Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 3 of 4 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Esberitox Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Nature's Way

Esberitox label
See full label image
Tablet Or Pill Category: Botanical
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Esberitox against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Esberitox is a dietary supplement by Nature's Way with 4 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for common cold, flu and respiratory infections, immune support.Based on those ingredients, 1,118 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Purple Coneflower Root Extract, Eastern White Cedar Leaf Extract. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Esberitox by Nature's Way

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Esberitox by Nature's Way — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Esberitox by Nature's Way

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 0 of its 4 active ingredients.
  • “Extract Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (19.20 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.

Esberitox contains 4 active ingredients: two echinacea extracts (Purple Coneflower Root and Pale Purple Coneflower Root), Eastern White Cedar Leaf Extract (thuja), and Wild Indigo Root Extract. These are combined in an extract blend.

The product also contains inactive ingredients — lactose, sugar, macrogol, and magnesium stearate — which act as fillers and binders.

Does it work?

Not established
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Not established

The graded evidence we hold for these ingredients covers different conditions than the ones this product is marketed for, so there's no established rating for its stated use.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: immune support.
  • We looked for evidence on: Common cold, Influenza, Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), Tonsillitis, Otitis media, Immune function — and 2 related terms.
  • The closest evidence on file: Wild Indigo is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Common cold (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Echinacea is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), Otitis media, Influenza, Tonsillitis.
  • Also on file: Thuja is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Common cold.

The evidence on Esberitox's ingredients isn't established in the data we hold. Both echinacea extracts and wild indigo show insufficient reliable evidence for anxiety, athletic performance, ADHD, burns, chronic fatigue syndrome, and migraine headache.

The same applies to thuja and wild indigo for the common cold. Without established effectiveness data, we can't tell you whether this product works for its intended purpose.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Echinacea Thuja Wild Indigo

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 3 of the 3 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 3 of 3.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 3 of 3.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Echinacea is generally well tolerated short-term. The most common side effects are abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, rashes, and stomach upset.

Severe allergic reactions and hepatitis are rare but have been reported, especially in people sensitive to ragweed and related plants (chrysanthemums, marigolds, daisies). Thuja contains thujone, a neurotoxin; large doses can cause headache, nervousness, seizures, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and even liver or kidney damage.

Wild indigo in large doses is poisonous and can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramping. For pregnancy: echinacea is rated possibly safe, but thuja and wild indigo are likely unsafe — the safety data advises against both during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Echinacea Thuja Wild Indigo

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 2 of the 3 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Echinacea, Thuja.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; seizure medications; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs.
  • For scale: 1,119 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check your medications if you take seizure threshold-lowering drugs (like anesthetics), immunosuppressants, anticonvulsants, blood thinners (like warfarin), cancer drugs (especially etoposide), anti-HIV medications (like lopinavir/ritonavir), sedatives (like midazolam), or large amounts of caffeine. These are the main drug types our data links to the echinacea and thuja in this product.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with no established evidence rating for its marketed use. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

Esberitox contains herbal extracts that interact with a significant number of medications, especially those affecting liver enzymes, immune function, and seizure control. If you take any prescription drugs — particularly blood thinners, cancer medications, immunosuppressants, anticonvulsants, or anti-HIV drugs — talk with your pharmacist or doctor before starting this product.

Pregnant or breastfeeding women should not use it.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 4 of 4 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Sep 25, 2023.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Esberitox, straight from the product label.

Brand Nature's Way
Barcode (UPC) 763948099511
Net contents 100 Chewable Tablet(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Sep 25, 2023
DSLD ID 293272
Product type Botanical
Supplement form Tablet Or Pill
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Children 4 or More Years of Age, Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Esberitox by Nature's Way, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 Chewable Tablet(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
6 Chewable Tablet(s)
Servings per container
16
UPC/BARCODE
763948099511
IngredientAmount% DV
Calories5 Calorie(s)--
Total Carbohydrates2 Gram(s)1%
Added Sugars2 Gram(s)4%
Total Sugars2 Gram(s)--
Extract Blend19.2 mg--
Purple Coneflower Root Extract0 NP--
Pale Purple Coneflower Root Extract0 NP--
Eastern White Cedar Leaf Extract0 NP--
Wild Indigo Root Extract0 NP--

Other ingredients: Lactose, Sugar, Macrogol, Magnesium Stearate

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General Statements

Vs. other products more convenient!

Feel better faster!

Great tasting!

Time-tested remedy in Europe for more than 90 years. Feel better with Esberitox! Mean response time 8 days 4 days Esberitox Without Esberitox In a study, people responded more than 2 days faster when using Esberitox.

Questions? 1-800-9NATURE

Formulation

Great-tasting chewable! Immune-boosting power for the entire family!

Immune support

Convenient way to boost the immune system.

Anytime... anywhere... when you want to feel better faster... boost your immune system with Esberitox!

Gluten free. No yeast-derived ingredients, wheat, soy, or artificial colors, flavors, or preservatives.

Product of Germany

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Formula

Supercharged Echinacea

Not feeling at your peak? Count on triple-action Esberitox Supercharged Echinacea to feel better faster! More than Echinacea alone Contains two types of Echinacea, plus a dynamic blend of immune-enhancing herbs to boost your natural defenses

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Recommendation: Take 6 tablets three times daily initially for faster results. Reduce to 4 tablets three times daily as you begin to feel better. Adults 4-6 tablets, 3 times daily Children over 12 4-6 tablets, 3 times daily Age 7-11 2-3 tablets, 3 times daily Age 4-6 1-2 tablets, 3 times daily

Precautions

Warning: Do not use if you are pregnant, nursing, or under 4 years of age.

Warning: Do not use if you are pregnant, nursing, or under 4 years of age.

Not recommended for individuals with autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiencies, progressive systemic disease, diseases of the white blood cell system, or those who are taking immunosuppressive therapy.

Individuals who are allergic to echinacea or other ingredients of Esberitox, should not use this product.

If you are taking medications, consult a healthcare professional before use.

Hypersensitivity, gastrointestinal discomfort or dizziness may occur. If you observe these or other side effects, discontinue use and consult a health care professional.

Keep out of reach of children.

This product has tamper evident foil pouch. Do not use if foil or plastic is punctured.

Brand IP Statement(s)

schaper & brummer Esberitox is a registered trademark of Schaper & Brummer GmbH & Co. KG

Copyright 2022

Storage

Store at room temperature. Avoid excessive heat and direct sunlight.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Esberitox by Nature's Way label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Esberitox label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Esberitox by Nature's Way

These are the 4 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 Chewable Tablet(s) Dosage formTablet Or Pill Servings per container16 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Other (inactive) ingredients: Lactose, Sugar, Macrogol, Magnesium Stearate. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Esberitox by Nature's Way Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Esberitox?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
1,118Drugs
1,117 Moderate 1 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Purple Coneflower Root Extract 816
Eastern White Cedar Leaf Extract 576

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Esberitox interact with 1,118 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

2 of the 4 ingredients in Esberitox interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Purple Coneflower Root Extract Eastern White Cedar Leaf Extract

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Esberitox with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Purple Coneflower Root Extract12 drug types · 816 drugs

Caffeine

Echinacea can increase plasma levels of caffeine by inhibiting its metabolism.
Echinacea seems to increase plasma concentrations of caffeine by around 30%. This is likely due to inhibition of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) by echinacea.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Echinacea appears to inhibit CYP1A2 enzymes in humans. Additionally, echinacea seems to increase plasma concentrations of caffeine, a CYP1A2 substrate, by around 30%. Theoretically, echinacea might increase levels of other drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Echinacea may induce hepatic CYP3A4 and inhibit intestinal CYP3A4. This may increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Several clinical trials have shown that taking echinacea for up to one month does not significantly affect the metabolism of various CYP3A4 substrates, including midazolam, docetaxel, etravirine, lopinavir-ritonavir, and darunavir-ritonavir. However, other clinical research shows that echinacea may increase the clearance of midazolam, suggesting that echinacea might induce CYP3A4. The discrepancy is thought to be due to differing effects of echinacea on intestinal versus hepatic CYP3A4 enzymes. Echinacea appears to induce hepatic CYP3A4 but inhibit intestinal CYP3A4. In some cases, these effects might cancel each other out, but in others, drug levels may be increased or decreased depending on the level of effect at hepatic and intestinal sites. The effect of echinacea on CYP3A4 activity may differ depending on the CYP3A4 substrate.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Etoposide (Vepesid)

Echinacea may increase levels of etoposide.
In one report, concomitant use of etoposide and echinacea was associated with more severe thrombocytopenia than the use of etoposide alone, suggesting inhibition of etoposide metabolism. Etoposide is a cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrate. Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but some studies have reported inhibition of the enzyme.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Immunosuppressants

Echinacea has immunostimulant activity which may interfere with immunosuppressant therapy.
Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with immunosuppressant therapy because of its immunostimulant activity.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Darunavir (Prezista)

Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with the metabolism of darunavir; however, a small clinical study found no effect.
Darunavir is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and is administered with the CYP3A4 inhibitor ritonavir to increase its plasma concentrations. Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but administration of an E. purpurea root extract (Arkocapsulas Echinacea, Arkopharma) 500 mg four times daily for 14 days did not affect darunavir/ritonavir pharmacokinetics in 15 HIV-infected patients.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Dayquil Severe

Echinacea is reported to have varying effects on a number of Cytochrome P450 metabolizing enzymes in the liver, including CYP1A2 and CYP3A4, which play a role in acetaminophen and dextromethorphan metabolism (both contained in DayQuil Severe), respectively. Studies have reported both enzyme inhibition and induction, making it difficult to predict clinically significant drug interactions with reliability. Specific drug interaction studies reporting definitive results are rare, and potential drug interactions involving echinacea should likely be taken on a case-by-case basis. Based on what we know about how acetaminophen and dextromethorphan are metabolized, the risk of a clinically significant interaction between echinacea and DayQuil Severe is low.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence A
Docetaxel (Taxotere)

Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with the metabolism of docetaxel; however, a small clinical study found no effect.
Docetaxel is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but taking E. purpurea whole plant extract (Echinaforce, A. Vogel Biopharma AG) 20 drops three times daily for 2 weeks did not alter the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel in one clinical study.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Etravirine (Intelence)

Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with the metabolism of etravirine; however, a small clinical study found no effect.
Etravirine is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but taking E. purpurea root extract (Arkocapsulas Echinacea, Arkopharma) 500 mg three times daily for 14 days did not alter the pharmacokinetics of etravirine in HIV-infected patients.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Lopinavir/Ritonavir (Kaletra)

Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with the metabolism of lopinavir; however, a small clinical study found no effect.
Lopinavir is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and is administered with the CYP3A4 inhibitor ritonavir to increase its plasma concentrations. Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but taking E. purpurea (Echinamide, Natural Factors Nutritional Products, Inc.) 500 mg three times daily for 14 days did not alter the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir in healthy volunteers.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Midazolam (Versed)

Theoretically, echinacea may increase the metabolism of intravenous midazolam.
Echinacea induces hepatic CYP3A4 and might decrease plasma levels of midazolam by about 20%, reducing the effectiveness of intravenous midazolam. Echinacea also appears to inhibit intestinal CYP3A4, which could theoretically increase the bioavailability of oral midazolam. This may cancel out the decrease in availability caused by induction of hepatic CYP3A4, such that overall plasma levels after oral administration of midazolam are not affected by echinacea.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Echinacea seems to increase the clearance of warfarin, although the effect may not be clinically significant.
Preliminary clinical research in healthy male volunteers suggests that taking echinacea increases the clearance of the active S-isomer of warfarin after a single dose of warfarin, but there was not a clinically significant effect on the INR.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Purple Coneflower Root Extract full monograph & interactions

Eastern White Cedar Leaf Extract3 drug types · 576 drugs

Anticonvulsants

Thuja products can contain thujone, which might lower the seizure threshold. Theoretically, this could decrease the effectiveness of anticonvulsants drugs.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Immunosuppressants

Thuja might stimulate immune function. Theoretically, taking thuja might decrease the effects of immunosuppressive therapy. Immunosuppressant drugs include azathioprine (Imuran), basiliximab (Simulect), cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune), daclizumab (Zenapax), muromonab-CD3 (OKT3, Orthoclone OKT3), mycophenolate (CellCept), tacrolimus (FK506, Prograf), sirolimus (Rapamune), prednisone (Deltasone, Orasone), and other corticosteroids (glucocorticoids).

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Seizure Threshold Lowering Drugs

Thuja products can contains significant amounts of thujone, a neurotoxin. Theoretically, patients taking drugs that lower the seizure threshold might be at greater risk of seizure if they also take thuja. Advise patients taking these drugs to avoid thuja products. Some drugs that lower the seizure threshold include anesthetics (propofol, others), antiarrhythmics (mexiletine), antibiotics (amphotericin, penicillin, cephalosporins, imipenem), antidepressants (bupropion, others), antihistamines (cyproheptadine, others), immunosuppressants (cyclosporine), narcotics (fentanyl, others), stimulants (methylphenidate), theophylline, and others.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Eastern White Cedar Leaf Extract full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Esberitox, from the product label.

Nature's Way

See all Nature's Way products
Name
Nature's Way Brands, LLC
City
Green Bay
State
WI
ZipCode
54311
Phone Number
1-800-962-8873
Web Address
naturesway.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Esberitox by Nature's Way: Common Questions

Does Esberitox by Nature's Way interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Esberitox has a known interaction with 1,118 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Esberitox contains 4 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Can I take this if I have allergies to ragweed or daisies?
You should be careful. Echinacea in this product may trigger allergic reactions in people sensitive to ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, and daisies — all related plants. If you have known allergies to these, talk with your pharmacist or doctor before taking Esberitox.
What are the most common side effects?
The most common side effects from echinacea are stomach upset, nausea, diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, heartburn, vomiting, and rashes. Thuja can cause similar stomach issues in large doses, plus nervousness and headache.
Is it safe to take while pregnant?
Echinacea is rated possibly safe in pregnancy, but thuja and wild indigo are likely unsafe — the safety data advises against them during pregnancy. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist about whether Esberitox is right for you if you're pregnant or planning to become pregnant.
Is it safe while breastfeeding?
No. Thuja and wild indigo are rated likely unsafe while breastfeeding, and echinacea's safety while nursing is also limited. The safety data advises caution or avoidance. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist before using this product if you're nursing.
Can this product help with the common cold?
The evidence isn't established in the data we hold. All three herbal ingredients — echinacea, thuja, and wild indigo — show insufficient reliable evidence for the common cold, so we can't tell you whether Esberitox works for that purpose.
What should I do if I get severe stomach pain or feel dizzy after taking it?
Stop taking it and contact your pharmacist or doctor right away. Large doses of thuja and wild indigo can be toxic, and both echinacea and thuja have been linked to rare but serious liver and nerve issues in case reports.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Esberitox label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Esberitox’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Echinacea

Interacts with 816 drugs

Echinacea is a popular herb taken to help prevent or shorten the common cold, but study results are mixed and the overall benefit appears small at best. It is generally well tolerated for sh...

Read the full Echinacea monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Thuja

Interacts with 576 drugs

Thuja, also called northern white cedar or arborvitae, is a tree whose leaf and oil have a long history in folk and homeopathic medicine, especially for warts and immune support. Solid human...

Read the full Thuja monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Wild Indigo

Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria) is a traditional herb most often used in combination products for colds and immune support, but high-quality human evidence is very limited. It can be toxic...

Read the full Wild Indigo monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Esberitox's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 64 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Echinacea 51 references
  1. Mullins RJ. Echinacea-associated anaphylaxis. Med J Aust 1998;168:170-1. PubMed
  2. Mullins RJ. Allergic reactions to Echinacea. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;104:S340-341 (Abstract 1003).
  3. Chavez ML, Chavez PI. Echinacea. Hosp Pharm 1998;33:180-8.
  4. Grimm W, Muller HH. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of fluid extract of Echinacea purpurea on the incidence and severity of colds and respiratory infections. Am J Med 1999;106:138-43. PubMed
  5. Taylor JA, Weber W, Standish L, et al. Efficacy and safety of echinacea in treating upper respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290:2824-30.. PubMed
  6. Luettig B, Steinmuller C, Gifford GE, et al. Macrophage activation by the polysaccharide arabinogalactan isolated from plant cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989;81:669-75. PubMed
  7. Stimpel M, Proksch A, Wagner H, et al. Macrophage activation and induction of macrophage cytotoxicity by purified polysaccharide fractions from the plant Echinacea purpurea. Infect Immun 1984;46:845-9. PubMed
  8. Budzinski JW, Foster BC, Vandenhoek S, Arnason JT. An in vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition by selected commercial herbal extracts and tinctures. Phytomedicine 2000;7:273-82. PubMed
  9. Gallo M, Sarkar M, Au W, et al. Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to echinacea: A prospective controlled study. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:3141-3. PubMed
  10. Soon SL, Crawford RI. Recurrent erythema nodosum associated with echinacea herbal therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:298-9. PubMed
  11. Mullins RJ, Heddle R. Adverse reactions associated with echinacea: the Australian experience. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002;88:42-51. PubMed
  12. Logan JL, Ahmed J. Critical hypokalemic renal tubular acidosis due to Sjogren's syndrome: association with the purported immune stimulant echinacea. Clin Rheumatol 2003;22:158-9.
  13. Schulten B, Bulitta M, Ballering-Bruhl B, et al. Efficacy of Echinacea purpurea in patients with a common cold. A placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind clinical trial. Arzneimittelforschung 2001;51:563-8.. PubMed
  14. Yale SH, Glurich I. Analysis of the inhibitory potential of Ginkgo biloba, Echinacea purpurea, and Serenoa repens on the metabolic activity of cytochrome P450 3A4, 2D6, and 2C9. J Altern Complement Med 2005;11:433-9.
  15. Yale SH, Liu K. Echinacea purpurea therapy for the treatment of the common cold: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1237-41. PubMed
  16. Gorski JC, Huang S, Zaheer NA, et al. The effect of echinacea (Echinacea purpurea root) on cytochrome P450 activity in vivo.Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;73 (Abstract PDII-A-8):P94. PubMed
  17. Lee AN, Werth VP. Activation of autoimmunity following use of immunostimulatory herbal supplements. Arch Dermatol 2004;140:723-7. PubMed
  18. Goel V, Lovlin R, Barton R, et al. Efficacy of a standardized echinacea preparation (Echinilin) for the treatment of the common cold: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Pharm Ther 2004;29:75-83.
  19. Barrett B. Medicinal properties of Echinacea: a critical review. Phytomedicine 2003;10:66-86. PubMed
  20. Huntley AL, Thompson Coon J, Ernst E. The safety of herbal medicinal products derived from Echinacea species: a systematic review. Drug Saf 2005;28:387-400. PubMed
  21. Turner RB, Bauer R, Woelkart K, et al. An evaluation of Echinacea angustifolia in experimental rhinovirus infections. N Engl J Med 2005;353:341-8.
  22. Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA, et al. In vivo assessment of botanical supplementation on human cytochrome P450 phenotypes: Citrus aurantium, Echinacea purpurea, milk thistle, and saw palmetto. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;76:428-40. .
  23. Perri D, Dugoua JJ, Mills E, Koren G. Safety and efficacy of echinacea (Echinacea augustafolia, e. purpurea and e. pallida) during pregnancy and lactation. Can J Clin Pharmacol 2006;13:e262-7.
  24. Kocaman O, Hulagu S, Senturk O. Echinacea-induced severe acute hepatitis with features of cholestatic autoimmune hepatitis. Eur J Intern Med 2008;19:148. PubMed
  25. Barrett B, Brown R, Rakel D. et al. Echinacea for treating the common cold: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2010;153:769-77. PubMed
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See these in context on the Thuja monograph →

Wild Indigo 3 references
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See these in context on the Wild Indigo monograph →

Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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