Muconell Ingredients & Drug Interactions
by DNA Dynamic Nutritional Associates
What is this page for?
First and foremost: checking Muconell against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.
Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy
Muconell is a dietary supplement by DNA Dynamic Nutritional Associates with 7 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for inflammation and swelling, sinus and nasal congestion, digestion support.Based on those ingredients, 2,125 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Slippery Elm, Licorice Root Extract, Bromelain. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.
Check Your Meds Against Muconell by DNA Dynamic Nutritional Associates
Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Muconell by DNA Dynamic Nutritional Associates — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.
AI summaries are generated from our interaction database for education only — always confirm with your pharmacist. How we use AI
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Muconell by DNA Dynamic Nutritional Associates
Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.
What’s inside
Low disclosure
Muconell contains 7 active ingredients. Bromelain is an enzyme from pineapple that breaks down proteins.
Lactase helps digest milk sugar (lactose). Slippery elm is an herb that coats the digestive tract.
Licorice root extract is derived from licorice plant roots. Pepsin is an enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach.
Rennin helps curdle milk proteins (common in cheese-making). Bismuth citrate is a mineral salt.
The product also contains inactive ingredients — gelatin, water, magnesium stearate, and silicon dioxide — which serve as the capsule material and binding agents.
Does it work?
Strong evidence
For most of Muconell's ingredients, the evidence isn't strong enough to confirm they work for specific conditions. Bromelain, slippery elm, licorice root, pepsin, and rennin all lack sufficient reliable evidence.
Lactase is effective for lactose intolerance — that's well established. Bismuth citrate is likely effective for traveler's diarrhea and possibly effective for H. pylori infection and peptic ulcers.
Beyond those uses, the data we hold doesn't establish what this combination is meant to do or whether it does it.
How safe is it?
Well-documented data
Bromelain is generally well tolerated short-term when taken by mouth, though diarrhea, gas, stomach upset, and headache occur in some people. Allergic reactions are possible, especially if you're sensitive to pineapple.
Slippery elm is generally well tolerated for short-term use, but long-term safety data is limited; topical contact with the pollen can trigger allergic reactions. Licorice root extract is fine in food amounts, but high doses or long-term use can cause serious effects from its active compound glycyrrhizin — headache, nausea, and vomiting are the common ones.
Bismuth citrate is well tolerated short-term; long-term use or large doses have rarely caused kidney failure. Lactase is generally well tolerated; a rare case of allergic reaction in someone exposed to powdered lactase has been reported.
Pepsin may cause digestive upset or allergic reactions. During pregnancy, the safety data advises against bromelain and licorice root extract.
Bismuth subsalicylate (a form of bismuth) is generally avoided in pregnancy due to its salicylate content. Slippery elm has insufficient data but some caution.
For lactase and pepsin, there isn't enough data either way — talk with your doctor or pharmacist. While breastfeeding, bromelain, licorice root extract, and pepsin all lack enough safety data — ask your pharmacist before use.
Lactase is likely safe. Slippery elm and bismuth (which may pass salicylate into milk) warrant a conversation with your doctor first.
Meds to double-check
Moderate interaction found
Before taking Muconell, double-check with your pharmacist if you take anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs (like warfarin, apixaban, or clopidogrel) — bromelain, licorice root, and bismuth may affect bleeding risk or their effects. If you take digoxin or other heart medications, loop diuretics (water pills), cancer drugs like cisplatin or paclitaxel, omeprazole, midazolam, warfarin, or aspirin, licorice root and bismuth may interfere.
Tetracycline antibiotics may have a minor interaction with bromelain. Slippery elm may slow absorption of any oral medication you take.
No interactions are documented for lactase among the ingredients we could check.
The bottom line
Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with strong clinical evidence behind its ingredients' uses. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.
Muconell is a multi-ingredient digestive supplement with no proven effectiveness for a specific condition in our data. Bromelain and bismuth carry moderate interactions with blood thinners and related drugs; licorice root interacts with numerous medications including digoxin and warfarin.
If you take any prescription medication — especially heart drugs, blood thinners, cancer drugs, or acid reducers — check with your pharmacist before starting. If you're pregnant or breastfeeding, ask your doctor or pharmacist first.
Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI
Assessment coverage: 6 of 7 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Aug 22, 2025.
This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed
General information
Key facts about Muconell, straight from the product label.
| Brand | DNA Dynamic Nutritional Associates |
|---|---|
| Net contents | 90 Capsule(s) |
| Market status | On market |
| Date entered into DSLD | Aug 22, 2025 |
| DSLD ID | 337289 |
| Product type | Other Combinations |
| Supplement form | Capsule |
| Dietary claims / uses | All Other |
| Intended target group(s) | Adult (18 - 50 Years), Sugar Free |
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.
Supplement Facts
The label details for Muconell by DNA Dynamic Nutritional Associates, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.
Supplement Facts
| Ingredient | Amount | % DV |
|---|---|---|
| Proprietary Blend | 335 mg | -- |
| Bromelain | 0 NP | -- |
| Lactase | 0 NP | -- |
| Slippery Elm | 0 NP | -- |
| Licorice Root Extract | 0 NP | -- |
| Pepsin | 0 NP | -- |
| Rennin | 0 NP | -- |
| Bismuth Citrate | 0 NP | -- |
Other ingredients: Gelatin, Water, Magnesium Stearate, Silicon Dioxide
Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions
Directions: 1 capsule per day or as directed by a health care professional.
Formulation
Contains no sugar, soy, preservatives, artificial coloring or flavoring.
FDA Statement of Identity
Dietary Supplement
Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.
Muconell by DNA Dynamic Nutritional Associates label
The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.
Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.
View the full label (PDF)The Ingredients in Muconell by DNA Dynamic Nutritional Associates
These are the 7 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.
Serving size1 Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container90 Amounts shown are per serving.
Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.
Proprietary Blend
- › Bromelain
- › Lactase
- › Slippery Elm
- › Licorice Root Extract
- › Pepsin
- › Rennin
- › Bismuth Citrate
Other (inactive) ingredients: Gelatin, Water, Magnesium Stearate, Silicon Dioxide. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.
Muconell by DNA Dynamic Nutritional Associates Drug Interactions
HelloPharmacist Interaction Report
Muconell by DNA Dynamic Nutritional Associates contains several ingredients with documented interactions with medications.
The most serious concern is bromelain, which has moderate-severity interactions with anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs — it may increase bleeding risk. There's also a case report of minor bruising when bromelain was combined with naproxen.
Read the full breakdown — every affected drug type, severity by severity
Licorice root extract carries the most extensive interaction profile, with moderate-severity effects on digoxin (a heart medication), warfarin (a blood thinner), loop diuretics (water pills), several cancer drugs, and drugs processed through specific liver pathways. Bismuth citrate also interacts with anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs, warfarin, aspirin, and omeprazole (an acid reducer).
Slippery elm may slow the absorption of oral medications and reduce their levels. Bromelain and tetracycline antibiotics have a minor interaction.
Lactase and pepsin show no interactions in our data. We could not check rennin — we hold no data for it.
Although Muconell has 7 ingredients, these interactions span 2,106 individual medications. Use the search tool on this page to check your exact prescriptions before starting.
Check your own medications below · Editorial policy · How we use AI
Want to check YOUR meds against Muconell?
Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.
Go to the checkerIngredients driving the most interactions
Individual Drug Interactions
The ingredients in Muconell interact with 2,125 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.
4 of the 7 ingredients in Muconell interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Slippery Elm Licorice Root Extract Bromelain Bismuth Citrate
Acetaminophen, Dichlorophenazone, IsometheptaneIsocom
How Acetaminophen, Dichlorophenazone, Isometheptane interacts with Muconell — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Slippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acetaminophen, Dichlorophenazone, Isometheptane interactionLicorice Root ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Licorice Root Extract + Acetaminophen, Dichlorophenazone, Isometheptane interactionAcetaminophen, DiphenhydramineTylenol PM, Tylenol PM Ex Strength
How Acetaminophen, Diphenhydramine interacts with Muconell — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Slippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acetaminophen, Diphenhydramine interactionLicorice Root ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Licorice Root Extract + Acetaminophen, Diphenhydramine interactionAcetaminophen, Diphenhydramine, PseudoephedrineChildren's Tylenol Allergy, Cold Control, Contac Night Allergy Relief
How Acetaminophen, Diphenhydramine, Pseudoephedrine interacts with Muconell — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Slippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acetaminophen, Diphenhydramine, Pseudoephedrine interactionLicorice Root ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Licorice Root Extract + Acetaminophen, Diphenhydramine, Pseudoephedrine interactionAcetaminophen, Doxylamine, PseudoephedrineEx Strength Tylenol Sinus Nighttime
How Acetaminophen, Doxylamine, Pseudoephedrine interacts with Muconell — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Slippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acetaminophen, Doxylamine, Pseudoephedrine interactionLicorice Root ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Licorice Root Extract + Acetaminophen, Doxylamine, Pseudoephedrine interactionAcetaminophen, HydrocodoneAnexsia, Anodynos DHC, Azdone, Co-Gesic, Doucet, Lorcet +9 more
How Acetaminophen, Hydrocodone interacts with Muconell — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Slippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acetaminophen, Hydrocodone interactionLicorice Root ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Licorice Root Extract + Acetaminophen, Hydrocodone interactionAcetaminophen, IbuprofenCombogesic
How Acetaminophen, Ibuprofen interacts with Muconell — through 4 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Licorice Root ExtractCytochrome P450 2c9 (cyp2c9) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.
Read the full Licorice Root Extract + Acetaminophen, Ibuprofen interactionSlippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acetaminophen, Ibuprofen interactionBismuth CitrateAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, use of bismuth subgallate or other bismuth salts might reduce the effects of anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Bismuth Citrate + Acetaminophen, Ibuprofen interactionBromelainAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Bromelain may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Bromelain + Acetaminophen, Ibuprofen interactionAcetaminophen, MeperidineDemerol APAP
How Acetaminophen, Meperidine interacts with Muconell — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Slippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acetaminophen, Meperidine interactionLicorice Root ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Licorice Root Extract + Acetaminophen, Meperidine interactionAcetaminophen, MethocarbamolRobaxacet
How Acetaminophen, Methocarbamol interacts with Muconell — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Slippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acetaminophen, Methocarbamol interactionLicorice Root ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Licorice Root Extract + Acetaminophen, Methocarbamol interactionAcetaminophen, OrphenadrineOrfenagesic
How Acetaminophen, Orphenadrine interacts with Muconell — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Licorice Root ExtractCytochrome P450 2b6 (cyp2b6) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2B6.
Read the full Licorice Root Extract + Acetaminophen, Orphenadrine interactionSlippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acetaminophen, Orphenadrine interactionAcetaminophen, OxycodonePercocet, Roxicet, Tylox, Xartemis XR
How Acetaminophen, Oxycodone interacts with Muconell — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Slippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acetaminophen, Oxycodone interactionLicorice Root ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Licorice Root Extract + Acetaminophen, Oxycodone interactionAcetaminophen, Pamabrom, PyrilamineMidol Max Strength PMS, Pamprin, Pamprin ES
How Acetaminophen, Pamabrom, Pyrilamine interacts with Muconell — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Licorice Root ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Diuretic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Licorice Root Extract + Acetaminophen, Pamabrom, Pyrilamine interactionSlippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acetaminophen, Pamabrom, Pyrilamine interactionAcetaminophen, PentazocineTalacen
How Acetaminophen, Pentazocine interacts with Muconell — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Slippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acetaminophen, Pentazocine interactionLicorice Root ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Licorice Root Extract + Acetaminophen, Pentazocine interactionAcetaminophen, Phenylephrine, ChlorpheniramineSuper Cold Tabs
How Acetaminophen, Phenylephrine, Chlorpheniramine interacts with Muconell — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Licorice Root ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Licorice Root Extract + Acetaminophen, Phenylephrine, Chlorpheniramine interactionSlippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acetaminophen, Phenylephrine, Chlorpheniramine interactionAcetaminophen, PhenylpropanolamineTetra Caps
How Acetaminophen, Phenylpropanolamine interacts with Muconell — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Slippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acetaminophen, Phenylpropanolamine interactionLicorice Root ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Licorice Root Extract + Acetaminophen, Phenylpropanolamine interactionAcetaminophen, Phenylpropanolamine, PhenyltoloxamineSinubid
How Acetaminophen, Phenylpropanolamine, Phenyltoloxamine interacts with Muconell — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Slippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acetaminophen, Phenylpropanolamine, Phenyltoloxamine interactionLicorice Root ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Licorice Root Extract + Acetaminophen, Phenylpropanolamine, Phenyltoloxamine interactionAcetaminophen, PhenyltoloxaminePercogesic, Relagesic
How Acetaminophen, Phenyltoloxamine interacts with Muconell — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Slippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acetaminophen, Phenyltoloxamine interactionLicorice Root ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Licorice Root Extract + Acetaminophen, Phenyltoloxamine interactionAcetaminophen, Phenyltoloxamine, SalicylamideLobac
How Acetaminophen, Phenyltoloxamine, Salicylamide interacts with Muconell — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Slippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acetaminophen, Phenyltoloxamine, Salicylamide interactionLicorice Root ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Licorice Root Extract + Acetaminophen, Phenyltoloxamine, Salicylamide interactionAcetaminophen, PropoxypheneDarvocet-N 100, Darvocet-N 50, E-Lor, Wygesic
How Acetaminophen, Propoxyphene interacts with Muconell — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Slippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acetaminophen, Propoxyphene interactionLicorice Root ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Licorice Root Extract + Acetaminophen, Propoxyphene interactionAcetaminophen, PseudoephedrineChildren's Tylenol Sinus, Dristan N.D., Non-Aspirin Sinus, Ornex, Ornex-Max, Sinutab +5 more
How Acetaminophen, Pseudoephedrine interacts with Muconell — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Slippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acetaminophen, Pseudoephedrine interactionLicorice Root ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Licorice Root Extract + Acetaminophen, Pseudoephedrine interactionAcetaminophen, Pseudoephedrine, TriprolidineActifed Plus ES
How Acetaminophen, Pseudoephedrine, Triprolidine interacts with Muconell — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Slippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acetaminophen, Pseudoephedrine, Triprolidine interactionLicorice Root ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Licorice Root Extract + Acetaminophen, Pseudoephedrine, Triprolidine interactionAcetazolamideAk-Zol, Diamox
How Acetazolamide interacts with Muconell — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Licorice Root ExtractDiuretic Drugs, Antihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of licorice with diuretic drugs might increase the risk of hypokalemia.
Read the full Licorice Root Extract + Acetazolamide interactionSlippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acetazolamide interactionAcetohexamideDymelor
How Acetohexamide interacts with Muconell — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Slippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acetohexamide interactionAcetohydroxamic AcidLithostat
How Acetohydroxamic Acid interacts with Muconell — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Slippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acetohydroxamic Acid interactionAcetophenazineTindal
How Acetophenazine interacts with Muconell — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Slippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acetophenazine interactionAcetylcholineMiochol-E
How Acetylcholine interacts with Muconell — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Slippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acetylcholine interactionAcetylcysteine (prescription Drug)Cetylev, Legubeti
How Acetylcysteine (prescription Drug) interacts with Muconell — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Slippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acetylcysteine (prescription Drug) interactionAcetylsalicylic AcidEntrophen
How Acetylsalicylic Acid interacts with Muconell — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Bismuth CitrateAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs, Aspirin Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, use of bismuth subgallate or other bismuth salts might reduce the effects of anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Bismuth Citrate + Acetylsalicylic Acid interactionBromelainAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Bromelain may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Bromelain + Acetylsalicylic Acid interactionSlippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acetylsalicylic Acid interactionAcitretinSoriatane
How Acitretin interacts with Muconell — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Slippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acitretin interactionAcrivastine, PseudoephedrineSemprex D
How Acrivastine, Pseudoephedrine interacts with Muconell — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Slippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acrivastine, Pseudoephedrine interactionAcyclovirAvaclyr, Sitavig, Zovirax, Zovirax Injection
How Acyclovir interacts with Muconell — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Slippery ElmOral Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Read the full Slippery Elm + Acyclovir interactionEach ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects
For each ingredient in Muconell with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.
Slippery Elm
Oral Drugs
Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Slippery elm inner bark contains mucilage, which may interfere with the absorption of orally administered drugs.
Licorice Root Extract
Antihypertensive Drugs
Theoretically, licorice might reduce the effects of antihypertensive drugs.
In human research, licorice increases blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner.
Cisplatin (Platinol-Aq)
Theoretically, licorice might reduce the effects of cisplatin.
In animal research, licorice diminished the therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin.
Corticosteroids
Theoretically, concomitant use of licorice and corticosteroids might increase the side effects of corticosteroids.
Case reports suggest that concomitant use of licorice and oral corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone, can potentiate the duration of activity and increase blood levels of corticosteroids. Additionally, in one case report, a patient with neurogenic orthostatic hypertension stabilized on fludrocortisone 0.1 mg twice daily developed pseudohyperaldosteronism after recent consumption of large amounts of black licorice.
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (Cyp2B6) Substrates
Theoretically, licorice might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2B6.
In vitro research shows that licorice extract and glabridin, a licorice constituent, inhibit CYP2B6 isoenzymes. Licorice extract from the species G. uralensis seems to inhibit CYP2B6 isoenzymes to a greater degree than G. glabra extract in vitro. Theoretically, these species of licorice might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2B6; however, these interactions have not yet been reported in humans.
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (Cyp2C19) Substrates
Theoretically, licorice might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C19.
In vitro, licorice extracts from the species G. glabra and G. uralensis inhibit CYP2C19 isoenzymes in vitro. Theoretically, these species of licorice might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C19; however, this interaction has not yet been reported in humans.
Cytochrome P450 2C8 (Cyp2C8) Substrates
Theoretically, licorice might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C8.
In vitro, licorice extract from the species G. glabra and G. uralensis inhibits CYP2C8 isoenzymes. Theoretically, these species of licorice might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C8; however, this interaction has not yet been reported in humans.
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates
Theoretically, licorice might increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.
There is conflicting evidence about the effect of licorice on CYP2C9 enzyme activity. In vitro research shows that extracts from the licorice species G. glabra and G. uralensis moderately inhibit CYP2C9 isoenzymes. However, evidence from an animal model shows that licorice extract from the species G. uralensis can induce hepatic CYP2C9 activity. Until more is known, licorice should be used cautiously in people taking CYP2C9 substrates.
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates
Theoretically, licorice might increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Pharmacokinetic research shows that the licorice constituent glycyrrhizin, taken in a dosage of 150 mg orally twice daily for 14 days, modestly decreases the area under the concentration-time curve of midazolam by about 20%. Midazolam is a substrate of CYP3A4, suggesting that glycyrrhizin modestly induces CYP3A4 activity. Animal research also shows that licorice extract from the species G. uralensis induces CYP3A4 activity. However, licorice extract from G. glabra species appear to inhibit CYP3A4-induced metabolism of testosterone in vitro. It is thought that the G. glabra inhibits CYP3A4 due to its constituent glabridin, which is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor in vitro and not present in other licorice species. Until more is known, licorice should be used cautiously in people taking CYP3A4 substrates.
Digoxin (Lanoxin)
Theoretically, concomitant use of licorice with digoxin might increase the risk of cardiac toxicity.
Overuse or misuse of licorice with cardiac glycoside therapy might increase the risk of cardiac toxicity due to potassium loss.
Diuretic Drugs
Theoretically, concomitant use of licorice with diuretic drugs might increase the risk of hypokalemia.
Overuse of licorice might compound diuretic-induced potassium loss. In one case report, a 72-year-old male with a past medical history of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, arrhythmia, stroke, and hepatic dysfunction was hospitalized with severe hypokalemia and uncontrolled hypertension due to pseudohyperaldosteronism. This was thought to be provoked by concomitant daily consumption of a product containing 225 mg of glycyrrhizin, a constituent of licorice, and hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg for 1 month.
Estrogens
Theoretically, licorice might increase or decrease the effects of estrogen therapy.
Theoretically, licorice might interfere with estrogen therapy due to estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects.
Loop Diuretics
Theoretically, loop diuretics might increase the mineralocorticoid effects of licorice.
Theoretically, loop diuretics might enhance the mineralocorticoid effects of licorice by inhibiting the enzyme that converts cortisol to cortisone; however, bumetanide (Bumex) does not appear to have this effect.
Midazolam (Versed)
Theoretically, licorice might decrease levels of midazolam.
In humans, the licorice constituent glycyrrhizin appears to moderately induce the metabolism of midazolam. This is likely due to induction of cytochrome P450 3A4 by licorice. Until more is known, licorice should be used cautiously in people taking midazolam.
P-Glycoprotein Substrates
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the absorption of P-glycoprotein substrates.
In vitro research shows that licorice can increase P-glycoprotein activity.
Paclitaxel (Abraxane, Onxol)
Theoretically, licorice might decrease plasma levels and clinical effects of paclitaxel.
Multiple doses of licorice taken concomitantly with paclitaxel might reduce the effectiveness of paclitaxel. Animal research shows that licorice 3 grams/kg given orally for 14 days before intravenous administration of paclitaxel decreases the exposure to paclitaxel and increases its clearance. Theoretically, this occurs because licorice induces cytochrome P450 3A4 enzymes, which metabolize paclitaxel. Notably, a single dose of licorice did not affect exposure or clearance of paclitaxel.
Warfarin (Coumadin)
Theoretically, licorice might decrease plasma levels and clinical effects of warfarin.
Licorice seems to increase metabolism and decrease levels of warfarin in animal models. This is likely due to induction of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) metabolism by licorice. Advise patients taking warfarin to avoid taking licorice.
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
In vitro research shows that licorice induces CYP1A2 enzymes.
Methotrexate (Trexall, Others)
Theoretically, licorice might increase levels of methotrexate.
Animal research suggests that intravenous administration of glycyrrhizin, a licorice constituent, and high-dose methotrexate may delay methotrexate excretion and increase systemic exposure, leading to transient elevations in liver enzymes and total bilirubin. This interaction has not yet been reported in humans.
Bromelain
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs
Bromelain may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
There is one case report of a patient experiencing minor bruising while taking bromelain with naproxen. Bromelain is thought to have antiplatelet activity. Whether this interaction is of concern with topical bromelain is unclear. Interference with coagulation of burn wounds has been reported in a patient receiving bromelain-based enzymatic debridement. However, observational research has found that topical bromelain debridement is not associated with increases or decreases in laboratory markers of coagulation when compared with surgical debridement.
Tetracycline Antibiotics
Theoretically, bromelain might increase levels of tetracycline antibiotics.
Laboratory research suggests that bromelain might increase the absorption of tetracycline antibiotics. However, a study in healthy adults reported no difference in tetracycline plasma levels when a 500 mg dose was taken with or without bromelain 80 mg.
Bismuth Citrate
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs
Theoretically, use of bismuth subgallate or other bismuth salts might reduce the effects of anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs.
In humans, bismuth subgallate activates factor XII and accelerates the coagulation cascade.
Aspirin
Theoretically, bismuth subsalicylate might have an additive effect with other salicylate-containing drugs.
Dietary supplements often contain bismuth in the form of bismuth subsalicylate. In humans, oral bismuth subsalicylate is hydrolyzed in the stomach to form salicylate and bismuth oxychloride.
Omeprazole (Prilosec)
Theoretically, concomitant use of bismuth and omeprazole may increase the effects and side effects of bismuth.
In humans, omeprazole increases the absorption of bismuth from tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate. The area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and urinary excretion (Ae) of bismuth have been shown to be higher when tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate is administered with omeprazole (172 ± 158 mcg/L/hour and 1.9 ± 2.0 mg per eight hours, respectively) compared with administration alone (46 ± 33 mcg/L/hour and 0.27 ± 0.28 mg per eight hours, respectively).
Warfarin (Coumadin)
There is some concern that bismuth subsalicylate might increase the effects of warfarin.
In one case, a patient treated with warfarin had an increase in international normalized ratio (INR), from 2.56 to 3.54, following intake of bismuth subsalicylate 30 mL every 4 hours for 3 days. However, this interaction resulted from the displacement of warfarin from plasma protein binding sites by salicylate, which increased the free active form of warfarin. Therefore, this interaction is not likely to occur with other bismuth salts.
Brand information
Manufacturer and brand details for Muconell, from the product label.
DNA Dynamic Nutritional Associates
See all DNA Dynamic Nutritional Associates products- Name
- DNA Laboratories, Inc.
- Street Address
- P.O. Box 656
- City
- Chelan
- State
- WA
- ZipCode
- 98816
Muconell by DNA Dynamic Nutritional Associates: Common Questions
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Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy
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The Full Monographs Behind Muconell’s Ingredients
Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.
Bromelain
Interacts with 141 drugsBromelain is a group of protein-digesting enzymes from pineapple that people take mainly for inflammation, swelling, and sinus problems. Some early studies are promising, but the overall evi...
Read the full Bromelain monograph → Herb & supplement monographLactase
Lactase is a digestive enzyme supplement that helps people who lack enough natural lactase break down lactose, the sugar in milk and dairy. It can reduce gas, bloating, cramping, and diarrhe...
Read the full Lactase monograph → Herb & supplement monographSlippery Elm
Interacts with 2,022 drugsSlippery elm is a traditional herbal remedy made from the inner bark of a North American elm tree, used mainly to soothe sore throats and irritated digestive tracts. Its mucilage can coat an...
Read the full Slippery Elm monograph → Herb & supplement monographLicorice
Interacts with 1,040 drugsLicorice root is a traditional remedy used for sore throats, coughs, and digestive complaints, but solid human evidence is limited for most uses. Regular licorice contains glycyrrhizin, whic...
Read the full Licorice monograph → Herb & supplement monographProteolytic Enzymes (proteases)
Proteolytic enzymes are proteins that help break down other proteins, and common examples include bromelain (from pineapple), papain (from papaya), trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pancreatin. Peo...
Read the full Proteolytic Enzymes (proteases) monograph → Herb & supplement monographBismuth
Interacts with 125 drugsBismuth is a metallic element used in medicine mostly as bismuth subsalicylate (the active ingredient in some well-known stomach remedies) to ease upset stomach, heartburn, nausea, and diarr...
Read the full Bismuth monograph →Sources & How We Checked
Muconell's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.
- NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) — The official product label on file for this supplement.
- Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center) — Evidence-graded clinical reference behind the ingredient interaction data.
Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.
The 154 references behind this product’s interaction data
Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.
Bromelain 19 references
- Nettis E, Napoli G, Ferrannini A, Tursi A. IgE-mediated allergy to bromelain. Allergy 2001;56:257-8. PubMed
- Taussig SJ, Batkin S. Bromelain, the enzyme complex of pineapple (Ananas comosus) and its clinical application. An update. J Ethnopharmacol 1988;22:191-203.. PubMed
- Bradbrook ID, Morrison PJ, Rogers HJ. The effect of bromelain on the absorption of orally administered tetracycline. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1978;6:552-4. PubMed
- Bush TM, Rayburn KS, Holloway SW, et al. Adverse interactions between herbal and dietary substances and prescription medications: a clinical survey. Altern Ther Health Med 2007;13:30-5.
- Brien S, Lewith G, Walker AF, et al. Bromelain as an adjunctive treatment for moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. QJM 2006;99:841-50. PubMed
- Mori S, Ojima Y, Hirose T, et al. The clinical effect of proteolytic enzyme containing bromelain and trypsin on urinary tract infection evaluated by double blind method. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Jpn 1972;19:147-53.
- Glaser D, Hilberg T. The influence of bromelain on platelet count and platelet activity in vitro. Platelets 2006;17:37-41. PubMed
- Heinicke R M, van der Wal L, Yokoyama M. Effect of bromelain (Ananase) on human platelet aggregation. Experientia 1972;28:844-5. PubMed
- Gailhofer, G., Wilders-Truschnig, M., Smolle, J., and Ludvan, M. Asthma caused by bromelain: an occupational allergy. Clin Allergy 1988;18(5):445-450. PubMed
- Mattei, O., Fabri, G., and Farina, G. [Occupational health experience regarding four cases of asthma due to bromelain (author's transl)]. Medicina del Lavoro 1979;70(5):404-409.
- Galleguillos, F. and Rodriguez, J. C. Asthma caused by bromelin inhalation. Clin Allergy 1978;8(1):21-24. PubMed
- Perez-Camo I, Quirce S, Duran MA, and et al. Latex allergy: evidence of cross-reactivity with papain and bromelain [abstract]. Allergy 1996;51(suppl 31):48.
- Martin GJ, Ehrenreich J, and Asbell N. Bromelain: pineapple proteases with anti-edema activity. Exp Med Surg 1962;20:227-247.
- Kasemsuk T, Saengpetch N, Sibmooh N, Unchern S. Improved WOMAC score following 16-week treatment with bromelain for knee osteoarthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2016 Oct;35(10):2531-40. PubMed
- Kutlu Ö, DemirbaS A, Elmas ÖF, Güvenç U, Metin A. Fixed drug eruption: a new side effect of bromelain. Contact Dermatitis 2020. Online ahead of print. PubMed
- Shoham Y, Shapira E, Haik J, et al. Bromelain-based enzymatic debridement of chronic wounds: Results of a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Wound Repair Regen 2021;29(6):899-907. PubMed
- Pfister P, Garcia Wendel PD, Kim BS, et al. Coagulation side effects of enzymatic debridement in burned patients. Burns 2022. PubMed
- Hasham S, Riyat H, Fletcher A, O'Boyle CP, Alexander S. To bleed or not to bleed? Case series and discussion of haemorrhage risk with enzymatic debridement in burn injuries. Scars Burn Heal 2023;9:20595131231168333. PubMed
- Leelakanok N, Petchsomrit A, Janurai T, Saechan C, Sunsandee N. Efficacy and safety of bromelain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Health 2023. PubMed
Lactase 1 reference
- Laukkanen A, Ruoppi P, Remes S, Koistinen T, Mäkinen-Kiljunen S. Lactase-induced occupational protein contact dermatitis and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Contact Dermatitis. 2007;57(2):89-93. PubMed
Slippery Elm 3 references
- The Review of Natural Products by Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.
- Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.
- Czarnecki D, Nixon R, Bekhor P, and et al. Delayed prolonged contact urticaria from the elm tree. Contact Dermatitis 1993;28:196-197. PubMed
Licorice 92 references
- Farese RV Jr, Biglieri EG, Shackleton CH, et al. Licorice-induced hypermineralocorticoidism. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1223-7. PubMed
- Sigurjonsdottir HA, Ragnarsson J, Franzson L, Sigurdsson G. Is blood pressure commonly raised by moderate consumption of liquorice? J Hum Hypertens 1995;9:345-8.
- Armanini D, Lewicka S, Pratesi C, et al. Further studies on the mechanism of the mineralocorticoid action of licorice in humans. J Endocrinol Invest 1996;19:624-9. PubMed
- Zhang YD, Lorenzo B, Reidenberg MM. Inhibition of 11 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase obtained from guinea pig kidney by furosemide, naringenin and some other compounds. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1994;49:81-5.
- Strandberg TE, Jarvenpaa AL, Vanhanen H, McKeigue PM. Birth outcome in relation to licorice consumption during pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 2001;153:1085-8. PubMed
- Sigurjonsdottir HA, Franzson L, Manhem K, et al. Liquorice-induced rise in blood pressure: a linear dose-response relationship. J Hum Hypertens 2001;15:549-52. PubMed
- Amato P, Christophe S, Mellon PL. Estrogenic activity of herbs commonly used as remedies for menopausal symptoms. Menopause 2002;9:145-50. PubMed
- Kent UM, Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Hollenberg PF. The licorice root derived isoflavan glabridin inhibits the activities of human cytochrome P450S 3A4, 2B6, and 2C9. Drug Metab Dispos 2002;30:709-15.. PubMed
- Yoshida S, Takayama Y. Licorice-induced hypokalemia as a treatable cause of dropped head syndrome. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2003;105:286-7.. PubMed
- Strandberg TE, Andersson S, Jarvenpaa AL, et al. Preterm birth and licorice consumption during pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 2002;156:803-5.. PubMed
- Hussain RM. The sweet cake that reaches parts other cakes can't! Postgrad Med J 2003;79:115-6.. PubMed
- Morris DJ, Davis E, Latif SA. Licorice, tobacco chewing, and hypertension. N Engl J Med 1990;322:849-50. PubMed
- Quinkler M, Stewart PM. Hypertension and the cortisol-cortisone shuttle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:2384-92. PubMed
- Westman EC, Guthrie GP. Licorice, tobacco chewing, and hypertension. N Engl J Med 1990;322:850. PubMed
- Mu Y, Zhang J, Zhang S, et al. Traditional Chinese medicines Wu Wei Zi (Schisandra chinensis Baill) and Gan Cao (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch) activate pregnane X receptor and increase warfarin clearance in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006;316:1369-77. PubMed
- Yasue H, Itoh T, Mizuno Y, Harada E. Severe hypokalemia, rhabdomyolysis, muscle paralysis, and respiratory impairment in a hypertensive patient taking herbal medicines containing licorice. Intern Med 2007;46:575-8. PubMed
- Brayley J, Jones J. Life-threatening hypokalemia associated with excessive licorice ingestion (letter). Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:617-8. PubMed
- de Klerk GJ, Nieuwenhuis G, Beutler JJ. Hypokalaemia and hypertension associated with use of liquorice flavoured chewing gum. BMJ 1997;314:731-2.
- Dellow EL, Unwin RJ, Honour JW. Pontefract cakes can be bad for you: refractory hypertension and liquorice excess. Nephol Dial Transplant 1999;14:218-20. PubMed
- Elinav E, Chajek-Shaul T. Licorice consumption causing severe hypokalemic paralysis. Mayo Clin Proc 2003;78:767-8. PubMed
- Eriksson JW, Carlberg B, Hillom V. Life-threatening ventricular tachycardia due to liquorice-induced hypokalemia. J Intern Med 1999;245:307-10.
- Janse A, van Iersel M, Hoefnagels WH, Olde Rikker MG. The old lady who liked liquorice: hypertension due to chronic intoxication in a memory-impaired patient. Neth J Med 2005;63:149-50.
- Lin SH, Yang SS, Chau T, Halperin ML. An unusual cause of hypokalemic paralysis: chronic licorice ingestion. Am J Med Sci 2003;325:153-6. PubMed
- van den Bosch AE, van der Klooster JM, Zuidgeest DM, et al. Severe hypokalemic paralysis and rhabdomyolysis due to ingestion of liquorice. Neth J Med 2005;63:146-8.
- van Uum SH. Liquorice and hypertension. Neth J Med 2005;63:119-20.
- Russo S, Mastropasqua M, Mosetti MA, et al. Low doses of liquorice can induce hypertension encephalopathy. Am J Nephrol 2000;20:145-8. PubMed
- Stormer FC, Reistad R, Alexander J. Glycyrrhizic acid in liquorice - evaluation of health hazard. Food Chem Toxicol 1993;31:303-12. PubMed
- Sontia B, Mooney J, Gaudet L, Touyz RM. Pseudohyperaldosteronism, liquorice, and hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2008;10:153-7. PubMed
- Francini-Pesenti F, Puato M, Piccoli A, Brocadello F. Liquorice-induced hypokalaemia and water retention in the absence of hypertension. Phytother Res 2008;22:563-5. PubMed
- Lapi F, Gallo E, Bernasconi S, et al. Myopathies associated with red yeast rice and liquorice: spontaneous reports from the Italian Surveillance System of Natural Health Products. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008;66:572-4. PubMed
- Chen MF, Shimada F, Kato H, Yano S, Kanaoka M. Effect of glycyrrhizin on the pharmacokinetics of prednisolone following low dosage of prednisolone hemisuccinate. Endocrinol Jpn 1990;37:331-41. PubMed
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- Heidemann HT, Kreuzfelder E. Hypokalemic rhabdomyolysis with myoglobinuria due to licorice ingestion and diuretic treatment. Klin Wochenschr 1983;61:303-5. PubMed
- Hukkanen J, Ukkola O, Savolainen MJ. Effects of low-dose liquorice alone or in combination with hydrochlorothiazide on the plasma potassium in healthy volunteers. Blood Press 2009;18:192-5. PubMed
- Bisogni V, Rossi GP, Calò LA. Apparent mineralcorticoid excess syndrome, an often forgotten or unrecognized cause of hypokalemia and hypertension: case report and appraisal of the pathophysiology. Blood Press. 2014 Jun;23(3):189-92. PubMed
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- Lee, C. K., Park, K. K., Lim, S. S., Park, J. H., and Chung, W. Y. Effects of the licorice extract against tumor growth and cisplatin-induced toxicity in a mouse xenograft model of colon cancer. Biol Pharm Bull 2007;30(11):2191-2195. PubMed
- Isaia, G. C., Pellissetto, C., Ravazzoli, M., and Tamone, C. Acute adrenal crisis and hypercalcemia in a patient assuming high liquorice doses. Minerva Med 2008;99(1):91-94.
- Bocker, D. and Breithardt, G. [Induction of arrhythmia by licorice abuse]. Z Kardiol 1991;80(6):389-391.
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- Goultschin, J., Palmon, S., Shapira, L., Brayer, L., and Gedalia, I. Effect of glycyrrhizin-containing toothpaste on dental plaque reduction and gingival health in humans. A pilot study. J Clin Periodontol 1991;18(3):210-212. PubMed
- Scali, M., Pratesi, C., Zennaro, M. C., Zampollo, V., and Armanini, D. Pseudohyperaldosteronism from liquorice-containing laxatives. J Endocrinol Invest 1990;13(10):847-848. PubMed
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Proteolytic Enzymes (proteases) 3 references
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See these in context on the Proteolytic Enzymes (proteases) monograph →
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