-three percent (531/1008) of patients receiving EFV, a component of SYMFI LO, in controlled trials reported central nervous system symptoms (any grade, regardless of causality) compared to 25% (156/635) of patients receiving control regimens. These symptoms included, but were not limited to, dizziness (28.1% of the 1008 patients), insomnia (16.3%), impaired concentration (8.3%), somnolence (7.0%), abnormal dreams (6.2%), and hallucinations (1.2%). These symptoms were severe in 2.0% of patients and 2.1% of patients discontinued therapy as a result. These symptoms usually begin during the first or second day of therapy and generally resolve after the first 2 to 4 weeks of therapy. After 4 weeks of therapy, the prevalence of nervous system symptoms of at least moderate severity ranged from 5% to 9% in patients treated with regimens containing EFV and from 3% to 5% in patients treated with a control regimen. Inform patients that these common symptoms were likely to improve with continued therapy and were not predictive of subsequent onset of the less frequent psychiatric symptoms [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]. Dosing at bedtime may improve the tolerability of these nervous system symptoms [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)].
In the ENCORE1 study, at Week 48, 40% of EFV 400 mg recipients and 48% of EFV 600 mg recipients reported central nervous system disorders. The most common symptoms (> 10%) were dizziness (27% vs. 35%) and headache (11% vs. 11%).
Late-onset neurotoxicity, including ataxia and encephalopathy (impaired consciousness, confusion, psychomotor slowing, psychosis, delirium), may occur months to years after beginning efavirenz therapy. Some events of late-onset neurotoxicity have occurred in patients with CYP2B6 genetic polymorphisms which are associated with increased efavirenz levels despite daily dosages of 600 mg of efavirenz. Patients presenting with signs and symptoms of serious neurologic adverse experiences should be evaluated promptly to assess the possibility that these events may be related to efavirenz use, and whether discontinuation of SYMFI LO is warranted.
5.7 Embryo-Fetal Toxicity
EFV, a component of SYMFI LO, may cause fetal harm when administered during the first trimester to a pregnant woman. Advise females of reproductive potential who are receiving EFV to avoid pregnancy [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.3)].
5.8 Skin and Systemic Hypersensitivity Reaction
In controlled clinical trials, 26% (266/1008) of patients treated with 600 mg EFV experienced new-onset skin rash compared with 17% (111/635) of patients treated in control groups. Rash associated with blistering, moist desquamation, or ulceration occurred in 0.9% (9/1008) of patients treated with EFV. The incidence of Grade 4 rash (e.g., erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome) in patients treated with EFV in all studies and expanded access was 0.1%. Rashes are usually mild-to-moderate maculopapular skin eruptions that occur within the first 2 weeks of initiating therapy with EFV (median time to onset of rash in adults was 11 days) and, in most patients continuing therapy with EFV, rash resolves within 1 month (median duration, 16 days). The discontinuation rate for rash in clinical trials was 1.7% (17/1008).
EFV can generally be reinitiated in patients interrupting therapy because of rash. EFV should be discontinued in patients developing severe rash associated with blistering, desquamation, mucosal involvement, or fever. Appropriate antihistamines and/or corticosteroids may improve the tolerability and hasten the resolution of rash. For patients who have had a life-threatening cutaneous reaction (e.g., Stevens-Johnson syndrome), alternate therapy should be considered [see Contraindications (4)].
In the ENCORE1 study at Week 48, different types of rash (such as rash, rash papular, rash maculopapular and rash pruritic) occurred in 32% of EFV 600 mg recipients and 26% of EFV 400 mg recipients. Grade 3-4 rash was reported in 3% of EFV 600 mg recipients and 1% of EFV 400 mg recipients. The discontinuation rate for rash in the ENCORE1 study was 3% of EFV 600 mg recipients and 1% of EFV 400 mg recipients.
5.9 Hepatotoxicity
Postmarketing cases of hepatitis, including fulminant hepatitis progressing to liver failure requiring transplantation or resulting in death, have been reported in patients treated with EFV. Reports have included patients with underlying hepatic disease, including coinfection with hepatitis B or C, and patients without pre-existing hepatic disease or other identifiable risk factors.
EFV, a component of SYMFI LO, is not recommended for patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment. Careful monitoring is recommended for patients with mild hepatic impairment receiving EFV [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) and Use in Specific Populations (8.7)].
Monitoring of liver enzymes before and during treatment is recommended for all patients [see Dosage and Administration (2.1)]. Consider discontinuing SYMFI LO in patients with persistent elevations of serum transaminases to greater than five times the upper limit of the normal range.
Discontinue SYMFI LO if elevation of serum transaminases is accompanied by clinical signs or symptoms of hepatitis or hepatic decompensation.
5.10 Pancreatitis
In pediatric patients with a history of prior antiretroviral nucleoside exposure, a history of pancreatitis, or other significant risk factors for the development of pancreatitis, 3TC, a component of SYMFI LO, should be used with caution. Treatment with SYMFI LO should be stopped immediately if clinical signs, symptoms, or laboratory abnormalities suggestive of pancreatitis occur [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].
5.11 Convulsions
Convulsions have been observed in patients receiving EFV, generally in the presence of known medical history of seizures [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.2)]. Caution should be taken in any patient with a history of seizures. Patients who are receiving concomitant anticonvulsant medications primarily metabolized by the liver, such as phenytoin and phenobarbital, may require periodic monitoring of plasma levels [see Drug Interactions (7.5)].
5.12 Lipid Elevations
Treatment with EFV has resulted in increases in the concentration of total cholesterol and triglycerides. Cholesterol and triglyceride testing should be performed before initiating EFV therapy and at periodic intervals during therapy.
5.13 Bone Loss and Mineralization Effects
Bone Mineral Density (BMD)
In clinical trials in HIV-1-infected adults, TDF was associated with slightly greater decreases in BMD and increases in biochemical markers of bone metabolism, suggesting increased bone turnover relative to comparators [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. Serum parathyroid hormone levels and 1,25 Vitamin D levels were also higher in subjects receiving TDF.
The effects of TDF-associated changes in BMD and biochemical markers on long-term bone health and future fracture risk in adults and pediatric subjects 2 years and older are unknown. The long-term effect of lower spine and total body BMD on skeletal growth in pediatric patients, and in particular, the effects of long-duration exposuire in younger children is unknown.
Although the effect of supplementation with calcium and vitamin D was not studied, such supplementation may be beneficial. Assessment of BMD should be considered for adult and pediatric patients who have a history of pathologic bone fracture or other risk factors for osteoporosis or bone loss. If bone abnormalities are suspected then appropriate consultation should be obtained.
Mineralization Defects
Cases of osteomalacia associated with proximal renal tubulopathy, manifested as bone pain or pain in extremities and which may contribute to fractures, have been reported in association with TDF use [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)]. Arthralgia and muscle pain or weakness have also been reported in cases of proximal renal tubulopathy. Hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia secondary to proximal renal tubulopathy should be considered in patients at risk of renal dysfunction who present with persistent or worsening bone or muscle symptoms while receiving TDF-containing products [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].
5.14 Immune Reconstitution Syndrome
Immune reconstitution syndrome has been reported in HIV-infected patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy, including EFV, 3TC, and TDF. During the initial phase of combination antiretroviral treatment, patients whose immune system responds may develop an inflammatory response to indolent or residual opportunistic infections (such as Mycobacterium avium infection, cytomegalovirus, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia [PCP], or tuberculosis), which may necessitate further evaluation and treatment.
Autoimmune disorders (such as Graves’ disease, polymyositis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and autoimmune hepatitis) have also been reported to occur in the setting of immune reconstitution; however, the time to onset is more variable, and can occur many months after initiation of treatment.
5.15 Fat Redistribution
In HIV-infected patients, redistribution/accumulation of body fat including central obesity, dorsocervical fat enlargement (buffalo hump), peripheral wasting, facial wasting, breast enlargement, and “cushingoid appearance” have been observed in patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. The mechanism and long-term consequences of these events are currently unknown. A causal relationship has not been established.
5.16 QTc Prolongation
QTc prolongation has been observed with the use of EFV [see Drug Interactions (7.2, 7.5) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.2)]. Consider alternatives to products containing EFV when coadministered with a drug with a known risk of Torsade de Pointes or when administered to patients at higher risk of Torsade de Pointes.
6 ADVERSE REACTIONS
The following adverse reactions are discussed in other sections of the labeling:
- •
- Exacerbations of Hepatitis B [see Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
- •
- Lactic Acidosis/Severe Hepatomegaly with Steatosis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
- •
- New Onset or Worsening Renal Impairment [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].
- •
- Psychiatric Symptoms [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].
- •
- Nervous System Symptoms [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].
- •
- Skin and Systemic Hypersensitivity Reaction [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)].
- •
- Hepatotoxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9)].
- •
- Pancreatitis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)].
- •
- Bone Loss and Mineralization Effects [see Warnings and Precautions (5.13)].
- •
- Immune Reconstitution Syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions (5.14)].
- •
- Fat Redistribution [see Warnings and Precautions (5.15)].
6.1 Clinical Trials Experience
Because clinical studies are conducted under widely varying conditions, the adverse reaction rates observed in clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
Efavirenz, Lamivudine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
Clinical Trials in Treatment-Naïve HIV-1 Infected Adult Subjects
In Trial 903, 600 antiretroviral-naïve subjects received TDF (N = 299) or stavudine (d4T) (N = 301) administered in combination with 3TC and EFV for 144 weeks. The most common adverse reactions were mild to moderate gastrointestinal events and dizziness. Mild adverse reactions (Grade 1) were common with a similar incidence in both arms and included dizziness, diarrhea, and nausea. Table 1 provides the treatment-emergent adverse reactions (Grades 2-4) occurring in greater than or equal to 5% of subjects treated in any treatment group.
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TDF + 3TC + EFV |
d4T + 3TC + EFV |
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N = 299 |
N = 301 |
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Rash event† |
18% |
12% |
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Headache |
14% |
17% |
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Pain |
13% |
12% |
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Diarrhea |
11% |
13% |
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Depression |
11% |
10% |
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Back pain |
9% |
8% |
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Nausea |
8% |
9% |
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Fever |
8% |
7% |
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Abdominal pain |
7% |
12% |
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Asthenia |
6% |
7% |
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Anxiety |
6% |
6% |
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Vomiting |
5% |
9% |
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Insomnia |
5% |
8% |
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Arthralgia |
5% |
7% |
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Pneumonia |
5% |
5% |
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Dyspepsia |
4% |
5% |
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Dizziness |
3% |
6% |
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Myalgia |
3% |
5% |
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Lipodystrophy‡ |
1% |
8% |
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Peripheral neuropathy§ |
1% |
5% |
ENCORE1 Study - Adverse Reactions
The most common adverse reactions seen in a double-blind comparative controlled study in which 630 treatment-naïve subjects received EFV 400 mg (N = 321) or EFV 600 mg (N = 309) in combination with fixed-dose emtricitabine (FTC)/TDF for 48 weeks were mild to moderate gastrointestinal events, dizziness, abnormal dreams, and rash. Selected clinical adverse reactions of moderate or severe intensity reported in ≥ 2% of treatment-naive patients receiving combination therapy including EFV 400 mg and EFV 600 mg are presented in Table 2.
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EFV 400 mg + FTC/TDF |
EFV 600 mg + FTC/TDF |
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N = 321 |
N = 309 |
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Rash event† |
9% |
13% |
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Dizziness |
6% |
9% |
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Insomnia |
3% |
4% |
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Abnormal dreams |
2% |
2% |
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Headache |
1% |
3% |
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Diarrhea |
2% |
3% |
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Vomiting |
1% |
2% |
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Pyrexia |
2% |
1% |
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Upper respiratory tract infection |
3% |
1% |
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Nasopharyngitis |
3% |
2% |
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Herpes zoster |
3% |
1% |
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Gastroenteritis |
2% |
2% |
Laboratory Abnormalities
Table 3 provides a list of laboratory abnormalities (Grades 3-4) observed in Trial 903. With the exception of fasting cholesterol and fasting triglyceride elevations that were more common in the d4T group (40% and 9%) compared with the TDF group (19% and 1%) respectively, laboratory abnormalities observed in this trial occurred with similar frequency in the TDF and d4T treatment arms.
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TDF + 3TC + EFV |
d4T + 3TC + EFV |
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N = 299 |
N = 301 |
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Any ≥ Grade 3 Laboratory Abnormality |
36% |
42% |
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Fasting Cholesterol (> 240 mg/dL) |
19% |
40% |
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Creatine Kinase (M: > 990 U/L; F: > 845 U/L) |
12% |
12% |
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Serum Amylase (> 175 U/L) |
9% |
8% |
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AST (M: > 180 U/L; F: > 170 U/L) |
5% |
7% |
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ALT (M: > 215 U/L; F: > 170 U/L) |
4% |
5% |
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Hematuria (> 100 RBC/HPF) |
7% |
7% |
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Neutrophils (< 750/mm3) |
3% |
1% |
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Fasting Triglycerides (> 750 mg/dL) |
1% |
9% |
In ENCORE1 study, a summary of Grade 3 and 4 laboratory abnormalities is provided in Table 4.
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Laboratory Parameter |
EFV 400 mg + FTC + TDF |
EFV 600 mg + FTC + TDF |
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N = 321 |
N = 309 |
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ALT |
5% |
3% |
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AST |
2% |
2% |
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Total bilirubin |
0.3% |
3% |
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Cholesterol |
2% |
5% |
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Neutrophils |
2% |
3% |
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Phosphorus |
2% |
3% |
Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis, which has been fatal in some cases, has been observed in antiretroviral nucleoside-experienced pediatric subjects receiving 3TC alone or in combination with other antiretroviral agents [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)].
Changes in Bone Mineral Density
In HIV-1-infected adult subjects in Trial 903, there was a significantly greater mean percentage decrease from baseline in BMD at the lumbar spine in subjects receiving TDF + 3TC + EFV (-2.2% ± 3.9) compared with subjects receiving d4T + 3TC + EFV (-1.0% ± 4.6) through 144 weeks. Changes in BMD at the hip were similar between the two treatment groups (-2.8% ± 3.5 in the TDF group vs. -2.4% ± 4.5 in the d4T group). In both groups, the majority of the reduction in BMD occurred in the first 24-48 weeks of the trial and this reduction was sustained through Week 144. Twenty-eight percent of TDF-treated subjects vs. 21% of the d4T-treated subjects lost at least 5% of BMD at the spine or 7% of BMD at the hip. Clinically relevant fractures (excluding fingers and toes) were reported in 4 subjects in the TDF group and 6 subjects in the d4T group. In addition, there were significant increases in biochemical markers of bone metabolism (serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, serum osteocalcin, serum C telopeptide, and urinary N telopeptide) and higher serum parathyroid hormone levels and 1,25 Vitamin D levels in the TDF group relative to the d4T group; however, except for bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, these changes resulted in values that remained within the normal range [see Warnings and Precautions (5.13)].
6.2 Postmarketing Experience
The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use for each of the individual components of SYMFI LO (EFV, 3TC, and TDF). Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of unknown size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish causal relationship to drug exposure. These reactions have been chosen for inclusion due to a combination of their seriousness, frequency of reporting, or potential causal connection to EFV, 3TC, and TDF.
Efavirenz
Body as a Whole: allergic reactions, asthenia, redistribution/accumulation of body fat [see Warnings and Precautions (5.15)].
Central and Peripheral Nervous System: abnormal coordination, ataxia, encephalopathy, cerebellar coordination and balance disturbances, convulsions, hypoesthesia, paresthesia, neuropathy, tremor, vertigo.
Endocrine: gynecomastia.
Gastrointestinal: constipation, malabsorption.
Cardiovascular: flushing, palpitations.
Liver and Biliary System: hepatic enzyme increase, hepatic failure, hepatitis.
Metabolic and Nutritional: hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia.
Musculoskeletal: arthralgia, myalgia, myopathy.
Psychiatric: aggressive reactions, agitation, delusions, emotional lability, mania, neurosis, paranoia, psychosis, suicide, catatonia.
Respiratory: dyspnea.
Skin and Appendages: erythema multiforme, photoallergic dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
Special Senses: abnormal vision, tinnitus.
Lamivudine
Body as a Whole: redistribution/accumulation of body fat [see Warnings and Precautions (5.15)].
Endocrine and Metabolic: hyperglycemia.
General: weakness.
Hemic and Lymphatic: anemia (including pure red cell aplasia and severe anemias progressing on therapy).
Hepatic and Pancreatic: lactic acidosis and hepatic steatosis, posttreatment exacerbation of hepatitis B [see Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.2)].
Hypersensitivity: anaphylaxis, urticaria.
Musculoskeletal: muscle weakness, CPK elevation, rhabdomyolysis.
Skin: Alopecia, pruritus.
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
Immune System Disorders: allergic reaction, including angioedema.
Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders: lactic acidosis, hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia.
Respiratory, Thoracic, and Mediastinal Disorders: dyspnea.
Gastrointestinal Disorders: pancreatitis, increased amylase, abdominal pain.
Renal and Urinary Disorders: renal insufficiency, acute renal failure, renal failure, acute tubular necrosis, Fanconi syndrome, proximal renal tubulopathy, interstitial nephritis (including acute cases), nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, renal insufficiency, increased creatinine, proteinuria, polyuria [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].
Hepatobiliary Disorders: hepatic steatosis, hepatitis, increased liver enzymes (most commonly AST, ALT gamma GT).
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: rash.
Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders: rhabdomyolysis, osteomalacia (manifested as bone pain and which may contribute to fractures), muscular weakness, myopathy.
General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions: asthenia.
The following adverse reactions, listed under the body system headings above, may occur as a consequence of proximal renal tubulopathy: rhabdomyolysis, osteomalacia, hypokalemia, muscular weakness, myopathy, hypophosphatemia.
7 DRUG INTERACTIONS
7.1 Not Recommended with Other Antiretroviral Medications
SYMFI LO is a complete regimen for the treatment of HIV-1 infection; therefore, it should not be administered with other antiretroviral medications for treatment of HIV-1 infection.
7.2 QT Prolonging Drugs
There is limited information available on the potential for a pharmacodynamic interaction between EFV and drugs that prolong the QTc interval. QTc prolongation has been observed with the use of EFV [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.2)]. Consider alternatives to EFV when coadministered with a drug with a known risk of Torsade de Pointes.
7.3 Drugs Affecting Renal Function
Tenofovir is primarily eliminated by the kidneys [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. Coadministration of EFV/3TC/TDF with drugs that are eliminated by active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of tenofovir and/or the coadministered drug. Some examples include, but are not limited to, acyclovir, cidofovir, ganciclovir, valacyclovir, valganciclovir, aminoglycosides (e.g., gentamicin), and high-dose or multiple NSAIDs [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]. Drugs that decrease renal function may increase concentrations of tenofovir.
7.4 Cannabinoid Test Interaction
EFV does not bind to cannabinoid receptors. False-positive urine cannabinoid test results have been reported with some screening assays in uninfected and HIV-infected subjects receiving EFV. Confirmation of positive screening tests for cannabinoids by a more specific method is recommended.
7.5 Established and Other Potentially Significant Interactions
EFV has been shown in vivo to induce CYP3A and CYP2B6. Other compounds that are substrates of CYP3A or CYP2B6 may have decreased plasma concentrations when coadministered with EFV.
Drugs that induce CYP3A activity (e.g., phenobarbital, rifampin, rifabutin) would be expected to increase the clearance of EFV resulting in lowered plasma concentrations.
No drug interaction studies have been conducted using SYMFI LO. However, drug interaction studies have been conducted with the individual components of SYMFI LO (EFV, 3TC, and TDF) [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
Drug interactions with EFV are summarized in Table 5 [for pharmacokinetics data see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3, Tables 8 and 9)]. This table includes potentially significant interactions, but is not all inclusive.
| This table is not all-inclusive. | ||
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Concomitant Drug Class: Drug Name |
Effect |
Clinical Comment |
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Anticoagulant: Warfarin |
↑ or ↓ warfarin |
Monitor INR and adjust warfarin dosage if necessary. |
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Anticonvulsants: Carbamazepine |
↓ carbamazepine* ↓ EFV* |
There are insufficient data to make a dose recommendation for EFV. Alternative anticonvulsant treatment should be used. |
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Phenytoin Phenobarbital |
↓ anticonvulsant ↓ EFV |
Monitor anticonvulsant plasma levels periodically because of potential for reduction in anticonvulsant and/or EFV plasma levels. |
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Antidepressants: Bupropion |
↓ bupropion* |
Increases in bupropion dosage should be guided by clinical response. Bupropion dose should not exceed the maximum recommended dose.
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Sertraline |
↓ sertraline* |
Increases in sertraline dosage should be guided by clinical response. |
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Antifungals: Itraconazole
Ketoconazole
Posaconazole |
↓ itraconazole* ↓ hydroxyitraconazole* ↓ ketoconazole
↓ posaconazole* |
Consider alternative antifungal treatment because no dose recommendation for itraconazole or ketoconazole can be made.
Avoid concomitant use unless the benefit outweighs the risks. |
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Anti-infective: Clarithromycin |
↓ clarithromycin* ↑ 14-OH metabolite* |
Consider alternatives to macrolide antibiotics because of the risk of QT interval prolongation. |
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Antimycobacterial: Rifabutin
Rifampin |
↓ rifabutin*
↓ EFV* |
Increase daily dose of rifabutin by 50%. Consider doubling the rifabutin dose in regimens where rifabutin is given 2 or 3 times a week.
Increase EFV total daily dose to 800 mg once daily when coadministered with rifampin to patients weighing 50 kg or more. |
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Antimalarials: Artemether/lumefantrine
Atovaquone/ proguanil |
↓ artemether* ↓ dihydroartemisinin* ↓ lumefantrine*
↓ atovaquone ↓ proguanil |
Consider alternatives to artemether/lumefantrine because of the risk of QT interval prolongation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.16)].
Concomitant administration is not recommended. |
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Calcium channel blockers: Diltiazem
Others (e.g., felodipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, verapamil) |
↓diltiazem* ↓ desacetyl diltiazem* ↓ N-monodesmethyldiltiazem*
↓ calcium channel blocker |
Diltiazem dose adjustments should be guided by clinical response (refer to the full prescribing information for diltiazem).
When coadministered with EFV, dosage adjustment of calcium channel blocker may be needed and should be guided by clinical response (refer to the full prescribing information for the calcium channel blocker). |
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HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: Atorvastatin Pravastatin Simvastatin |
↓ atorvastatin* ↓ pravastatin* ↓ simvastatin* |
Plasma concentrations of atorvastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin decreased. Consult the full prescribing information for the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor for guidance on individualizing the dose. |
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Hepatitis C antiviral agents: Boceprevir
Elbasvir/Grazoprevir
Pibrentasvir/Glecaprevir
Simeprevir
Velpatasvir/Sofosbuvir
Velpatasvir/Sofosbuvir/
Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir |
↓ boceprevir*
↓ elbasvir ↓ grazoprevir
↓ pibrentasvir ↓ glecaprevir
↓ simeprevir* ↔ EFV
↓ velpatasvir
↓ velpatasvir ↓ voxilaprevir
↑ TDF |
Concomitant administration of boceprevir is not recommended.
Coadministration of EFV with elbasvir/grazoprevir is contraindicated [see Contraindications (4)] because it may lead to loss of virologic response to elbasvir/grazoprevir.
Coadministration of EFV is not recommended because it may lead to reduced therapeutic effect of pibrentasvir/glecaprevir.
Concomitant administration of simeprevir is not recommended.
Coadministration of EFV and sofosbuvir/velpatasvir is not recommended because it may result in loss of therapeutic effect of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir.
Coadministration of EFV and sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir is not recommended because it may result in loss of therapeutic effect of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir.
Monitor for adverse reactions associated with TDF. |
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Hepatitis B antiviral agents Adefovir dipivoxil |
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Concomitant administration of adefovir dipivoxil is not recommended. |
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Hormonal contraceptives: Oral Ethinyl estradiol/ Norgestimate
Implant Etonogestrel |
↓ active metabolites of norgestimate*
↓ etonogestrel |
A reliable method of barrier contraception should be used in addition to hormonal contraceptives.
A reliable method of barrier contraception should be used in addition to hormonal contraceptives. Decreased exposure of etonogestrel may be expected. There have been postmarketing reports of contraceptive failure with etonogestrel in EFV-exposed patients. |
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Immunosuppressants: Cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, and others metabolized by CYP3A |
↓ immunosuppressant |
Dose adjustments of the immunosuppressant may be required. Close monitoring of immunosuppressant concentrations for at least 2 weeks (until stable concentrations are reached) is recommended when starting or stopping treatment with EFV. |
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Narcotic analgesic: Methadone |
↓ methadone* |
Monitor for signs of methadone withdrawal and increase methadone dose if required to alleviate withdrawal symptoms. |
7.6 Drugs without Clinically Significant Interactions
No dosage adjustment is recommended when SYMFI LO is administered with the following: aluminum/magnesium hydroxide antacids, azithromycin, cetirizine, famotidine, fluconazole, and lorazepam.
7.7 Drugs Inhibiting Organic Cation Transporters
3TC, a component of SYMFI LO, is predominantly eliminated in the urine by active organic cationic secretion. The possibility of interactions with other drugs administered concurrently should be considered, particularly when their main route of elimination is active renal secretion via the organic cationic transport system (e.g., trimethoprim) [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. No data are available regarding interactions with other drugs that have renal clearance mechanisms similar to that of 3TC.
7.8 Sorbitol
Coadministration of single doses of 3TC and sorbitol resulted in a sorbitol dose-dependent reduction in 3TC exposures. When possible, avoid use of sorbitol-containing medicines with 3TC [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
8.1 Pregnancy
Pregnancy Exposure Registry
There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to SYMFI LO during pregnancy. Healthcare providers are encouraged to register patients by calling the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (APR) at 1-800-258-4263.
Risk Summary
There are retrospective case reports of neural tube defects in infants whose mothers were exposed to EFV-containing regimens in the first trimester of pregnancy.
Although a causal relationship has not been established between exposure to EFV in the first trimester and neural tube defects, similar malformations have been observed in studies conducted in monkeys at doses similar to the human dose. In addition, fetal and embryonic toxicities occurred in rats, at a dose ten times less than the human exposure at recommended clinical dose. Because of the potential risk of neural tube defects, EFV should not be used in the first trimester of pregnancy. Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus.
Prospective pregnancy data from the APR are not sufficient to adequately assess this risk of birth defects or miscarriage. EFV and 3TC have been evaluated in a limited number of women as reported to the APR. Available data from the APR show no difference in the risk of major birth defects for EFV and 3TC compared to the background rate for major birth defects of 2.7% in the U.S. reference population of the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP). Available data from the APR also show no increase in the overall risk of major birth defects with first trimester exposure for TDF (2.1%) compared with the background rate for major birth defects of 2.7% in a U.S. reference population of the MACDP (see Data).
3TC produced embryonic toxicity in rabbits at a dose that produced similar human exposures as the recommended clinical dose. The relevance of animal findings to human pregnancy registry data is not known.
The rate of miscarriage is not reported in the APR. The estimated background rate of miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies in the U.S. general population is 15% to 20%. The background risk for major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. The APR uses the MACDP as the U.S. reference population for birth defects in the general population. The MACDP evaluates women and infants from a limited geographic area and does not include outcomes for births that occurred at less than 20 weeks’ gestation.
Human Data
Efavirenz
There are retrospective postmarketing reports of findings consistent with neural tube defects, including meningomyelocele, all in infants of mothers exposed to EFV-containing regimens in the first trimester [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)].
Based on prospective reports from the APR of approximately 1000 live births following exposure to EFV-containing regimens (including over 800 live births exposed in the first trimester), there was no difference between EFV and overall birth defects compared with the background birth defect rate of 2.7% in the U.S. reference population of the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program. As of the interim APR report issued December 2014, the prevalence of birth defects following first-trimester exposure was 2.3% (95% CI: 1.4%-3.6%). One of these prospectively reported defects with first-trimester exposure was a neural tube defect. A single case of anophthalmia with first-trimester exposure to EFV has also been prospectively reported. This case also included severe oblique facial clefts and amniotic banding, which have a known association with anophthalmia.
Lamivudine
Based on prospective reports from the APR of over 11,000 exposures to 3TC during pregnancy resulting in live births (including over 4,300 exposed in the first trimester), there was no difference between 3TC and overall risk of birth defects for 3TC compared with the background birth defect rate of 2.7% in the U.S. reference population of the MACDP. The prevalence of defects in live births was 3.1% (95% CI: 2.6% to 3.6%) following first trimester exposure to 3TC-containing regimens and 2.8% (95% CI: 2.5% to 3.3%) following second/third trimester exposure to 3TC-containing regimens.
3TC pharmacokinetics were studied in pregnant women during 2 clinical trials conducted in South Africa. The trials assessed pharmacokinetics in 16 women at 36 weeks’ gestation using 150 mg 3TC twice daily with zidovudine, 10 women at 38 weeks’ gestation using 150 mg 3TC twice daily with zidovudine, and 10 women at 38 weeks’ gestation using 3TC 300 mg twice daily without other antiretrovirals. These trials were not designed or powered to provide efficacy information.
3TC concentrations were generally similar in maternal, neonatal, and umbilical cord serum samples. In a subset of subjects, amniotic fluid specimens were collected following natural rupture of membranes and confirmed that 3TC crosses the placenta in humans. Based on limited data at delivery, median (range) amniotic fluid concentrations of 3TC were 3.9 (1.2 to 12.8)-fold greater compared with paired maternal serum concentration (n = 8).
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
Based on prospective reports from the APR exposures to TDF-containing regimens during pregnancy resulting in live births (including 3,342 exposed in the first trimester and 1,475 exposed in the second/third trimester), there was no increase in overall major birth defects with TDF compared with the background birth defect rate of 2.7% in a U.S. reference population of the MACDP. The prevalence of major birth defects in live births was 2.3% (95% CI: 1.8% to 2.8%) with first trimester exposure to TDF-containing regimens, and 2.1% (95% CI: 1.4% to 3.0%) with the second/third trimester exposure to TDF-containing regimens.
Prospective reports from the APR of overall major birth defects in pregnancies exposed to TDF are compared with a U.S. background major birth defect rate. Methodological limitations of the APR include the use of MACDP as the external comparator group. Limitations of using an external comparator include differences in methodology and populations, as well as confounding due to the underlying disease.
In published data from three controlled clinical trials, a total of 327 pregnant women with chronic HBV infection were administered tenofovir disoproxil fumarate from 28 to 32 weeks gestation through 1 to 2 months postpartum and followed for up to 12 months after delivery. There were no new safety findings in pregnant women compared with the known safety profile of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in HBV-infected adults. An increased risk of adverse pregnancy-related outcomes was not observed; 2 stillbirths were identified, and there was 1 major birth defect (talipes) and 1 occurrence of multiple congenital abnormalities (not further specified) in tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-exposed infants. Infants were followed for up to 12 months after delivery; there were no clinically relevant drug-related safety findings in infants exposed to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate during late gestation.
Animal Data
Efavirenz
Effects of EFV on embryo-fetal development have been studied in three nonclinical species (cynomolgus monkeys, rats, and rabbits). In monkeys, EFV 60 mg/kg/day was administered to pregnant females throughout pregnancy (gestation days 20 through 150). The maternal systemic drug exposures (AUC) were 1.3 times the exposure in humans at the recommended clinical dose (600 mg/day), with fetal umbilical venous drug concentrations approximately 0.7 times the maternal values. Three of 20 fetuses/infants had one or more malformations; there were no malformed fetuses or infants from placebo-treated mothers. The malformations that occurred in these three monkey fetuses included anencephaly and unilateral anophthalmia in one fetus, microophthalmia in a second, and cleft palate in the third. There was no NOAEL (no observable adverse effect level) established for this study because only one dosage was evaluated. In rats, EFV was administered either during organogenesis (gestation days 7 to 18) or from gestation day 7 through lactation day 21 at 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day. Administration of 200 mg/kg/day in rats was associated with increase in the incidence of early resorptions; and doses 100 mg/kg/day and greater were associated with early neonatal mortality. The AUC at the NOAEL (50 mg/kg/day) in this rat study was 0.1 times that in humans at the recommended clinical dose. Drug concentrations in the milk on lactation day 10 were approximately 8 times higher than those in maternal plasma. In pregnant rabbits, EFV was neither embryo lethal nor teratogenic when administered at doses of 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg/day over the period of organogenesis (gestation days 6 through 18). The AUC at the NOAEL (75 mg/kg/day) in rabbits was 0.4 times that in humans at the recommended clinical dose.
Lamivudine
3TC was administered orally to pregnant rats (at 90, 600, and 4,000 mg per kg per day) and rabbits (at 90, 300, and 1,000 mg per kg per day and at 15, 40, and 90 mg per kg per day) during organogenesis (on gestation Days 7 through 16 [rat] and 8 through 20 [rabbit]). No evidence of fetal malformations due to 3TC was observed in rats and rabbits at doses producing plasma concentrations (Cmax) approximately 35 times higher than human exposure at the recommended daily dose. Evidence of early embryolethality was seen in the rabbit at system exposures (AUC) similar to those observed in humans, but there was no indication of this effect in the rat at plasma concentrations (Cmax) 35 times higher than human exposure at the recommended daily dose. Studies in pregnant rats showed that 3TC is transferred to the fetus through the placenta. In the fertility/pre- and postnatal development study in rats, 3TC was administered orally at doses of 180, 900, and 4,000 mg per kg per day (from prior to mating through postnatal Day 20). In the study, development of the offspring, including fertility and reproductive performance, was not affected by maternal administration of 3TC.
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
TDF was administered orally to pregnant rats (at 0, 50, 150, or 450 mg/kg/day) and rabbits (at 0, 30, 100, or 300 mg/kg/day) through organogenesis (on gestation days 7 through 17, and 6 through 18,respectively). No significant toxicological effects were observed in embryo-fetal toxicity studies performed with TDF in rats at doses up to 14 times the human dose based on body surface area comparisons and in rabbits at doses up to 19 times the human dose based on body surface area comparisons. In a pre/postnatal development study in rats, TDF was administered orally through lactation at doses up to 600 mg/kg/day; no adverse effects were observed in the offspring at tenofovir exposures of approximately 2.7 times higher than human exposures at the recommended daily dose of TDF.
8.2 Lactation
Risk Summary
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that HIV-1-infected mothers not breastfeed their infants to avoid risking postnatal transmission of HIV-1 infection.
Efavirenz
EFV has been shown to pass into human breast milk. There is no information available on the effects of EFV on the breastfed infant, or the effects of EFV on milk production.
Lamivudine
3TC is present in human milk. Samples of breast milk obtained from 20 mothers receiving 3TC monotherapy, 300 mg twice daily (2 times the dose in SYMFI LO), had measurable concentrations of 3TC.There is no information on the effects of 3TC on the breastfed infant, or the effects of 3TC on milk production.
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
Based on published data, tenofovir has been shown to be present in human breast milk (see Data). It is not known if tenofovir affects milk production or has effects on the breastfed child.
Because of the potential for (1) HIV transmission (in HIV-negative infants); (2) developing viral resistance (in HIV-positive infants); and (3) adverse reactions in a breastfed infant similar to those seen in adults, instruct mothers not to breastfeed if they are receiving SYMFI LO.
Data
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
In a study of 50 HIV-uninfected, breastfeeding women on a tenofovir-containing regimen initiated between 1 and 24 weeks postpartum (median 13 weeks), tenofovir was undetectable in the plasma of most infants after 7 days of treatment in mothers. There were no serious adverse events in mothers or infants.
8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential
Because of potential teratogenic effects, pregnancy should be avoided in women receiving SYMFI LO [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7), Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].
Pregnancy Testing
Females of reproductive potential should undergo pregnancy testing before initiation of SYMFI LO.
Contraception
Females of reproductive potential should use effective contraception during treatment with SYMFI LO and for 12 weeks after discontinuing SYMFI LO due to the long half-life of EFV. Barrier contraception should always be used in combination with other methods of contraception. Hormonal methods that contain progesterone may have decreased effectiveness [see Drug Interactions (7.5)].
8.4 Pediatric Use
The safety and effectiveness of SYMFI LO as a fixed-dose tablet in pediatric patients infected with HIV-1 and weighing at least 35 kg have been established based on clinical studies using the individual components (efavirenz, lamivudine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate).
8.5 Geriatric Use
Clinical studies of SYMFI LO did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. In general, caution should be exercised in the administration of 3TC in elderly patients reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
8.6 Renal Impairment
SYMFI LO is not recommended for patients with impaired renal function (i.e., creatinine clearance less than 50 mL/min) or patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring hemodialysis because it is a fixed-dose combination formulation that cannot be adjusted [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)].
8.7 Hepatic Impairment
SYMFI LO is not recommended for patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment because there are insufficient data to determine whether dose adjustment is necessary. Patients with mild hepatic impairment may be treated with SYMFI LO without any adjustment in dose [see Dosage and Administration (2.4), Warnings and Precautions (5.9) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
10 OVERDOSAGE
If overdose occurs, the patient must be monitored for evidence of toxicity, and standard supportive treatment applied as necessary.
Efavirenz: Some patients accidentally taking 600 mg twice daily have reported increased nervous system symptoms. One patient experienced involuntary muscle contractions.
Treatment of overdose with EFV should consist of general supportive measures, including monitoring of vital signs and observation of the patient’s clinical status. Administration of activated charcoal may be used to aid removal of unabsorbed drug. There is no specific antidote for overdose with efavirenz. Since efavirenz is highly protein bound, dialysis is unlikely to significantly remove the drug from blood.
Lamivudine: There is no known specific treatment for overdose with 3TC. If overdose occurs, the patient should be monitored and standard supportive treatment applied as required because a negligible amount of 3TC was removed via (4-hour) hemodialysis, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, and automated peritoneal dialysis, it is not known if continuous hemodialysis would provide clinical benefit in a 3TC overdose event.
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: Limited clinical experience at doses higher than the therapeutic dose of TDF 300 mg is available.
Tenofovir is efficiently removed by hemodialysis with an extraction coefficient of approximately 54%. Following a single 300 mg dose of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, a 4-hour hemodialysis session removed approximately 10% of the administered tenofovir dose.
11 DESCRIPTION
SYMFI LO (efavirenz, lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) is a fixed-dose combination tablet for oral administration. Each tablet contains 400 mg of efavirenz, 300 mg of lamivudine and 300 mg of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, which is equivalent to 245 mg of tenofovir disoproxil. Each tablet contains the following inactive ingredients: croscarmellose sodium, hydroxypropyl cellulose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium lauryl sulfate, talc, titanium dioxide and yellow iron oxide.
Efavirenz: Efavirenz (EFV) is an HIV-1 specific, non-nucleoside, reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). Efavirenz is chemically described as (S)-6-Chloro-4-(cyclopropylethynyl)-1,4-dihydro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one. Its molecular formula is C14H9ClF3NO2 and its structural formula is:
Efavirenz is a white to slightly pink crystalline powder with a molecular mass of 315.67. It is soluble in methanol and practically insoluble in water (< 10 microgram/mL).
Lamivudine: Lamivudine (also known as 3TC) is a synthetic nucleoside analogue with activity against HIV-1 and HBV. The chemical name of lamivudine is (-)-1-[(2R,5S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl]cytosine. Lamivudine is the (-)enantiomer of a dideoxy analogue of cytidine. Lamivudine has also been referred to as (-)2′,3′-dideoxy, 3′-thiacytidine. It has a molecular formula of C8H11N3O3S and a molecular weight of 229.26 g per mol. It has the following structural formula:
Lamivudine is a white to off-white solid with a solubility of approximately 70 mg per mL in water at 20°C.
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) (a prodrug of tenofovir) is a fumaric acid salt of bis-isopropoxycarbonyloxymethyl ester derivative of tenofovir. TDF is converted in vivo to tenofovir, an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (nucleotide) analog of adenosine 5’-monophosphate. Tenofovir exhibits activity against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
The chemical name of TDF is 9-[(R)-2-[[bis[[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]methoxy]phosphinyl]methoxy]propyl]adenine fumarate (1:1). It has a molecular formula of C19H30N5O10P•C4H4O4 and a molecular weight of 635.51. It has the following structural formula:
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a white to off-white powder that is freely soluble in dimethylformamide and soluble in methanol. It has an octanol/phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) partition coefficient (log p) of 1.25 at 25°C.
12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
12.1 Mechanism of Action
SYMFI LO is a fixed-dose combination of antiviral drugs EFV, 3TC, and TDF with antiviral activity against HIV-1 [see Microbiology (12.4)].
12.2 Pharmacodynamics
Cardiac Electrophysiology
The effect of EFV on the QTc interval was evaluated in an open-label, positive and placebo-controlled, fixed single sequence 3-period, 3-treatment crossover QT study in 58 healthy subjects enriched for CYP2B6 polymorphisms. The mean Cmax of EFV in subjects with CYP2B6 *6/*6 genotype following the administration of 600 mg daily dose for 14 days was 2.25-fold the mean Cmax observed in subjects with CYP2B6 *1/*1 genotype. A positive relationship between EFV concentration and QTc prolongation was observed. Based on the concentration-QTc relationship, the mean QTc prolongation and its upper bound 90% confidence interval are 8.7 ms and 11.3 ms in subjects with CYP2B6*6/*6 genotype following the administration of 600 mg daily dose for 14 days [see Warnings and Precautions (5.16)].
12.3 Pharmacokinetics
The effect of food on SYMFI LO has not been evaluated.
Efavirenz
In HIV-1-infected subjects, time-to-peak plasma concentrations were approximately 3 to 5 hours and steady-state plasma concentrations were reached in 6 to 10 days. EFV is highly bound (approximately 99.5 to 99.75%) to human plasma proteins, predominantly albumin. Following administration of 14C-labeled EFV, 14 to 34% of the dose was recovered in the urine (mostly as metabolites) and 16 to 61% was recovered in feces (mostly as parent drug). In vitro studies suggest CYP3A and CYP2B6 are the major isozymes responsible for EFV metabolism. EFV has been shown to induce CYP enzymes, resulting in induction of its own metabolism. EFV has a terminal half-life of 52 to 76 hours after single doses and 40 to 55 hours after multiple doses.
Lamivudine
After oral administration of 2 mg/kg of 3TC twice a day to 9 adults with HIV-1, the peak serum 3TC concentration (Cmax) was 1.5 ± 0.5 mcg/mL (mean ± SD). The area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) and Cmax increased in proportion to oral dose over the range from 0.25 to 10 mg/kg and absolute bioavailability in 12 adult patients was 86% ± 16% (mean ± SD) for the 150-mg tablet and 87% ± 13% for the oral solution. Binding of 3TC to human plasma proteins is low (< 36%). Within 12 hours after a single oral dose of 3TC in 6 HIV-1-infected adults, 5.2% ± 1.4% (mean ± SD) of the dose was excreted as the trans-sulfoxide metabolite in the urine. The majority of 3TC is eliminated unchanged in urine by active organic cationic secretion and the observed mean elimination half-life (t1/2) ranged from 5 to 7 hours in most single-dose studies with serum sampling for 24 hours after dosing.
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
Following oral administration of a single 300 mg dose of TDF to HIV-1-infected subjects in the fasted state, maximum serum concentrations (Cmax) were achieved in 1.0 ± 0.4 hrs (mean ± SD) and Cmax and AUC values were 296 ± 90 ng/mL and 2287 ± 685 ng•hr/mL, respectively. The oral bioavailability of tenofovir from TDF in fasted subjects is approximately 25%. Less than 0.7% of tenofovir binds to human plasma proteins in vitro and the binding is independent of concentration over the range of 0.01 to 25 mcg/mL. Approximately 70 to 80% of the intravenous dose of tenofovir is recovered as unchanged drug in the urine. Tenofovir is eliminated by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion with a renal clearance in adults with normal renal function of 243 ± 33 mL/min (mean ± SD). Following a single oral dose, the terminal elimination half-life of tenofovir is approximately 17 hours.
Special Populations
Race
Gender
There are no significant or clinically relevant gender differences in the pharmacokinetics of EFV, 3TC, and TDF.
Geriatric Patients
The pharmacokinetics of 3TC and TDF have not been studied in patients over 65 years of age.
Patients with Renal Impairment
[See Use in Specific Populations (8.6).]
Lamivudine
The pharmacokinetics of 3TC are altered in subjects with renal impairment (Table 6).
|
Parameter |
Creatinine Clearance Criterion (Number of Subjects) |
||
|
> 60 mL/min (n = 6) |
10-30 mL/min (n = 4) |
< 10 mL/min (n = 6) |
|
|
Creatinine clearance (mL/min) |
111 ± 14 |
28 ± 8 |
6 ± 2 |
|
Cmax (mcg/mL) |
2.6 ± 0.5 |
3.6 ± 0.8 |
5.8 ± 1.2 |
|
AUC∞ (mcg•h/mL) |
11.0 ± 1.7 |
48.0 ± 19 |
157 ± 74 |
|
Cl/F (mL/min) |
464 ± 76 |
114 ± 34 |
36 ± 11 |
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
The pharmacokinetics of TDF are altered in subjects with renal impairment [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]. In subjects with creatinine clearance below 50 mL/min or with end‑stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis, Cmax, and AUC0‑∞ of tenofovir were increased.
|
Baseline Creatinine Clearance (mL/min) |
> 80 (N = 3) |
50-80 (N = 10) |
30-49 (N = 8) |
12-29 (N = 11) |
|
Cmax (μg/mL) |
0.34 ± 0.03 |
0.33 ± 0.06 |
0.37 ± 0.16 |
0.60 ± 0.19 |
|
AUC0-∞ (μg•hr/mL) |
2.18 ± 0.26 |
3.06 ± 0.93 |
6.01 ± 2.50 |
15.98 ± 7.22 |
|
CL/F(mL/min) |
1043.7 ± 115.4 |
807.7 ± 279.2 |
444.4 ± 209.8 |
177.0 ± 97.1 |
|
CLrenal (mL/min) |
243.5 ± 33.3 |
168.6 ± 27.5 |
100.6 ± 27.5 |
43.0 ± 31.2 |
Patients with Hepatic Impairment
Efavirenz
A multiple-dose study showed no significant effect on EFV pharmacokinetics in patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A) compared with controls. There were insufficient data to determine whether moderate or severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B or C) affects EFV pharmacokinetics.
Lamivudine
The pharmacokinetic properties of 3TC have been determined in adults with impaired hepatic function. Pharmacokinetic parameters were not altered by diminishing hepatic function. Safety and efficacy of 3TC have not been established in the presence of decompensated liver disease.
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
The pharmacokinetics of tenofovir following a 300 mg single dose of TDF have been studied in non-HIV infected subjects with moderate to severe (Child-Pugh B to C) hepatic impairment. There were no substantial alterations in tenofovir pharmacokinetics in subjects with hepatic impairment compared with unimpaired subjects.
Assessment of Drug Interactions
[See Drug Interactions (7).]
Efavirenz
EFV has been shown in vivo to cause hepatic enzyme induction, thus increasing the biotransformation of some drugs metabolized by CYP3A and CYP2B6. In vitro studies have shown that EFV inhibited CYP isozymes 2C9, 2C19, and 3A4 with Ki values (8.5 to 17 µM) in the range of observed EFV plasma concentrations. In in vitro studies, EFV did not inhibit CYP2E1 and inhibited CYP2D6 and CYP1A2 (Ki values 82 to 160 µM) only at concentrations well above those achieved clinically. Coadministration of EFV with drugs primarily metabolized by 2C9, 2C19, and 3A isozymes may result in altered plasma concentrations of the coadministered drug. Drugs which induce CYP3A activity would be expected to increase the clearance of EFV resulting in lowered plasma concentrations.
Drug interaction studies were performed with EFV and other drugs likely to be coadministered or drugs commonly used as probes for pharmacokinetic interaction. The effects of coadministration of EFV on the Cmax, AUC, and Cmin are summarized in Table 8 (effect of EFV on other drugs) and Table 9 (effect of other drugs on EFV). For information regarding clinical recommendations see Drug Interactions (7.5).
| Number of Subjects | Coadministered Drug
(mean % change) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coadministered Drug | Dose | Efavirenz Dose | Cmax
(90% CI) | AUC
(90% CI) | Cmin
(90% CI) |
|
| ↑ Indicates increase ↓ Indicates decrease ↔ Indicates no change or a mean increase or decrease of < 10%. NA = not available. |
||||||
|
||||||
|
Boceprevir |
800 mg tid x 6 days |
600 mg qd x 16 days |
NA |
↓ 8% (↓ 22-↑ 8%) |
↓ 19% (11-25%) |
↓ 44% (26-58%) |
|
Simeprevir |
150 mg qd x 14 days |
600 mg qd x 14 days |
23 |
↓ 51% (↓ 46-↓ 56%) |
↓ 71% (↓ 67-↓ 74%) |
↓ 91% (↓ 88-↓ 92%) |
|
Ledipasvir/ Sofosbuvir* |
90/400 mg qd x 14 days |
600 mg qd x 14 days |
15 |
↓ 34 (↓ 25-↓ 41) |
↓ 34 (↓ 25-↓ 41) |
↓ 34 (↓ 24-↓ 43) |
|
Ledipasvir |
↔ |
↔ |
NA |
|||
|
Sofosbuvir GS-331007† |
↔ |
↔ |
↔ |
|||
|
Sofosbuvir‡ |
400 mg qd single dose |
600 mg qd x 14 days |
16 |
↓ 19 (↓ 40-↑ 10) |
↔ |
NA |
|
GS-331007† |
↓ 23 (↓ 16-↓ 30) |
↓ 16 (↓ 24-↓ 8) |
NA |
|||
|
Sofosbuvir/ Velpatasvir§ |
400/100 mg qd x 14 days |
600 mg qd x 14 days |
14 | |||
|
Sofosbuvir |
↑ 38 (↑ 14-↑ 67) |
↔ |
NA |
|||
|
GS-331007† |
↓ 14 (↓ 20-↓ 7) |
↔ |
↔ |
|||
|
Velpatasvir |
↓ 47 (↓ 57-↓ 36) |
↓ 53 (↓ 61-↓ 43) |
↓ 57 (↓ 64-↓ 48) |
|||
|
Azithromycin |
600 mg single dose |
400 mg qd x 7 days |
14 |
↑ 22% (4-42%) |
↔ |
NA |
|
Clarithromycin |
500 mg q12h x 7 days |
400 mg qd x 7 days |
11 |
↓ 26% (15-35%) |
↓ 39% (30-46%) |
↓ 53% (42-63%) |
|
14-OH metabolite |
↑ 49% (32-69%) |
↑ 34% (18-53%) |
↑ 26% (9-45%) |
|||
|
Fluconazole |
200 mg x 7 days |
400 mg qd x 7 days |
10 |
↔ |
↔ |
↔ |
|
Itraconazole |
200 mg q12h x 28 days |
600 mg qd x 14 days |
18 |
↓ 37% (20-51%) |
↓ 39% (21-53%) |
↓ 44% (27-58%) |
|
Hydroxy-itraconazole |
↓ 35% (12-52%) |
↓ 37% (14-55%) |
↓ 43% (18-60%) |
|||
|
Posaconazole |
400 mg (oral suspension) bid x 10 and 20 days |
400 mg qd x 10 and 20 days |
11 |
↓ 45% (34-53%) |
↓ 50% (40-57%) |
NA |
|
Rifabutin |
300 mg qd x 14 days |
600 mg qd x 14 days |
9 |
↓ 32% (15-46%) |
↓ 38% (28-47%) |
↓ 45% (31-56%) |
|
Voriconazole |
400 mg po q12h x 1 day, then 200 mg po q12h x 8 days |
400 mg qd x 9 days |
NA |
↓ 61%¶ |
↓ 77%¶ |
NA |
|
300 mg po q12h days 2‑7 |
300 mg qd x 7 days |
NA |
↓ 36%# (21-49%) |
↓ 55%# (45-62%) |
NA |
|
|
400 mg po q12h days 2‑7 |
300 mg qd x 7 days |
NA |
↑ 23%# (↓ 1-↑ 53%) |
↓ 7%# (↓ 23-↑ 13%) |
NA |
|
|
Artemether/ lumefantrine |
Artemether 20 mg/ lumefantrine 120 mg tablets (6 4-tablet doses over 3 days) |
600 mg qd x 26 days |
12 | |||
|
Artemether |
↓ 21% |
↓ 51% |
NA |
|||
|
dihydroartemisinin |
↓ 38% |
↓ 46% |
NA |
|||
|
lumefantrine |
↔ |
↓ 21% |
NA |
|||
|
Atorvastatin |
10 mg qd x 4 days |
600 mg qd x 15 days |
14 |
↓ 14% (1-26%) |
↓ 43% (34-50%) |
↓ 69% (49-81%) |
|
Total active (including metabolites) |
↓ 15% (2-26%) |
↓ 32% (21-41%) |
↓ 48% (23-64%) |
|||
|
Pravastatin |
40 mg qd x 4 days |
600 mg qd x 15 days |
13 |
↓ 32% (↓ 59-↑ 12%) |
↓ 44% (26-57%) |
↓ 19% (0-35%) |
|
Simvastatin |
40 mg qd x 4 days |
600 mg qd x 15 days |
14 |
↓ 72% (63-79%) |
↓ 68% (62-73%) |
↓ 45% (20-62%) |
|
Total active (including metabolites) |
↓ 68% (55-78%) |
↓ 60% (52-68%) |
NAÞ |
|||
|
Carbamazepine |
200 mg qd x 3 days, 200 mg bid x 3 days, then 400 mg qd x 29 days |
600 mg qd x 14 days |
12 |
↓ 20% (15-24%) |
↓ 27% (20-33%) |
↓ 35% (24-44%) |
|
Epoxide metabolite |
↔ |
↔ |
↓ 13% (↓ 30-↑ 7%) |
|||
|
Cetirizine |
10 mg single dose |
600 mg qd x 10 days |
11 |
↓ 24% (18-30%) |
↔ |
NA |
|
Diltiazem |
240 mg x 21 days |
600 mg qd x 14 days |
13 |
↓ 60% (50-68%) |
↓ 69% (55-79%) |
↓ 63% (44-75%) |
|
Desacetyl diltiazem |
↓ 64% (57-69%) |
↓ 75% (59-84%) |
↓ 62% (44-75%) |
|||
|
N-monodes-methyl diltiazem |
↓ 28% (7-44%) |
↓ 37% (17-52%) |
↓ 37% (17-52%) |
|||
|
Ethinyl estradiol/ Norgestimate |
0.035 mg/0.25 mg x 14 days |
600 mg qd x 14 days | ||||
|
Ethinyl estradiol |
21 |
↔ |
↔ |
↔ |
||
|
Norelgestromine |
21 |
↓ 46% (39-52%) |
↓ 64% (62-67%) |
↓ 82% (79-85%) |
||
|
Levonorgestrel |
6 |
↓ 80% (77-83%) |
↓ 83% (79-87%) |
↓ 86% (80-90%) |
||
|
Lorazepam |
2 mg single dose |
600 mg qd x 10 days |
12 |
↑ 16% (2-32%) |
↔ |
NA |
|
Methadone |
Stable maintenance 35‑100 mg daily |
600 mg qd x 14‑21 days |
11 |
↓ 45% (25-59%) |
↓ 52% (33-66%) |
NA |
|
Bupropion |
150 mg single dose (sustained-release) |
600 mg qd x 14 days |
13 |
↓ 34% (21-47%) |
↓ 55% (48-62%) |
NA |
|
Hydroxy-bupropion |
↑ 50% (20-80%) |
↔ |
NA |
|||
|
Paroxetine |
20 mg qd x 14 days |
600 mg qd x 14 days |
16 |
↔ |
↔ |
↔ |
|
Sertraline |
50 mg qd x 14 days |
600 mg qd x 14 days |
13 |
↓ 29% (15-40%) |
↓ 39% (27-50%) |
↓ 46% (31-58%) |
| Number of Subjects | Efavirenz
(mean % change) |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coadministered Drug | Dose | Efavirenz Dose | Cmax
(90% CI) | AUC
(90% CI) | Cmin
(90% CI) |
||||||||
| ↑ Indicates increase ↓ Indicates decrease ↔ Indicates no change or a mean increase or decrease of < 10%. NA = not available. |
|||||||||||||
|
Boceprevir |
800 mg tid x 6 days |
600 mg qd x 16 days |
NA |
↑ 11% (2-20%) |
↑ 20% (15-26%) |
NA |
|||||||
|
Simeprevir |
150 mg qd x 14 days |
600 mg qd x 14 days |
23 |
↔ |
↓ 10% (5-15%) |
↓ 13% (7-19%) |
|||||||
|
Azithromycin |
600 mg single dose |
400 mg qd x 7 days |
14 |
↔ |
↔ |
↔ |
|||||||
|
Clarithromycin |
500 mg q12h x 7 days |
400 mg qd x 7 days |
12 |
↑ 11% (3-19%) |
↔ |
↔ |
|||||||
|
Fluconazole |
200 mg x 7 days |
400 mg qd x 7 days |
10 |
↔ |
↑ 16% (6-26%) |
↑ 22% (5-41%) |
|||||||
|
Itraconazole |
200 mg q12h x 14 days |
600 mg qd x 28 days |
16 |
↔ |
↔ |
↔ |
|||||||
|
Rifabutin |
300 mg qd x 14 days |
600 mg qd x 14 days |
11 |
↔ |
↔ |
↓ 12% (↓ 24-↑ 1%) |
|||||||
|
Rifampin |
600 mg x 7 days |
600 mg qd x 7 days |
12 |
↓ 20% (11-28%) |
↓ 26% (15-36%) |
↓ 32% (15-46%) |
|||||||
|
Voriconazole |
400 mg po q12h x 1 day, then 200 mg po q12h x 8 days |
400 mg qd x 9 days |
NA |
↑ 38%* |
↑ 44%* |
NA |
|||||||
|
300 mg po q12h days 2-7 |
300 mg qd x 7 days |
NA |
↓ 14%† (7-21%) |
↔† |
NA |
||||||||
|
400 mg po q12h days 2-7 |
300 mg qd x 7 days |
NA |
↔† |
↑ 17%† (6-29%) |
NA |
||||||||
|
Artemether/ Lumefantrine |
Artemether 20 mg/ lumefantrine 120 mg tablets (6 4-tablet doses over 3 days) |
600 mg qd x 26 days |
12 |
↔ |
↓ 17% |
NA |
|||||||
|
Atorvastatin |
10 mg qd x 4 days |
600 mg qd x 15 days |
14 |
↔ |
↔ |
↔ |
|||||||
|
Pravastatin |
40 mg qd x 4 days |
600 mg qd x 15 days |
11 |
↔ |
↔ |
↔ |
|||||||
|
Simvastatin |
40 mg qd x 4 days |
600 mg qd x 15 days |
14 |
↓ 12% (↓ 28-↑ 8%) |
↔ |
↓ 12% (↓ 25-↑ 3%) |
|||||||
|
Aluminum hydroxide 400 mg, magnesium hydroxide 400 mg, plus simethicone 40 mg |
30 mL single dose |
400 mg single dose |
17 |
↔ |
↔ |
NA |
|||||||
|
Carbamazepine |
200 mg qd x 3 days, 200 mg bid x 3 days, then 400 mg qd x 15 days |
600 mg qd x 35 days |
14 |
↓ 21% (15-26%) |
↓ 36% (32-40%) |
↓ 47% (41-53%) |
|||||||
|
Cetirizine |
10 mg single dose |
600 mg qd x 10 days |
11 |
↔ |
↔ |
↔ |
|||||||
|
Diltiazem |
240 mg x 14 days |
600 mg qd x 28 days |
12 |
↑ 16% (6-26%) |
↑ 11% (5-18%) |
↑ 13% (1-26%) |
|||||||
|
Famotidine |
40 mg single dose |
400 mg single dose |
17 |
↔ |
↔ |
NA |
|||||||
|
Paroxetine |
20 mg qd x 14 days |
600 mg qd x 14 days |
12 |
↔ |
↔ |
↔ |
|||||||
|
Sertraline |
50 mg qd x 14 days |
600 mg qd x 14 days |
13 |
↑ 11% (6-16%) |
↔ |
↔ |
|||||||
Lamivudine
Effect of 3TC on the Pharmacokinetics of Other Agents
Based on in vitro study results, 3TC at therapeutic drug exposures is not expected to affect the pharmacokinetics of drugs that are substrates of the following transporters: organic anion transporter polypeptide 1B1/3 (OATP1B1/3), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1), MATE2-K, organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1), OCT2, or OCT3.
Effect of Other Agents on the Pharmacokinetics of 3TC
3TC is a substrate of MATE1, MATE2-K, and OCT2 in vitro. Trimethoprim (an inhibitor of these drug transporters) has been shown to increase 3TC plasma concentrations. This interaction is not considered clinically significant as no dose adjustment of 3TC is needed.
3TC is a substrate of P-gp and BCRP; however, considering its absolute bioavailability (87%), it is unlikely that these transporters play a significant role in the absorption of 3TC. Therefore, coadministration of drugs that are inhibitors of these efflux transporters is unlikely to affect the disposition and elimination of 3TC.
Interferon Alfa
There was no significant pharmacokinetic interaction between 3TC and interferon alfa in a trial of 19 healthy male subjects.
Ribavirin
In vitro data indicate ribavirin reduces phosphorylation of 3TC, stavudine, and zidovudine. However, no pharmacokinetic (e.g., plasma concentrations or intracellular triphosphorylated active metabolite concentrations) or pharmacodynamic (e.g., loss of HIV-1/HCV virologic suppression) interaction was observed when ribavirin and 3TC (n = 18), stavudine (n = 10), or zidovudine (n = 6) were coadministered as part of a multi-drug regimen to HIV-1/HCV co-infected subjects.
Sorbitol (Excipient)
3TC and sorbitol solutions were coadministered to 16 healthy adult subjects in an open-label, randomized-sequence, 4-period, crossover trial. Each subject received a single 300-mg dose of 3TC oral solution alone or coadministered with a single dose of 3.2 grams, 10.2 grams, or 13.4 grams of sorbitol in solution. Coadministration of 3TC with sorbitol resulted in dose-dependent decreases of 20%, 39%, and 44% in the AUC(0-24), 14%, 32%, and 36% in the AUC(∞), and 28%, 52%, and 55% in the Cmax of lamivudine, respectively.
Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole
3TC and TMP/SMX were coadministered to 14 HIV-1-positive subjects in a single-center, open-label, randomized, crossover trial. Each subject received treatment with a single 300-mg dose of 3TC and TMP 160 mg/SMX 800 mg once a day for 5 days with concomitant administration of 3TC 300 mg with the fifth dose in a crossover design. Coadministration of TMP/SMX with 3TC resulted in an increase of 43% ± 23% (mean ± SD) in 3TC AUC∞, a decrease of 29% ± 13% in 3TC oral clearance, and a decrease of 30% ± 36% in 3TC renal clearance. The pharmacokinetic properties of TMP and SMX were not altered by coadministration with 3TC. There is no information regarding the effect on 3TC pharmacokinetics of higher doses of TMP/SMX such as those used in treating PCP.
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
At concentrations substantially higher (~300-fold) than those observed in vivo, tenofovir did not inhibit in vitro CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, or CYP2E1. However, a small (6%) but statistically significant reduction in metabolism of CYP1A substrate was observed. Based on the results of in vitro experiments and the known elimination pathway of tenofovir, the potential for CYP-mediated interactions involving TDF with other medicinal products is low.
Table 10 summarizes pharmacokinetic effects of coadministered drug on tenofovir pharmacokinetics. No clinically significant drug interactions have been observed between tenofovir and ribavirin.
|
|||||
|
Coadministered Drug |
Dose of Coadministered Drug (mg) |
N |
% Change of Tenofovir Pharmacokinetic Parameters† (90% CI) |
||
|
Cmax |
AUC |
Cmin |
|||
|
90/400 once daily x 10 days |
24 |
↑ 47 (↑ 37 to ↑ 58) |
↑ 35 (↑ 29 to ↑ 42) |
↑ 47 (↑ 38 to ↑ 57) |
|
|
23 |
↑ 64 (↑ 54 to ↑ 74) |
↑ 50 (↑ 42 to ↑ 59) |
↑ 59 (↑ 49 to ↑ 70) |
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|
Ledipasvir/ Sofosbuvir# |
90/400 once daily x 14 days |
15 |
↑ 79 (↑ 56 to ↑ 104) |
↑ 98 (↑ 77 to ↑ 123) |
↑ 163 (↑ 132 to ↑ 197) |
|
Sofosbuvir/ VelpatasvirÞ |
400/100 once daily |
24 |
↑ 44 (↑ 33 to ↑ 55) |
↑ 40 (↑ 34 to ↑ 46) |
↑ 84 (↑ 76 to ↑ 92) |
|
Sofosbuvir/ Velpatasvirß |
400/100 once daily |
30 |
↑ 46 (↑ 39 to ↑ 54) |
↑ 40 (↑ 34 to ↑ 45) |
↑ 70 (↑ 61 to ↑ 79) |
|
Sofosbuvir/ Velpatasvir/ Voxilaprevirà |
400/100/100 + Voxilaprevirè 100 once daily |
29 |
↑ 48 (↑ 36 to ↑ 61) |
↑ 39 (↑ 32 to ↑ 46) |
↑ 47 (↑ 38 to ↑ 56) |
|
Sofosbuvirð |
400 single dose |
16 |
↑ 25 (↑ 8 to ↑ 45) |
↔ |
↔ |
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Tacrolimus |
0.05 mg/kg twice daily x 7 days |
21 |
↑ 13 (↑ 1 to ↑ 27) |
↔ |
↔ |
12.4 Microbiology
Mechanism of Action
Efavirenz
EFV is an NNRTI of HIV-1. EFV activity is mediated predominantly by noncompetitive inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). HIV-2 RT and human cellular DNA polymerases α, β, γ, and δ are not inhibited by EFV.
Lamivudine
3TC is a synthetic nucleoside analogue with activity against HIV-1 and HBV. Intracellularly, 3TC is phosphorylated to its active 5’‑triphosphate metabolite, lamivudine triphosphate (3TC-TP). The principal mode of action of 3TC‑TP is inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) via DNA chain termination after incorporation of the nucleotide analogue.
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
TDF is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate diester analog of adenosine monophosphate. TDF requires initial diester hydrolysis for conversion to tenofovir and subsequent phosphorylations by cellular enzymes to form tenofovir diphosphate (TDF-DP), an obligate chain terminator. Tenofovir diphosphate inhibits the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and HBV RT by competing with the natural substrate deoxyadenosine 5’-triphosphate and, after incorporation into DNA, by DNA chain termination. Tenofovir diphosphate is a weak inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerases α, β, and mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ.
Antiviral Activity
Efavirenz
The concentration of EFV inhibiting replication of wild-type laboratory adapted strains and clinical isolates in cell culture by 90 to 95% (EC90 to 95) ranged from 1.7 to 25 nM in lymphoblastoid cell lines, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and macrophage/monocyte cultures. EFV demonstrated antiviral activity against clade B and most non-clade B isolates (subtypes A, AE, AG, C, D, F, G, J, N), but had reduced antiviral activity against group O viruses.
Lamivudine
The antiviral activity of 3TC against HIV-1 was assessed in a number of cell lines (including monocytes and fresh human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBMCs) using standard susceptibility assays. EC50 values were in the range of 3 to 15,000 nM. (1 μM = 0.23 mcg/mL). The median EC50 values of 3TC were 60 nM (range: 20 to 70 nM), 35 nM (range: 30 to 40 nM), 30 nM (range: 20 to 90 nM), 20 nM (range: 3 to 40 nM), 30 nM (range: 1 to 60 nM), 30 nM (range: 20 to 70 nM), 30 nM (range: 3 to 70 nM), and 30 nM (range: 20 to 90 nM) against HIV-1 clades A-G and group O viruses (n = 3 except n = 2 for clade B), respectively. The EC50 values against HIV-2 isolates (n = 4) ranged from 3 to 120 nM in PBMCs. 3TC was not antagonistic to all tested anti-HIV agents. Ribavirin (50 μM) used in the treatment of chronic HCV infection decreased the anti-HIV-1 activity of 3TC by 3.5-fold in MT-4 cells.
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
The antiviral activity of tenofovir against laboratory and clinical isolates of HIV-1 was assessed in lymphoblastoid cell lines, primary monocyte/macrophage cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes. The EC50 (50% effective concentration) values for tenofovir were in the range of 0.04 μM to 8.5 μM. Tenofovir displayed antiviral activity in cell culture against HIV-1 clades A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and O (EC50 values ranged from 0.5 μM to 2.2 μM) and strain-specific activity against HIV-2 (EC50 values ranged from 1.6 μM to 5.5 μM). Please see the full prescribing information for VIREAD® for information regarding the inhibitory activity of TDF against HBV.
Resistance
Efavirenz
In cell culture, HIV-1 isolates with reduced susceptibility to EFV (> 380-fold increase in EC90 value) emerged rapidly in the presence of drug. Genotypic characterization of these viruses identified single amino acid substitutions L100I or V179D, double substitutions L100I/V108I, and triple substitutions L100I/V179D/Y181C in reverse transcriptase.
Clinical isolates with reduced susceptibility in cell culture to EFV have been obtained. One or more RT substitutions at amino acid positions A98, L100, K101, K103, V106, V108, Y188, G190, P225, F227 and M230 were observed in patients failing treatment with EFV in combination with indinavir, or with 3TC plus zidovudine. The K103N substitution was the most frequently observed.
Lamivudine
3TC-resistant variants of HIV‑1 have been selected in cell culture. Genotypic analysis showed that resistance was predominantly due to a methionine to valine or isoleucine (M184V/I) substitution in reverse transcriptase.
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
HIV-1 isolates with reduced susceptibility to tenofovir have been selected in cell culture. These viruses expressed a K65R substitution in RT and showed a 2- to 4-fold reduction in susceptibility to tenofovir. In addition, a K70E substitution in HIV-1 RT has been selected by tenofovir and results in low-level reduced susceptibility to tenofovir. K65R substitutions developed in some subjects failing a tenofovir disoproxil fumarate regimen.
Cross-Resistance
Efavirenz
Cross-resistance among NNRTIs has been observed. Clinical isolates previously characterized as EFV-resistant were also phenotypically resistant in cell culture to delavirdine and nevirapine compared to baseline. Delavirdine- and/or nevirapine-resistant clinical viral isolates with NNRTI resistance-associated substitutions (A98G, L100I, K101E/P, K103N/S, V106A, Y181X, Y188X, G190X, P225H, F227L, or M230L) showed reduced susceptibility to EFV in cell culture. Greater than 90% of NRTI-resistant clinical isolates tested in cell culture retained susceptibility to EFV.
Lamivudine
Cross-resistance among NRTIs has been observed. 3TC-resistant HIV-1 isolates were cross-resistant in cell culture to didanosine (ddI). Cross-resistance is also expected with abacavir and emtricitabine as these select M184V substitutions.
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
Cross-resistance among certain HIV-1 NRTIs has been observed. The K65R and K70E substitutions selected by tenofovir are also selected in some HIV-1-infected subjects treated with abacavir or didanosine. HIV-1 isolates with the K65R substitution also showed reduced susceptibility to FTC and 3TC. HIV-1 isolates from subjects (N = 20) whose HIV-1 expressed a mean of 3 zidovudine-associated RT amino acid substitutions (M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F, or K219Q/E/N) showed a 3.1-fold decrease in the susceptibility to tenofovir. Subjects whose virus expressed an L74V substitution without zidovudine resistance-associated substitutions (N = 8) had reduced response to VIREAD. Limited data are available for patients whose virus expressed a Y115F substitution (N = 3), Q151M substitution (N = 2), or T69 insertion (N = 4), all of whom had a reduced response.
13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Efavirenz
Long-term carcinogenicity studies in mice and rats were carried out with efavirenz. Mice were dosed with 0, 25, 75, 150, or 300 mg/kg/day for 2 years. Incidences of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas and pulmonary alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas were increased above background in females. No increases in tumor incidence above background were seen in males. There was no NOAEL in female established for this study because tumor findings occurred at all doses. AUC at the NOAEL (150 mg/kg) in the males was approximately 0.9 times that in humans at the recommended clinical dose. In the rat study, no increases in tumor incidence were observed at doses up to 100 mg/kg/day, for which AUCs were 0.1 (males) or 0.2 (females) times those in humans at the recommended clinical dose.
EFV tested negative in a battery of in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity assays. These included bacterial mutation assays in S. typhimurium and E. coli, mammalian mutation assays in Chinese hamster ovary cells, chromosome aberration assays in human peripheral blood lymphocytes or Chinese hamster ovary cells, and an in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay.
EFV did not impair mating or fertility of male or female rats, and did not affect sperm of treated male rats. The reproductive performance of offspring born to female rats given EFV was not affected. The AUCs at the NOAEL values in male (200 mg/kg) and female (100 mg/kg) rats were approximately ≤ 0.15 times that in humans at the recommended clinical dose.
Lamivudine
Long-term carcinogenicity studies with 3TC in mice and rats showed no evidence of carcinogenic potential at exposures up to 10 times (mice) and 58 times (rats) the human exposures at the recommended dose of 300 mg. 3TC was not mutagenic in a microbial mutagenicity assay, in an in vitro cell transformation assay, in a rat micronucleus test, in a rat bone marrow cytogenetic assay, and in assay for unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat liver. 3TC showed no evidence of in vivo genotoxic activity in the rat at oral doses of up to 2000 mg per kg, producing plasma levels of 35 to 45 times those in humans at the recommended dose for HIV‑1 infection. In a study of reproductive performance, 3TC administered to rats at doses up to 4000 mg per kg per day, producing plasma levels 47 to 70 times those in humans, revealed no evidence of impaired fertility and no effect on the survival, growth, and development to weaning of the offspring.
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
Long-term oral carcinogenicity studies of TDF in mice and rats were carried out at exposures up to approximately 16 times (mice) and 5 times (rats) those observed in humans at the therapeutic dose for HIV-1 infection. At the high dose in female mice, liver adenomas were increased at exposures 16 times that in humans. In rats, the study was negative for carcinogenic findings at exposures up to 5 times that observed in humans at the therapeutic dose.
TDF was mutagenic in the in vitro mouse lymphoma assay and negative in an in vitro bacterial mutagenicity test (Ames test). In an in vivo mouse micronucleus assay, TDF was negative when administered to male mice.
There were no effects on fertility, mating performance or early embryonic development when TDF was administered to male rats at a dose equivalent to 10 times the human dose based on body surface area comparisons for 28 days prior to mating and to female rats for 15 days prior to mating through day seven of gestation. There was, however, an alteration of the estrous cycle in female rats.
13.2 Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology
Efavirenz
Nonsustained convulsions were observed in 6 of 20 monkeys receiving EFV at doses yielding plasma AUC values 4- to 13-fold greater than those in humans given the recommended dose [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11)].
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
Tenofovir and TDF administered in toxicology studies to rats, dogs, and monkeys at exposures (based on AUCs) greater than or equal to 6-fold those observed in humans caused bone toxicity. In monkeys the bone toxicity was diagnosed as osteomalacia. Osteomalacia observed in monkeys appeared to be reversible upon dose reduction or discontinuation of tenofovir. In rats and dogs, the bone toxicity manifested as reduced bone mineral density. The mechanism(s) underlying bone toxicity is unknown.
Evidence of renal toxicity was noted in 4 animal species. Increases in serum creatinine, BUN, glycosuria, proteinuria, phosphaturia, and/or calciuria and decreases in serum phosphate were observed to varying degrees in these animals. These toxicities were noted at exposures (based on AUCs) 2 to 20 times higher than those observed in humans. The relationship of the renal abnormalities, particularly the phosphaturia, to the bone toxicity is not known.
14 CLINICAL STUDIES
14.1 Clinical Efficacy in Patients with HIV-1 Infection
Treatment-Naïve Adult Patients
The efficacy of EFV 400 mg, 3TC 300 mg, and TDF 300 mg in the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults with no antiretroviral treatment history was established in trials of:
- •
- Trial 903 which evaluated the efficacy of a three-drug regimen including EFV 600 mg, 3TC 300 mg and TDF 300 mg
- •
- ENCORE1, which evaluated the comparability of 400 mg of EFV in a triple drug regimen to a 600 mg dose of EFV in a triple drug regimen.
Trial 903
Data through 144 weeks are reported for Trial 903, a double-blind, active-controlled multicenter trial comparing EFV 600 mg + 3TC 300 mg + TDF 300 mg vs. EFV 600 mg + 3TC 300 mg + stavudine (d4T) 40 mg in 600 antiretroviral-naïve subjects. Subjects had a mean age of 36 years (range 18-64); 74% were male, 64% were Caucasian, and 20% were Black. The mean baseline CD4+ cell count was 279 cells/mm3 (range 3-956) and median baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA was 77,600 copies/mL (range 417-5,130,000). Subjects were stratified by baseline HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ cell count. Forty-three percent of subjects had baseline viral loads > 100,000 copies/mL and 39% had CD4+ cell counts < 200 cells/mm3. Table 11 provides treatment outcomes through 48 and 144 weeks.
|
||||
|
Outcomes |
At Week 48 |
At Week 144 |
||
|
EFV + 3TC + TDF (N = 299) |
EFV + 3TC + d4T (N = 301) |
EFV + 3TC + TDF (N = 299) |
EFV + 3TC + d4T (N = 301) |
|
|
Responder* |
79% |
82% |
68% |
62% |
|
Virologic failure† |
6% |
4% |
10% |
8% |
|
Rebound |
5% |
3% |
8% |
7% |
|
Never suppressed |
0% |
1% |
0% |
0% |
|
Added an antiretroviral agent |
1% |
1% |
2% |
1% |
|
Death |
< 1% |
1% |
< 1% |
2% |
|
Discontinued due to adverse event |
6% |
6% |
8% |
13% |
|
Discontinued for other reasons‡ |
8% |
7% |
14% |
15% |
Achievement of plasma HIV-1 RNA concentrations of < 400 copies/mL at Week 144 was similar between the two treatment groups for the population stratified at baseline on the basis of HIV-1 RNA concentration (> or ≤ 100,000 copies/mL) and CD4+ cell count (< or ≥ 200 cells/mm3). Through 144 weeks of therapy, 62% and 58% of subjects in the TDF and d4T arms, respectively, achieved and maintained confirmed HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL. The mean increase from baseline in CD4+ cell count was 263 cells/mm3 for the TDF arm and 283 cells/mm3 for the d4T arm.
Through 144 weeks, 11 subjects in the TDF group and 9 subjects in the d4T group experienced a new CDC Class C event.
The ENCORE1 trial was a randomized, multinational clinical study comparing EFV 400 mg vs. EFV 600 mg in 630 antiretroviral-naïve adult subjects. Subjects were randomized 1:1 to receive EFV 400 mg in combination with TDF 300 mg plus FTC 200 mg all given once daily or EFV 600 mg in combination with TDF 300 mg/FTC 200 mg given once daily. The randomization was stratified by the clinical sites and the screening visit plasma HIV RNA level, either < 100,000 copies/mL or ≥ 100,000 copies/mL.
Subjects had a mean age of 36 years (range 18 to 69), 68% were male, 37% were of African heritage, 33% were of Asian ethnicity, 17% were Hispanic and 13% were Caucasian.
The mean baseline CD4+ cell count was 273 cells/mm3 (range 38 to 679). Median baseline viral load was 56,469 copies/mL (range 162 to 10,000,000). Thirty-four percent of subjects had baseline viral load of ≥ 100,000 copies/mL.
Treatment outcomes through Week 48 are presented in Table 12.
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||
|
At Week 48 |
||
|
Outcomes (< 50 copies/mL) |
EFV 400 mg + FTC + TDF (N = 321) |
EFV 600 mg + FTC + TDF (N = 309) |
|
Responder* HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL |
86% |
84% |
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Virologic failure† HIV-1 RNA ≥ 50 copies/mL |
11% |
11% |
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Rebound |
9% |
8% |
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Never suppressed |
2% |
3% |
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Death |
1% |
1% |
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Discontinued for other reasons‡ |
2% |
4% |
Achievement of plasma HIV-1 RNA concentrations of less than 50 copies/mL at Week 48 was similar between the two treatment groups for the population stratified at baseline on the basis of HIV-1 RNA concentration (< or ≥ 100,000 copies/mL). The mean increase at Week 48 from baseline in CD4+ cell count was 183 cells/mm3 for the EFV 400 mg arm and 158 cells/mm3 for the EFV 600 mg arm. Through 48 weeks, 11 subjects in the EFV 400 mg group and 5 subjects in the EFV 600 mg group experienced a new CDC Class C event.
16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING
SYMFI LO tablets are supplied as fixed-dosed combination tablets containing 400 mg of efavirenz, 300 mg of lamivudine, and 300 mg of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate equivalent to 245 mg of tenofovir disoproxil. SYMFI LO tablets are white to off-white, film-coated, oval tablets debossed with “M” on one side and “TLE” on the other side.
They are supplied as:
NDC 49502-425-93
unit of use cartons containing bottles of 30 tablets with desiccant, induction seal, and child-resistant cap.
NDC 49502-425-77
unit of use cartons containing bottles of 90 tablets with desiccant, induction seal, and child-resistant cap.
Store below 30°C (86°F).
Dispense in original container.
17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION
Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Patient Information).
Drug Interactions: SYMFI LO may interact with many drugs; therefore, advise patients to report to their healthcare provider the use of any other prescription, nonprescription medication, or herbal products, particularly St. John’s wort [see Contraindications (4) and Drug Interactions (7)].
Post Treatment Acute Exacerbation of Hepatitis B in Patients with HBV Co-Infection: Inform patients that severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis have been reported in patients who are infected with HBV or coinfected with HBV and HIV-1 and have discontinued 3TC and TDF, components of SYMFI LO. Test patients with HIV-1 for hepatitis B virus (HBV) before initiating antiretroviral therapy. In patients with chronic hepatitis B, it is important to obtain HIV antibody testing prior to initiating 3TC and TDF, components of SYMFI LO [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
Lactic Acidosis and Severe Hepatomegaly: Inform patients that lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported. Treatment with SYMFI LO should be suspended in any patient who develops clinical symptoms suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced hepatotoxicity (including nausea, vomiting, unusual or unexpected stomach discomfort, and weakness) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
New Onset or Worsening Renal Impairment: Inform patients that renal impairment, including cases of acute renal failure and Fanconi syndrome, has been reported. Advise patients with impaired renal function (i.e., creatinine clearance less than 50 mL/min) or patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring hemodialysis to avoid SYMFI LO with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent (e.g., high-dose or multiple NSAIDs) for patients [see Dosage and Administration (2.3), Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].
Psychiatric Symptoms: Inform patients that serious psychiatric symptoms including severe depression, suicide attempts, aggressive behavior, delusions, paranoia, psychosis-like symptoms and catatonia have been reported in patients receiving EFV [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]. Advise patients to seek immediate medical evaluation if they experience severe psychiatric adverse experiences. Advise patients to inform their physician of any history of mental illness or substance abuse.
Nervous System Symptoms: Inform patients that central nervous system symptoms (NSS) including dizziness, insomnia, impaired concentration, drowsiness, and abnormal dreams are commonly reported during the first weeks of therapy with EFV, a component of SYMFI LO [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)]. Dosing at bedtime may improve the tolerability of these symptoms, which are likely to improve with continued therapy. Alert patients to the potential for additive effects when used concomitantly with alcohol or psychoactive drugs. Instruct patients that if they experience NSS they should avoid potentially hazardous tasks such as driving or operating machinery.
Inform patients that there is a risk of developing late-onset neurotoxicity, including ataxia and encephalopathy, which may occur months to years after beginning efavirenz therapy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].
Embryo-Fetal Toxicity: Advise female patients that EFV, a component of SYMFI LO may cause fetal harm when administered during the first trimester to a pregnant woman. Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception as well as a barrier method during treatment with SYMFI LO and for 12 weeks after discontinuation of use. Advise patients to contact their healthcare provider if they plan to become pregnant, become pregnant, or if pregnancy is suspected during treatment with SYMFI LO [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7), Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.3)].
Rash: Inform patients that rash is a common side effect of EFV [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)]. Rashes usually go away without any change in treatment. However, since rash may be serious, patients should be advised to contact their physician promptly if rash occurs.
Hepatotoxicity: Inform patients to watch for early warning signs of liver inflammation or failure, such as fatigue, weakness, lack of appetite, nausea and vomiting, as well as later signs such as jaundice, confusion, abdominal swelling, and discolored feces and to consult their healthcare provider promptly if such symptoms occur [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9)].
Pancreatitis: Advise patients or guardians to monitor pediatric patients for signs and symptoms of pancreatitis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)].
Convulsions: Advise patients that convulsions have been observed in patients receiving EFV, a component of SYMFI LO, generally in patients with known medical history of seizures [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11)].
Lipid Elevations: Advise patients treatment with EFV, a component of SYMFI LO has resulted in increases in the concentration of total cholesterol and triglycerides [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12)].
Bone Loss and Mineralization Effects: Inform patients that decreases in bone mineral density have been observed with the use of 3TC and TDF, components of SYMFI LO, in patients with HIV [see Warnings and Precautions (5.13)].
Immune Reconstitution Syndrome: Advise patients to inform their healthcare provider immediately of any symptoms of infection, as in some patients with advanced HIV infection, signs and symptoms of inflammation from previous infections may occur soon after anti-HIV treatment is started [see Warnings and Precautions (5.14)].
Fat Redistribution: Inform patients that redistribution or accumulation of body fat may occur in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy, including SYMFI LO, and that the cause and long‑term health effects of these conditions are not known at this time [see Warnings and Precautions (5.15)].
Administration Instructions: Inform patients that it is important to take SYMFI LO once daily on a regular dosing schedule on an empty stomach, preferably at bedtime, and to avoid missing doses as it can result in development of resistance. Advise patients if a dose is missed, take it as soon as possible unless it is almost time for the next dose. Also advise patients that dosing at bedtime may improve the tolerability of nervous system symptoms [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)].
Pregnancy Registry: Advise patients that there is an antiretroviral pregnancy registry to monitor fetal outcomes in women exposed to SYMFI LO [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].
Lactation: Instruct women with HIV-1 infection not to breastfeed because HIV-1 can be passed to the baby in breast milk [see Use in Specific Populations (8.2)].
SYMFI LO® is a registered trademark of Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Other brands listed are the registered trademarks of their respective owners and are not trademarks of Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Rx only
Manufactured for:
Mylan Specialty L.P.
Morgantown, WV 26505 U.S.A.
Manufactured by:
Mylan Laboratories Limited
Hyderabad — 500 096, India
Patient Information
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SYMFI LO® (SIM-fee LOW) (efavirenz, lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) tablets |
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What is the most important information I should know about SYMFI LO? SYMFI LO can cause serious side effects, including: |
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For more information about side effects, see “What are the possible side effects of SYMFI LO?” |
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What is SYMFI LO? SYMFI LO is a prescription medicine that is used without other antiretroviral medicines to treat Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) in people weighing at least 35 kg. HIV-1 is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). SYMFI LO contains the prescription medicines efavirenz, lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. SYMFI LO is not for use in children weighing less than 35 kg. |
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Do not take SYMFI LO if you:
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Before you take SYMFI LO, tell your healthcare provider about all of your medical conditions, including if you:
Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins and herbal supplements. Some medicines interact with SYMFI LO. SYMFI LO may affect the way other medicines work, and other medicines may affect how SYMFI LO works. Keep a list of your medicines and show it to your healthcare provider and pharmacist when you get a new medicine.
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How should I take SYMFI LO?
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What should I avoid while taking SYMFI LO? You should avoid taking medicines that contain sorbitol during treatment with SYMFI LO. |
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What are the possible side effects of SYMFI LO? SYMFI LO may cause serious side effects, including:
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The most common side effects of SYMFI LO are rash and dizziness. Tell your healthcare provider if you have any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away. These are not all the possible side effects of SYMFI LO. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. |
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How should I store SYMFI LO?
Keep SYMFI LO and all medicines out of the reach of children. |
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General information about the safe and effective use of SYMFI LO. Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Patient Information leaflet. Do not use SYMFI LO for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give SYMFI LO to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them. If you would like more information, talk with your healthcare provider. You can ask your pharmacist or healthcare provider for information about SYMFI LO that is written for health professionals. |
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What are the ingredients in SYMFI LO? Active ingredient: efavirenz, lamivudine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate Inactive ingredients: croscarmellose sodium, hydroxypropyl cellulose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium lauryl sulfate, talc, titanium dioxide and yellow iron oxide. SYMFI LO® is a registered trademark of Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc. Other brands listed are the registered trademarks of their respective owners and are not trademarks of Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc. Manufactured for: Manufactured by: 75074360 MS:ELTDF:R2 For more information, call Mylan at 1-877-446-3679 (1-877-4-INFO-RX). |
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- This Patient Information has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Revised: 10/2019
PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL – 400 mg/300 mg/300 mg
NDC 49502-425-93 Rx only
SYMFI LO®
(efavirenz, lamivudine,
and tenofovir disoproxil
fumarate) tablets
400 mg/300 mg/300 mg*
Note to pharmacist: Do not cover
ALERT box with pharmacy label.
ALERT: Find out about
medicines that should NOT
be taken with SYMFI LO®.
30 tablets
*Each film-coated tablet contains:
Efavirenz, USP 400 mg
Lamivudine, USP 300 mg
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate 300 mg
(equivalent to 245 mg of tenofovir
disoproxil)
Usual Dosage: See accompanying
prescribing information.
Keep this and all medication
out of the reach of children.
Store below 30°C (86°F).
Dispense only in original container.
Keep container tightly closed.
Manufactured for:
Mylan Specialty L.P.
Morgantown, WV 26505 U.S.A.
Made in India
Code No.: MP/DRUGS/25/1/2014
MS:MXI:42593:1C:R2
SYMFI LO® is a registered trademark of Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc.
INGREDIENTS AND APPEARANCE
| SYMFI LO
efavirenz, lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablet, film coated |
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| Labeler - Mylan Specialty L.P. (194775557) |