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Dietary supplement

Ancient Herbals Echinacea + Astragalus Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Ancient Nutrition

Ancient Herbals Echinacea + Astragalus label
See full label image
Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Ancient Herbals Echinacea + Astragalus against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Ancient Herbals Echinacea + Astragalus is a dietary supplement by Ancient Nutrition with 3 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for immune support, colds and flu, upper respiratory infections.Based on those ingredients, 1,059 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Echinacea extract, Astragalus extract, Bacillus subtilis. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

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Check Your Meds Against Ancient Herbals Echinacea + Astragalus by Ancient Nutrition

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Ancient Herbals Echinacea + Astragalus by Ancient Nutrition — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Ancient Herbals Echinacea + Astragalus by Ancient Nutrition

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 12, 2026

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 1 of its 3 active ingredients.
  • “Immune Support Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (880 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.

This capsule contains three active ingredients: Astragalus extract, Bacillus subtilis (a live probiotic organism), and Echinacea extract, all grouped under an "Immune Support Blend." The product also includes inactive ingredients — hypromellose and rice fiber — which are fillers and capsule material.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: immune support and gut health.
  • We looked for evidence on: Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), Influenza, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Diarrhea, Antibiotic-associated diarrhea, Clostridioides difficile infection — and 4 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Bacillus Subtilis is rated "Possibly Effective" for Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Astragalus is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Chemotherapy-induced diarrhea, Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI).
  • Also on file: Echinacea is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), Influenza, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

The evidence we hold on these ingredients is incomplete. For astragalus, we have insufficient evidence to rate it for hay fever, amenorrhea, anemia, angina, asthma, and beta-thalassemia.

Bacillus subtilis is possibly effective for antibiotic-associated diarrhea, but insufficient evidence exists for athletic performance, cirrhosis, constipation, eczema, and diabetes. Echinacea's evidence is likewise insufficient for anxiety, athletic performance, ADHD, burns, chronic fatigue, and migraines.

None of these ingredients has established effectiveness for immune support specifically in our data.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Astragalus Echinacea Bacillus Subtilis

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 3 of the 3 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 3 of 3.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 3 of 3.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Astragalus is generally well tolerated short-term in healthy adults, though quality human safety data is limited. Rare adverse effects reported include dizziness and, intravenously, temporary palpitations and skin reactions — though these may not have been caused by astragalus.

Bacillus subtilis is generally well tolerated, but quality and safety vary by product and strain; one headache and rare diarrhea have been reported, and in immunocompromised patients, serious infections have occurred. Echinacea is well tolerated short-term and commonly causes minor stomach upset (nausea, diarrhea, constipation, heartburn, rash, or abdominal pain).

Rarely, severe allergic reactions (including anaphylaxis) and hepatitis have been reported, particularly in people sensitive to ragweed and related plants. For pregnancy, astragalus and bacillus subtilis both have insufficient safety data — the facts advise against use unless a doctor approves.

Echinacea is rated possibly safe in pregnancy, but we have no lactation data on file for any of these ingredients.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Astragalus Echinacea Bacillus Subtilis

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 3 of the 3 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Astragalus, Echinacea, Bacillus Subtilis.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; diabetes medications; lithium.
  • For scale: 1,060 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Double-check the following medication types before taking this product: immunosuppressants and diabetes drugs (both Moderate severity), antibiotic drugs (Bacillus subtilis requires separation), and drugs metabolized by your liver's CYP1A2 enzyme, including caffeine and certain chemotherapy agents (Moderate severity). Also verify blood thinners like warfarin (Minor) and HIV protease inhibitors (Minor).

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

Consider this product if you're interested in immune support and have no chronic conditions or medications — but talk to your pharmacist first, especially if you take diabetes drugs, immunosuppressants, lithium, or antibiotics. People with ragweed allergies or a history of liver problems should be cautious.

Anyone pregnant or breastfeeding should check with their doctor before starting.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 3 of 3 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Oct 22, 2021.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Ancient Herbals Echinacea + Astragalus, straight from the product label.

Brand Ancient Nutrition
Barcode (UPC) 816401025241
Net contents 60 Capsule(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Oct 22, 2021
DSLD ID 256407
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Ancient Herbals Echinacea + Astragalus by Ancient Nutrition, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
2 Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
2 Capsule(s)
Servings per container
30
UPC/BARCODE
816401025241
IngredientAmount% DV
Immune Support Blend880 mg--
Astragalus extract0 NP--
Bacillus subtilis20 mg--
Echinacea extract0 NP--

Other ingredients: Hypromellose, Rice Fiber

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General Statements

Dr. Axe Formula

Formulation

Immune support Digestive support

Supports a healthy immune system Promotes gut related immunity

Color and odor may vary from lot to lot.

Formula

2 Billion CFU

FDA Statement of Identity

Whole Food Dietary Supplement

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested Use: Adults take 2 capsules per day with 8 ounces of water, juice, coffee or tea.

Precautions

Warning: As with any dietary supplement, consult your healthcare practitioner before using this product, especially if you are pregnant, nursing or under medical supervision.

If you are currently undergoing HIV treatment, chemotherapy, or allograft therapy, do not use before consulting your physician. Do not use if safety seal is broken or missing.

Keep out of reach of children.

Notice: Use this product as a food supplement only. Do not use for weight reduction.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Ancient Herbals Echinacea + Astragalus by Ancient Nutrition label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Ancient Herbals Echinacea + Astragalus label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Ancient Herbals Echinacea + Astragalus by Ancient Nutrition

These are the 3 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size2 Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container30 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Immune Support Blend

880 mg per serving

Bacillus subtilis

Interacts with
182 drugs
20 mg per serving

Bacillus subtilis is a spore-forming probiotic bacterium found in soil and some fermented foods, and it is used mainly to support gut health and diges...

Bacillus subtilis monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Hypromellose, Rice Fiber. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Ancient Herbals Echinacea + Astragalus by Ancient Nutrition Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Ancient Herbals Echinacea + Astragalus?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
1,059Drugs
1,058 Moderate 1 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Echinacea extract 816
Astragalus extract 208
Bacillus subtilis 182

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Ancient Herbals Echinacea + Astragalus interact with 1,059 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

3 of the 3 ingredients in Ancient Herbals Echinacea + Astragalus interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Echinacea extract Astragalus extract Bacillus subtilis

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Ancient Herbals Echinacea + Astragalus with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Echinacea extract12 drug types · 816 drugs

Caffeine

Echinacea can increase plasma levels of caffeine by inhibiting its metabolism.
Echinacea seems to increase plasma concentrations of caffeine by around 30%. This is likely due to inhibition of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) by echinacea.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Echinacea appears to inhibit CYP1A2 enzymes in humans. Additionally, echinacea seems to increase plasma concentrations of caffeine, a CYP1A2 substrate, by around 30%. Theoretically, echinacea might increase levels of other drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Echinacea may induce hepatic CYP3A4 and inhibit intestinal CYP3A4. This may increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Several clinical trials have shown that taking echinacea for up to one month does not significantly affect the metabolism of various CYP3A4 substrates, including midazolam, docetaxel, etravirine, lopinavir-ritonavir, and darunavir-ritonavir. However, other clinical research shows that echinacea may increase the clearance of midazolam, suggesting that echinacea might induce CYP3A4. The discrepancy is thought to be due to differing effects of echinacea on intestinal versus hepatic CYP3A4 enzymes. Echinacea appears to induce hepatic CYP3A4 but inhibit intestinal CYP3A4. In some cases, these effects might cancel each other out, but in others, drug levels may be increased or decreased depending on the level of effect at hepatic and intestinal sites. The effect of echinacea on CYP3A4 activity may differ depending on the CYP3A4 substrate.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Etoposide (Vepesid)

Echinacea may increase levels of etoposide.
In one report, concomitant use of etoposide and echinacea was associated with more severe thrombocytopenia than the use of etoposide alone, suggesting inhibition of etoposide metabolism. Etoposide is a cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrate. Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but some studies have reported inhibition of the enzyme.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Immunosuppressants

Echinacea has immunostimulant activity which may interfere with immunosuppressant therapy.
Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with immunosuppressant therapy because of its immunostimulant activity.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Darunavir (Prezista)

Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with the metabolism of darunavir; however, a small clinical study found no effect.
Darunavir is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and is administered with the CYP3A4 inhibitor ritonavir to increase its plasma concentrations. Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but administration of an E. purpurea root extract (Arkocapsulas Echinacea, Arkopharma) 500 mg four times daily for 14 days did not affect darunavir/ritonavir pharmacokinetics in 15 HIV-infected patients.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Dayquil Severe

Echinacea is reported to have varying effects on a number of Cytochrome P450 metabolizing enzymes in the liver, including CYP1A2 and CYP3A4, which play a role in acetaminophen and dextromethorphan metabolism (both contained in DayQuil Severe), respectively. Studies have reported both enzyme inhibition and induction, making it difficult to predict clinically significant drug interactions with reliability. Specific drug interaction studies reporting definitive results are rare, and potential drug interactions involving echinacea should likely be taken on a case-by-case basis. Based on what we know about how acetaminophen and dextromethorphan are metabolized, the risk of a clinically significant interaction between echinacea and DayQuil Severe is low.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence A
Docetaxel (Taxotere)

Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with the metabolism of docetaxel; however, a small clinical study found no effect.
Docetaxel is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but taking E. purpurea whole plant extract (Echinaforce, A. Vogel Biopharma AG) 20 drops three times daily for 2 weeks did not alter the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel in one clinical study.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Etravirine (Intelence)

Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with the metabolism of etravirine; however, a small clinical study found no effect.
Etravirine is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but taking E. purpurea root extract (Arkocapsulas Echinacea, Arkopharma) 500 mg three times daily for 14 days did not alter the pharmacokinetics of etravirine in HIV-infected patients.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Lopinavir/Ritonavir (Kaletra)

Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with the metabolism of lopinavir; however, a small clinical study found no effect.
Lopinavir is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and is administered with the CYP3A4 inhibitor ritonavir to increase its plasma concentrations. Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but taking E. purpurea (Echinamide, Natural Factors Nutritional Products, Inc.) 500 mg three times daily for 14 days did not alter the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir in healthy volunteers.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Midazolam (Versed)

Theoretically, echinacea may increase the metabolism of intravenous midazolam.
Echinacea induces hepatic CYP3A4 and might decrease plasma levels of midazolam by about 20%, reducing the effectiveness of intravenous midazolam. Echinacea also appears to inhibit intestinal CYP3A4, which could theoretically increase the bioavailability of oral midazolam. This may cancel out the decrease in availability caused by induction of hepatic CYP3A4, such that overall plasma levels after oral administration of midazolam are not affected by echinacea.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Echinacea seems to increase the clearance of warfarin, although the effect may not be clinically significant.
Preliminary clinical research in healthy male volunteers suggests that taking echinacea increases the clearance of the active S-isomer of warfarin after a single dose of warfarin, but there was not a clinically significant effect on the INR.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Echinacea extract full monograph & interactions

Astragalus extract4 drug types · 208 drugs

Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, taking astragalus with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Clinical research in humans shows that astragalus might have hypoglycemic effects. Theoretically, taking astragalus, especially in combination with other hypoglycemic agents, might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.

Likelihood Probable Evidence A
Cyclophosphamide

Theoretically, astragalus might interfere with cyclophosphamide therapy.
Evidence regarding the effect of astragalus on immunosuppression caused by cyclophosphamide is conflicting. Some animal research suggests that astragalus reverses cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression. However, other animal research shows no effect.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Immunosuppressants

Theoretically, astragalus might interfere with immunosuppressive therapy.
Astragalus seems to stimulate immune function. Theoretically, taking astragalus might decrease the effects of immunosuppressive therapy.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Lithium

Theoretically, astragalus might increase levels and adverse effects of lithium.
Animal research suggests that astragalus has diuretic properties. Theoretically, due to this diuretic effect, astragalus might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Astragalus extract full monograph & interactions

Bacillus subtilis1 drug type · 182 drugs

Antibiotic Drugs

Theoretically, taking Bacillus subtilis with antibiotic drugs might decrease the effectiveness of B. subtilis.
Since B. subtilis preparations usually contain live and active organisms, simultaneously taking antibiotics might kill a significant number of the organisms. Tell patients to separate administration of antibiotics and B. subtilis preparations by at least 2 hours.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Bacillus subtilis full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Ancient Herbals Echinacea + Astragalus, from the product label.

Ancient Nutrition

See all Ancient Nutrition products
Name
Ancient Nutrition, LLC
Street Address
2000 Mallory Lane Suite 130-307
City
Franklin
State
TN
ZipCode
37067-8231
Web Address
www.AncientNutrition.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Ancient Herbals Echinacea + Astragalus by Ancient Nutrition: Common Questions

Does Ancient Herbals Echinacea + Astragalus by Ancient Nutrition interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Ancient Herbals Echinacea + Astragalus has a known interaction with 1,059 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Ancient Herbals Echinacea + Astragalus contains 3 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Can I take this while on antibiotics?
Not at the same time. Bacillus subtilis is a live probiotic organism, and antibiotics can kill it. Separate your doses — ask your pharmacist for the right timing based on which antibiotic you're taking.
Is this safe during pregnancy?
Echinacea is rated possibly safe in pregnancy, but astragalus and bacillus subtilis don't have enough safety data. The facts advise against using them unless your doctor approves. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist before starting if you're pregnant or planning to become pregnant.
What side effects should I expect?
Most people experience mild digestive upset — stomach pain, nausea, diarrhea, or constipation. Echinacea may cause rash or heartburn. Rarely, severe allergic reactions (including trouble breathing or swelling) or hepatitis have been reported, especially in people allergic to ragweed.
Does this actually work for immune support?
The evidence we hold doesn't establish effectiveness for general immune support. We have insufficient evidence for astragalus and echinacea on most conditions, and bacillus subtilis is only rated possibly effective for antibiotic-associated diarrhea.
I take diabetes medication — is this safe?
No — astragalus may lower your blood sugar further, raising the risk of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Don't start this without your doctor's approval and blood sugar monitoring.
What if I'm allergic to ragweed?
Be cautious. Echinacea is related to ragweed and can trigger allergic reactions in sensitive people, ranging from mild rash to severe reactions like anaphylaxis. Talk with your pharmacist before using it.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Ancient Herbals Echinacea + Astragalus is safe with your meds?

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Ancient Herbals Echinacea + Astragalus label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Ancient Herbals Echinacea + Astragalus’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Astragalus

Interacts with 208 drugs

Astragalus is a root used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine, mainly to support the immune system and help the body cope with stress. While early studies are interesting, strong h...

Read the full Astragalus monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Echinacea

Interacts with 816 drugs

Echinacea is a popular herb taken to help prevent or shorten the common cold, but study results are mixed and the overall benefit appears small at best. It is generally well tolerated for sh...

Read the full Echinacea monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Bacillus Subtilis

Interacts with 182 drugs

Bacillus subtilis is a spore-forming probiotic bacterium found in soil and some fermented foods, and it is used mainly to support gut health and digestion. Early research is promising for ce...

Read the full Bacillus Subtilis monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Ancient Herbals Echinacea + Astragalus's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 74 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Astragalus 13 references
  1. Upton R, ed. Astragalus Root: Analytical, quality control, and therapeutic monograph. Santa Cruz, CA: American Herbal Pharmacopoeia. 1999:1-25.
  2. Khoo KS, Ang PT. Extract of astragalus membranaceus and ligustrum lucidum does not prevent cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression. Singapore Med J 1995;36:387-90.
  3. Chu DT, Wong WL, Mavligit GM. Immunotherapy with Chinese medicinal herbs. II. Reversal of cyclophosphamide-induced immune suppression by administration of fractionated Astragalus membranaceus in vivo. J Clin Lab Immunol 1988;25:125-9.
  4. Sun Y, Hersh EM, Lee SL, et al. Preliminary observations on the effects of the Chinese medicinal herbs Astragalus membranaceus and Ligustrum lucidum on lymphocyte blastogenic responses. J Biol Response Mod 1983;2:227-37..
  5. Ma J, Peng A, Lin S. Mechanisms of the therapeutic effect of astragalus membranaceus on sodium and water retention in experimental heart failure. Chin Med J (Engl) 1998;111:17-23.
  6. Matkovic Z, Zivkovic V, Korica M, et al. Efficacy and safety of Astragalus membranaceus in the treatment of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Phytother Res 2010;24:175-81.
  7. Zhang, J. G., Yang, N., He, H., Wei, G. H., Gao, D. S., Wang, X. L., Wang, X. Z., and Song, G. Y. [Effect of Astragalus injection on plasma levels of apoptosis-related factors in aged patients with chronic heart failure.]. Chin J Integr.Med 2005;11(3):18 PubMed
  8. Chen, H. W., Lin, I. H., Chen, Y. J., Chang, K. H., Wu, M. H., Su, W. H., Huang, G. C., and Lai, Y. L. A novel infusible botanically-derived drug, PG2, for cancer-related fatigue: a phase II double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study. Clin Invest PubMed
  9. Tian H, Lu J, He H, et al.The effect of Astragalus as an adjuvant treatment in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A (preliminary) meta-analysis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016;191:206-215. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.062. PubMed
  10. Hong KF, Liu PY, Zhang W, Gui DK, Xu YH. The Efficacy and Safety of Astragalus as an Adjuvant Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Integr Complement Med 2023. PubMed
  11. Chan KW, Kwong ASK, Tsui PN, et al. Add-on astragalus in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: A multi-center, assessor-blind, randomized controlled trial. Phytomedicine 2024;130:155457. PubMed
  12. Han X, Yu T, Chen X, Du Z, Yu M, Xiong J. Effect of Astragalus membranaceus on left ventricular remodeling in HFrEF: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol 2024;15:1345797. PubMed
  13. Jing P, Hongzheng H, Zhenqi WU, Meijuan Z, Zuojing LI, Gang C. Long-term efficacy and safety of Huangqi ()-based Traditional Chinese Medicine in diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Tradit Chin Med 2024;44(2):

See these in context on the Astragalus monograph →

Bacillus Subtilis 10 references
  1. Pierce A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines. New York: The Stonesong Press, 1999:19.
  2. Lampropoulos PK, Gkentzi D, Tzifas S, Dimitriou G. Neonatal sepsis due to Bacillus subtilis. Cureus 2021;13(9):e17692. PubMed
  3. La Jeon Y, Yang JJ, Kim MJ, et al. Combined Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis infection in a patient with oesophageal perforation. J Med Microbiol 2012;61(Pt 12):1766-1769. PubMed
  4. Wallet F, Crunelle V, Roussel-Delvallez M, Fruchart A, Saunier P, Courcol RJ. Bacillus subtilis as a cause of cholangitis in polycystic kidney and liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1996;91(7):1477-8.
  5. Velasco E, Martins CA, Tabak D, Bouzas LF. "Bacillus subtilis" infection in a patient submitted to a bone marrow transplantation. Rev Paul Med 1992;110(3):116-7.
  6. Kato A, Yoshifuji A, Komori K, et al. A case of Bacillus subtilis var. natto bacteremia caused by ingestion of natto during COVID-19 treatment in a maintenance hemodialysis patient with multiple myeloma. J Infect Chemother 2022;28(8):1212-1215. PubMed
  7. Freedman KE, Hill JL, Wei Y, et al. Examining the gastrointestinal and immunomodulatory effects of the novel probiotic Bacillus subtilis DE111. Int J Mol Sci 2021;22(5):2453. PubMed
  8. Lefevre M, Racedo SM, Denayrolles M, et al. Safety assessment of Bacillus subtilis CU1 for use as a probiotic in humans. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017;83:54-65. PubMed
  9. Hanifi A, Culpepper T, Mai V, et al. Evaluation of Bacillus subtilis R0179 on gastrointestinal viability and general wellness: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in healthy adults. Benef Microbes 2015;6(1):19-27. PubMed
  10. Tokano M, Tarumoto N, Imai K, et al. A case of bacterial meningitis caused by Bacillus subtilis var. natto. Intern Med. 2022. Epub ahead of print.

See these in context on the Bacillus Subtilis monograph →

Echinacea 51 references
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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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