Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 6 of 8 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Precursor Fruit Punch Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Science Powered Supplements

Precursor Fruit Punch label
See full label image
Powder Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Precursor Fruit Punch against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Precursor Fruit Punch is a dietary supplement by Science Powered Supplements with 8 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for athletic performance and recovery, reducing fatigue, sleep and stress support.Based on those ingredients, 1,111 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Grape seed extract, Agmatine Sulfate, L-Citrulline Malate. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Precursor Fruit Punch by Science Powered Supplements

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Precursor Fruit Punch by Science Powered Supplements — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Precursor Fruit Punch by Science Powered Supplements

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 0 of its 8 active ingredients.
  • “Advanced Pump Matrix” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (5,100 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.
  • “SPS Energy Complex” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (1,100 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.

Precursor Fruit Punch contains 8 active ingredients. L-tyrosine is an amino acid that serves as a building block for brain chemicals and thyroid hormones.

L-ornithine is another amino acid, and CarnoSyn (beta-alanine) is included to support muscle performance and endurance. L-citrulline malate is an amino acid that converts to arginine in the body and may support blood flow and workout recovery.

L-norvaline, agmatine sulfate, and grape seed extract round out the formula with compounds intended to support athletic performance and circulation. elevATP is also listed as an active ingredient but we hold no detailed data on it. The product is formulated as a powder with inactive ingredients including citric acid, natural flavor, sucralose, acesulfame potassium, silica, and FD&C Red No.

40.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: explosive pre-workout formula for athletic gains.
  • We looked for evidence on: Athletic performance, Physical performance, Muscle soreness, Muscle strength, Exercise-induced muscle breakdown, Fatigue — and 4 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Ornithine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Athletic performance (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Beta-alanine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Athletic performance, Physical performance.
  • Also on file: L-citrulline is rated "Possibly Effective" for Athletic performance.

L-tyrosine is effective for phenylketonuria (PKU) and possibly effective for cognitive function and memory. L-ornithine and beta-alanine (CarnoSyn) are both possibly effective for athletic performance.

L-citrulline malate is also possibly effective for athletic performance. Grape seed extract is possibly effective for chronic venous insufficiency (poor circulation in the legs and feet) but possibly ineffective for chemotherapy-related nausea, hay fever, and obesity.

For the other conditions listed in the data — including anxiety, bipolar disorder, heart failure, and diabetes — the evidence isn't established enough to rate these ingredients.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Ornithine Beta-alanine L-citrulline Agmatine Tyrosine Grape

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 5 of the 6 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 6 of 6.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 6 of 6.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

L-tyrosine is generally well tolerated in healthy adults but we don't have enough long-term safety data; the most common side effects in trials were fatigue, headache, heartburn, and nausea. L-ornithine is generally well tolerated short-term but long-term safety isn't well studied.

Beta-alanine (CarnoSyn) is generally well tolerated and commonly causes a harmless tingling sensation in the skin and flushing that usually lasts about an hour. L-citrulline malate is generally well tolerated but long-term safety hasn't been fully studied; gastrointestinal discomfort and heartburn are reported.

Agmatine sulfate appears well tolerated short-term; diarrhea, indigestion, and nausea have been reported in small studies. Grape seed extract is generally well tolerated, with the most common side effects being abdominal pain, diarrhea, dry mouth, indigestion, headache, joint pain, and nausea — anaphylaxis to grape skin is rare.

During pregnancy, L-ornithine, beta-alanine, L-citrulline, and agmatine all lack enough safety data; the supplement is best avoided. L-tyrosine also lacks sufficient pregnancy data.

Grape seed extract should be avoided in concentrated supplement form during pregnancy due to limited data, though whole grapes as food are fine. During breastfeeding, similar caution applies to L-tyrosine, L-ornithine, beta-alanine, L-citrulline, and agmatine — not enough data exists.

Grape seed extract safety while breastfeeding is unknown, so supplemental use is best avoided.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Ornithine Beta-alanine L-citrulline Agmatine Tyrosine Grape

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 4 of the 6 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Grape, Tyrosine, L-citrulline, Agmatine.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; diabetes medications; Parkinson's medications.
  • For scale: 1,112 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Double-check this product if you take levodopa (for Parkinson's), thyroid hormone medications, blood pressure medications, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (erectile dysfunction drugs), diabetes medications, blood thinners or antiplatelet drugs, cyclosporine (an immunosuppressant), or medications processed through certain liver enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, or CYP2E1) — including sedatives like midazolam. These are Moderate-severity interactions across several ingredients.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This is a performance-oriented pre-workout powder aimed at people looking to boost athletic endurance and muscle support. If you take levodopa, thyroid medication, blood pressure medication, diabetes drugs, blood thinners, cyclosporine, or sedatives like midazolam, talk to your pharmacist or doctor before using this product — several ingredients can interact with these medications.

The supplement is generally well tolerated in healthy adults but shouldn't be used during pregnancy or breastfeeding without medical guidance.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 6 of 8 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Oct 27, 2014.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Precursor Fruit Punch, straight from the product label.

Brand Science Powered Supplements
Barcode (UPC) 855710002185
Net contents 7.14 Oz(s); 203 Gram(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Oct 27, 2014
DSLD ID 38731
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Powder
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Precursor Fruit Punch by Science Powered Supplements, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
6.75 Gram(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
6.75 Gram(s)
Servings per container
30
UPC/BARCODE
855710002185
IngredientAmount% DV
L-Tyrosine0 NP--
L-Ornithine0 NP--
CarnoSyn0 NP--
L-Citrulline Malate0 NP--
L-Norvaline0 NP--
Agmatine Sulfate0 NP--
Grape seed extract0 NP--
Advanced Pump Matrix5100 mg--
SPS Energy Complex1100 mg--
elevATP(TM)0 NP--

Other ingredients: Citric Acid, Natural flavor, Sucralose, Acesulfame Potassium, Silica, FD&C Red No. 40

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Brand IP Statement(s)

CarnoSyn(R) trademark and patents owned by Natural Alternatives International, Inc.

General Statements

Contents may settle after shipping. Shake container prior to each use to redistribute ingredients.

SPs

- Explosive Pre-Workout Formula * - Scientifically Formulated to Maximize Your Gains * - Increase Focus, Energy, Pumps, Size, and Strength *

This product contains Beta-Alanine and may cause a temporary tingling sensation on your skin. This is normal. With continued use, the intensity of the sensation will decrease or disappear.

Precautions

KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN.

USE ONLY AS DIRECTED.

Warning: This product is only intended to be consumed by healthy adults 18 years of age or older.

Before using this product consult with your physician if you are using any prescription or over the counter medication, pregnant or nursing, or if you have any pre-existing medical condition.

Discontinue use and consult your health care professional if you experience any adverse reaction to this product. Do not exceed recommended serving. Do not use if safety seal is broken or missing.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Seals/Symbols

CarnoSyn(TM) Carnosine Synthesizer

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Directed Use on Workout Days: To determine tolerance, begin with one serving (1 scoop) mixed with (6-10 oz.) of water 30-45 minutes before training. After tolerance has been assessed, take one to two servings (1-2 scoops) 30-45 minutes before training. Add (6-10 oz.) of water for each serving.

Formula

This product contains Beta-Alanine and may cause a temporary tingling sensation on your skin.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Precursor Fruit Punch by Science Powered Supplements label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Precursor Fruit Punch label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Precursor Fruit Punch by Science Powered Supplements

These are the 8 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size6.75 Gram(s) Dosage formPowder Servings per container30 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Advanced Pump Matrix

5100 mg per serving

SPS Energy Complex

1100 mg per serving

Other (inactive) ingredients: Citric Acid, Natural flavor, Sucralose, Acesulfame Potassium, Silica, FD&C Red No. 40. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Precursor Fruit Punch by Science Powered Supplements Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Precursor Fruit Punch?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
1,111Drugs
1,089 Moderate 22 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Grape seed extract 910
Agmatine Sulfate 258
L-Citrulline Malate 178
L-Tyrosine 21

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Precursor Fruit Punch interact with 1,111 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

4 of the 8 ingredients in Precursor Fruit Punch interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Grape seed extract Agmatine Sulfate L-Citrulline Malate L-Tyrosine

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Precursor Fruit Punch with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Grape seed extract9 drug types · 910 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, grape extracts may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro evidence suggests that grape extracts might decrease platelet aggregation.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)

Ingesting grape juice with cyclosporine can reduce cyclosporine absorption.
A small pharmacokinetic study in healthy young adults shows that intake of purple grape juice 200 mL along with cyclosporine can decrease the absorption of cyclosporine by up to 30% when compared with water. Separate doses of grape juice and cyclosporine by at least 2 hours to avoid this interaction.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, grape juice might reduce the levels of CYP1A2 substrates.
A small pharmacokinetic study in healthy adults shows that ingestion of 200 mL of grape juice decreases phenacetin plasma levels. This is thought to be due to induction of CYP1A2.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (Cyp2D6) Substrates

Theoretically, grape seed extract may increase the levels of CYP2D6 substrates.
In vitro evidence suggests that grape seed extract might inhibit CYP2D6 enzymes. However, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (Cyp2E1) Substrates

Theoretically, grape seed extract might increase the levels of CYP2E1 substrates.
In vitro and animal research suggests that grape seed proanthocyanidin extract inhibits CYP2E1 enzymes. However, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

It is unclear if grape seed extract inhibits or induces CYP3A4; research is conflicting.
In vitro evidence suggests that grape seed extract might inhibit CYP3A4 enzymes. However, evidence from animal research shows that grape seed extract may induce CYP3A4 in the liver. So far, these interactions have not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Midazolam (Versed)

Theoretically, long-term intake of grape seed extract might decrease the effects of midazolam.
Animal research shows that subchronic ingestions of grape seed extract can increase the elimination of intravenous midazolam by increasing hepatic CYP3A4 activity. Single doses of grape seed extract do not appear to affect midazolam elimination.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Phenacetin

Grape juice might decrease phenacetin absorption.
A small pharmacokinetic study in healthy adults shows that ingestion of 200 mL of grape juice decreases phenacetin plasma levels. This is thought to be due to induction of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2).

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates

It is unclear if grape juice or grape seed extract inhibits CYP2C9; research is conflicting.
In vitro evidence shows that grape seed extract or grape juice might inhibit CYP2C9 enzymes. However, a small pharmacokinetic study in healthy adults shows that drinking 8 ounces of grape juice once does not affect the clearance of flurbiprofen, a probe-drug for CYP2C9 metabolism. The effects of continued grape juice consumption are unclear.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence D
Grape seed extract full monograph & interactions

Agmatine Sulfate2 drug types · 258 drugs

Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, agmatine might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Animal and in vitro research suggest that agmatine has mild hypoglycemic effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, agmatine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Animal research suggests that agmatine can modestly decrease heart rate and blood pressure.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Agmatine Sulfate full monograph & interactions

L-Citrulline Malate2 drug types · 178 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, concomitant use of L-citrulline with antihypertensive drugs might have additive effects and increase the chance of hypotension.
L-citrulline is converted to L-arginine, which can increase nitric oxide and cause vasodilation. However, a meta-analysis of 5 small clinical studies suggests that taking L-citrulline 3-6 grams daily for 1-8 weeks does not lower blood pressure when compared with control.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors

Theoretically, concurrent use of phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors and L-citrulline might result in additive vasodilation.
L-citrulline is converted to L-arginine, which can increase nitric oxide and cause vasodilation. Theoretically, taking L-arginine with PDE-5 inhibitors might have additive vasodilatory and hypotensive effects. However, in studies evaluating the combined use of L-arginine and sildenafil for erectile dysfunction, hypotension was not reported.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
L-Citrulline Malate full monograph & interactions

L-Tyrosine2 drug types · 21 drugs

Levodopa

Theoretically, tyrosine might decrease the effectiveness of levodopa.
Tyrosine and levodopa compete for absorption in the proximal duodenum by the large neutral amino acid (LNAA) transport system. Advise patients to separate doses of tyrosine and levodopa by at least 2 hours.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Thyroid Hormone

Theoretically, tyrosine might have additive effects with thyroid hormone medications.
Tyrosine is a precursor to thyroxine and might increase levels of thyroid hormones.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
L-Tyrosine full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Precursor Fruit Punch, from the product label.

Science Powered Supplements

See all Science Powered Supplements products
Name
Direct Digital LLC
City
Charlotte
State
NC
ZipCode
28202
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Precursor Fruit Punch by Science Powered Supplements: Common Questions

Does Precursor Fruit Punch by Science Powered Supplements interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Precursor Fruit Punch has a known interaction with 1,111 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Precursor Fruit Punch contains 8 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
What's the tingling I might feel if I take this?
The beta-alanine (CarnoSyn) in this product commonly causes a harmless sensation of pins and needles and skin flushing that usually starts on your scalp within 20 minutes and spreads across your body, lasting about an hour. It's totally normal and goes away on its own — not dangerous.
Can I use this if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
We don't have enough safety data on most of the ingredients during pregnancy or breastfeeding to say it's okay. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist before using this product if you're pregnant or nursing.
Is this supposed to help me build muscle or just improve my workouts?
The ingredients are aimed at athletic performance and endurance — things like better blood flow, muscle endurance, and workout recovery — rather than directly building muscle mass. Some ingredients like L-ornithine have been studied for athletic performance with possibly effective ratings.
What if I have side effects like nausea or heartburn?
Nausea, heartburn, and gastrointestinal discomfort have been reported with several ingredients in this product — mainly at higher doses. If you experience these, try lowering your dose or taking the powder with food, and talk to a pharmacist if it doesn't improve.
Does this product contain any fillers?
Yes. Beyond the eight active ingredients, it contains citric acid, natural flavor, sucralose, acesulfame potassium (both sweeteners), silica, and FD&C Red No. 40 (a food coloring) as inactive ingredients.
Is grape seed extract here for health benefits or just flavor?
Grape seed extract is an active ingredient. It's possibly effective for chronic venous insufficiency (poor circulation in the legs) but also carries the most drug interactions in this formula, so it's important to check your medications before starting.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Precursor Fruit Punch label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Precursor Fruit Punch’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Ornithine

Ornithine is a non-essential amino acid your body makes naturally as part of the urea cycle, which helps remove ammonia. It is sold as a supplement for fatigue, exercise recovery, and sleep,...

Read the full Ornithine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Beta-alanine

Beta-alanine is an amino acid taken mostly by athletes to raise muscle carnosine, which may help buffer acid and reduce fatigue during short, high-intensity exercise. The evidence is moderat...

Read the full Beta-alanine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

L-citrulline

Interacts with 178 drugs

L-citrulline is an amino acid that the body turns into L-arginine to help make nitric oxide, which relaxes blood vessels and may improve blood flow. It is popular for exercise performance an...

Read the full L-citrulline monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Agmatine

Interacts with 258 drugs

Agmatine is a compound your body makes from the amino acid arginine, and it is sold mainly as a workout and 'pump' supplement. Human evidence for most of its claimed benefits is limited and...

Read the full Agmatine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Tyrosine

Interacts with 21 drugs

L-tyrosine is an amino acid your body uses to make brain chemicals like dopamine and norepinephrine. Some studies suggest it may help mental performance during short-term stress, sleep loss,...

Read the full Tyrosine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Grape

Interacts with 910 drugs

Grapes and grape products like grape seed extract contain antioxidant compounds such as resveratrol and proanthocyanidins that may support heart and blood vessel health. While the food is he...

Read the full Grape monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Precursor Fruit Punch's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 63 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Tyrosine 4 references
  1. Meyer JS, Welch KM, Deshmukh VD, et al. Neurotransmitter precursor amino acids in the treatment of multi-infarct dementia and Alzheimer's disease. J Amer Geriat Soc 1977;25:289-98.
  2. DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, et al; eds. Pharmacotherapy: A pathophysiologic approach. 4th ed. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1999.
  3. Wood DR, Reimherr FW, Wender PH. Amino acid precursors for the treatment of attention deficit disorder, residual type. Psychopharmacol Bull 1985;21:146-9.
  4. van Spronsen FJ, van Rijn M, Bekhof J. Phenylketonuria: tyrosine supplementation in phenylalanine-restricted diets. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73:153-7. PubMed

See these in context on the Tyrosine monograph →

Ornithine 1 reference
  1. Dietary Supplements: What You Need to Know — NIH Office of Dietary Supplements Source

See these in context on the Ornithine monograph →

Beta-alanine 13 references
  1. Harris RC, Tallon MJ, Dunnett M, et al. The absorption of orally supplied beta-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis. Amino Acids 2006;30:279-89.
  2. Hill CA, Harris RC, Kim HJ, et al. Influence of beta-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity. Amino Acids 2007;32:225-33.
  3. Bellinger PM, Minahan CL. The effect of ß-alanine supplementation on cycling time trials of different length. Eur J Sport Sci 2016;16(7):829-36.
  4. Chung W, Shaw G, Anderson ME, et al. Effect of 10 week beta-alanine supplementation on competition and training performance in elite swimmers. Nutrients 2012;4(10):1441-53. PubMed
  5. Glenn JM, Gray M, Stewart R, et al. Incremental effects of 28 days of beta-alanine supplementation on high-intensity cycling performance and blood lactate in masters female cyclists. Amino Acids 2015;47(12):2593-600. PubMed
  6. Gross M, Bieri K, Hoppeler H, Norman B, Vogt M. Beta-alanine supplementation improves jumping power and affects severe-intensity performance in professional alpine skiers. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2014;24(6):665-73. PubMed
  7. Howe ST, Bellinger PM, Driller MW, Shing CM, Fell JW. The effect of beta-alanine supplementation on isokinetic force and cycling performance in highly trained cyclists. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2013;23(6):562-70. PubMed
  8. Sweeney KM, Wright GA, Glenn Brice A, Doberstein ST. The effect of beta-alanine supplementation on power performance during repeated sprint activity. J Strength Cond Res 2010;24(1):79-87.
  9. Décombaz J, Beaumont M, Vuichoud J, Bouisset F, Stellingwerff T. Effect of slow-release ß-alanine tablets on absorption kinetics and paresthesia. Amino Acids 2012;43(1):67-76. Erratum in: Amino Acids 2013;45(4):1015.
  10. Stellingwerff T, Anwander H, Egger A, et al. Effect of two ß-alanine dosing protocols on muscle carnosine synthesis and washout. Amino Acids 2012;42(6):2461-72. PubMed
  11. da Silva RP, de Oliveira LF, Saunders B, et al. Effects of ß-alanine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on the estimated energy system contribution during high-intensity intermittent exercise. Amino Acids. 2019;51(1):83-96. PubMed
  12. Varanoske AN, Hoffman JR, Church DD, et al. Comparison of sustained-release and rapid-release ß-alanine formulations on changes in skeletal muscle carnosine and histidine content and isometric performance following a muscle-damaging protocol. Amino Acids. PubMed
  13. Perim P, Gobbi N, Duarte B, et al. Beta-alanine did not improve high-intensity performance throughout simulated road cycling. Eur J Sport Sci 2021. PubMed

See these in context on the Beta-alanine monograph →

L-citrulline 8 references
  1. Cheng JW, Balwin SN. L-arginine in the management of cardiovascular diseases. Ann Pharmacother 2001;35:755-64. PubMed
  2. Schwedhelm E, Maas R, Freese R, et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of oral L-citrulline and L-arginine: impact on nitric oxide metabolism. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008;65:51-9. PubMed
  3. Romero MJ, Platt DH, Caldwell RB, Caldwell RW. Therapeutic use of citrulline in cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Drug Rev 2006;24:275-90. PubMed
  4. Balderas-Munoz K, Castillo-Martínez L, Orea-Tejeda A, et al. Improvement of ventricular function in systolic heart failure patients with oral L-citrulline supplementation. Cardiol J 2012;19:612-7. PubMed
  5. Sharif Kashani B, Tahmaseb Pour P, Malekmohammad M, et al. Oral l-citrulline malate in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and Eisenmenger Syndrome: a clinical trial. J Cardiol 2014;64:231-5. PubMed
  6. Pérez-Guisado J, Jakeman PM. Citrulline malate enhances athletic anaerobic performance and relieves muscle soreness. J Strength Cond Res 2010;24:1215-22. PubMed
  7. Mirenayat MS, Moradi S, Mohammadi H, Rouhani MH. Effect of L-citrulline supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2018;20(11):98. PubMed
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See these in context on the L-citrulline monograph →

Agmatine 3 references
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  10. Schaefer, E., Peil, H., Ambrosetti, L., and Petrini, O. Oedema protective properties of the red vine leaf extract AS 195 (Folia vitis viniferae) in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. A 6-week observational clinical trial. Arzneimittelforschun PubMed
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See these in context on the Grape monograph →

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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

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