Major interaction on record — check this product against your medications before combining. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Pure 250 Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by NaturesPlus HempCeutix

Liquid Category: Botanical
Most serious interaction: Major
The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Major

Pure 250 is a dietary supplement by NaturesPlus HempCeutix with 1 active ingredient. Its ingredients are commonly taken for chronic pain, nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy, muscle spasticity (e.g., multiple sclerosis).Based on those ingredients, 1,136 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated major. The ingredients most likely to interact are Cannabis sativa oil. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Computed from our clinical databases

HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Pure 250 by NaturesPlus HempCeutix

Four independent checks of what is known — a summary of the available information, not a grade of the product itself.

Evidence for Intended Use
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Not assessable

None of the active ingredients could be matched to our evidence database, so the stated purpose can't be graded.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: Balanced mind and body nutritional support.
  • We looked for evidence on: Anxiety, Depression, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Stress, Relaxation, General wellness.
  • We couldn't match any of the active ingredients to a HelloPharmacist monograph, so there's no evidence data to grade that purpose against.
Ingredient Transparency
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 1 of its 1 active ingredient.
  • “Cannabis sativa oil” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label gives one combined amount (6 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.
Known Interaction Concern
Not assessable

None of the active ingredients could be matched to our interaction database.

Why this rating?
  • We couldn't match any ingredient to a HelloPharmacist monograph, so there was nothing to check interactions against.
Safety Information
Unable to assess

None of the active ingredients could be matched to our safety data.

Why this rating?
  • We couldn't match any ingredient to a HelloPharmacist monograph, so there was no safety data to measure.

HelloPharmacist summaryFully disclosed formula with no assessable stated purpose. Medication interactions could not be assessed, and safety information could not be assessed.

Assessment coverage: 0 of 1 active ingredient matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Jul 27, 2021.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Pure 250, straight from the product label.

Brand NaturesPlus HempCeutix
Barcode (UPC) 097467830110
Net contents 1.7 Fluid Ounce(s); 50 mL
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Jul 27, 2021
DSLD ID 249777
Product type Botanical
Supplement form Liquid
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Pure 250 by NaturesPlus HempCeutix, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 mL
Maximum serving Sizes:
1 mL
Servings per container
50
UPC/BARCODE
097467830110
IngredientAmount% DV
Calories10 Calorie(s)--
Total Fat1 Gram(s)2%
Phytocannabinoids5 mg--
Cannabis sativa oil6 mg--

Other ingredients: extra virgin Olive Oil, virgin Cannabis sativa (Hemp) seed Oil

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Formula

Delivering 5 mg phytocannabinoids per serving, HempCeutix Pure 250 provides exceptional nutritional benefits for a difference you can feel.

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Directions: As a dietary supplement for adults, take 1 full dropper (1 mL) daily or as recommended by your health care professional.

Storage

Keep tightly closed in a cool, dry place.

Precautions

Keep out of reach of children.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

General Statements

Natural full spectrum Balances mind & body

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Brand IP Statement(s)

Div. of Natural Organics, Inc. Copyright Natural Organics

See for yourself

Pure 250 by NaturesPlus HempCeutix label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

What’s inside

The Ingredients in Pure 250 by NaturesPlus HempCeutix

This is the 1 active ingredient this product is made of. Select it to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 mL Dosage formLiquid Servings per container50 Amounts shown are per serving.

Cannabis sativa oil

Interacts with
1,136 drugs
6 mg per serving Form: Hemp aerial extract

Cannabis contains many active compounds, mainly THC (which causes a 'high') and CBD (which does not). Some uses, such as chemotherapy-related nausea,...

Cannabis sativa oil monograph & interactions
  • › Phytocannabinoids

Other (inactive) ingredients: Extra virgin Olive Oil, Virgin Cannabis sativa (Hemp) seed Oil. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Pure 250 by NaturesPlus HempCeutix Drug Interactions

Pure 250 contains a single active ingredient, and it has known interactions with 1,136 medications. Here’s the picture, then you can look up your own drug.

Want to check YOUR meds against Pure 250?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

Go to the checker
1,136Drugs
2 Major 1,109 Moderate 25 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Pure 250 with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Cannabis sativa oil18 drug types · 1,136 drugs

Warfarin (Coumadin)

Concomitant use with cannabis seems to increase the levels and clinical effects of warfarin.
In vitro research shows that the cannabis constituents delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol inhibit the cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)-mediated 7-hydroxylation of S-warfarin in a concentration-dependent manner.
Additionally, there are multiple case reports of patients chronically taking warfarin that developed a spike in international normalized ratio (INR) after using cannabis in various forms, including smoking cannabis, taking medical cannabis orally, or drinking water infused with cannabis flower. One patient smoked 2-2.5 grams in one week and another patient had doubled the amount of THC consumed from 7.5 mg to 14.7 mg daily for one week.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Alcohol (Ethanol)

Theoretically, cannabis might have additive effects when used with alcohol.
Cannabis can have CNS depressant effects, similar to synthetic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Theoretically, concomitant use of alcohol with cannabis can have additive effects including psychomotor impairment, sedation, and changes in mood and behavior.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Anesthesia

Cannabis use might alter the safety and clinical effects of various forms of anesthesia.
A small clinical study shows that higher doses of propofol may be needed to achieve relaxation and loss of consciousness in chronic cannabis users compared with nonusers. Another small clinical study shows that use of cannabis within 72 hours prior to undergoing surgery requiring atropine anesthesia may increase the risk of sustained postoperative tachycardia. The exact mechanisms of these interactions are unclear. Obtain a patient's history of cannabis use preoperatively and advise patients to discontinue cannabis use for at least 2 weeks prior to undergoing surgery.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, cannabis might increase the risk of bleeding when used concomitantly with anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro research shows that the cannabis constituents delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) inhibit platelet aggregation.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Barbiturates

Theoretically, cannabis might increase the levels and adverse effects of barbiturates.
Some research shows that synthetic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) increases the elimination half-life of pentobarbital by 4 hours when dosed concomitantly.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cns Depressants

Theoretically, cannabis might have additive effects if used with other CNS depressants.
Cannabis can have CNS depressant effects. Combining cannabis with other CNS depressants might result in additive or synergistic effects. A small clinical trial in healthy adults shows that inhaling a high-grade cannabis (Bedrocan International B.V., Veendam, The Netherlands) 100 mg, containing delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol 21.8% and cannabinol 0.1%, modestly increases subjective feelings of sedation when compared with cannabis alone.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (Cyp2C19) Substrates

Cannabis may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C19.
Research shows that cannabidiol (CBD), a constituent of cannabis, inhibits CYP2C19. In clinical studies and case reports, cannabidiol use resulted in significant increases in the serum levels of topiramate, methadone, citalopram, omeprazole, and N-desmethylclobazam, the primary active metabolite of clobazam. These chemicals are metabolized by CYP2C19. Concomitant use of cannabis with CYP2C19 substrates may increase the risk for adverse effects from these substrates.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Inducers

Theoretically, drugs that are CYP2C9 inducers might decrease the effects of cannabis.
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), an active constituent of cannabis, is a substrate of CYP2C9 enzymes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Inhibitors

Theoretically, drugs that are CYP2C9 inhibitors might increase the adverse effects of cannabis.
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), an active constituent of cannabis, is a substrate of CYP2C9 enzymes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates

Theoretically, cannabis might increase the levels and adverse effects of CYP2C9 substrates.
In vitro research shows that the cannabis constituents delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol moderately inhibit the CYP2C9-mediated 7-hydroxylation of S-warfarin in a concentration-dependent manner. In vitro research also shows that cannabis extracts modestly inhibit the CYP2C9 metabolism of tolbutamide; extracts providing the specific cannabinoids CBD and cannabigerol (CBG) had stronger inhibitory effects than extracts containing THC and CBD.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (Cyp2E1) Substrates

Theoretically, cannabis might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP2E1 substrates.
In vitro research shows that cannabis can induce the activity of CYP2E1, which might increase the metabolism of CYP2E1 substrates.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Inducers

Theoretically, CYP3A4 inducers might reduce the levels and clinical effects of cannabis.
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), an active constituent of cannabis, is a substrate of CYP3A4 enzymes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Inhibitors

Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors might increase the levels and adverse effects of cannabis.
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), an active constituent of cannabis, is a substrate of CYP3A4 enzymes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, cannabis may increase the levels and adverse effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
In vitro research shows that cannabis can inhibit the activity of CYP3A4 enzymes, which might decrease the metabolism of CYP3A4 substrates. In vitro research also shows that cannabis extracts modestly inhibit the CYP3A4 metabolism of testosterone; extracts providing the specific cannabinoids CBD and cannabigerol (CBG) had stronger inhibitory effects than extracts containing THC and CBD.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
P-Glycoprotein Substrates

Theoretically, cannabis might alter levels of drugs that are substrates of P-glycoprotein (P-gp).
Most in vitro research suggests that constituents of cannabis, including cannabidiol (CBD) and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), can inhibit P-gp and increase the accumulation of probe compounds by reducing P-gp mediated drug efflux. In vitro studies in kidney cell lines show that a 1-hour exposure to CBD and THC inhibits P-gp. Cannabis may also alter the expression of P-gp, although this effect appears to vary based on duration of exposure. Some in vitro research in lymphoblastoid leukemia cell lines indicates that a 1-hour exposure to cannabinoids does not affect P-gp expression, while a prolonged 72-hour exposure decreases P-gp expression. Other in vitro research in these cell lines shows that a 4-hour exposure to THC and CBD induces P-gp gene expression, while exposure for longer than 4 hours and up to 48 hours does not induce P-gp gene expression.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Theophylline

Smoking cannabis while taking theophylline might reduce the levels and clinical effects of theophylline.
Similar to smoking tobacco, smoking cannabis seems to increase the metabolism of theophylline.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Thrombolytic Drugs

Cannabis might augment the effects of thrombolytic drugs and increase the risk of severe bleeding.
A case of cerebral hemorrhage has been reported for a 51-year-old female and chronic cannabis user who had consumed a large amount of cannabis prior to receiving recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) for ischemic stroke. Hemorrhage had been ruled out prior to providing the rtPA. The exact mechanism of this interaction is unclear.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antipsychotic Drugs

Cannabis does not seem to affect blood levels or effects of some antipsychotic drugs.
Human research shows that cannabis use does not affect blood levels or clinical effects of amisulpride, aripiprazole, or olanzapine in patients with schizophrenia and related disorders.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Pure 250, from the product label.

NaturesPlus HempCeutix

See all NaturesPlus HempCeutix products
Name
NaturesPlus
Street Address
548 Broadhollow Rd.
City
Melville
State
New York
ZipCode
11747
Web Address
www.naturesplus.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Pure 250 by NaturesPlus HempCeutix: Common Questions

Does Pure 250 by NaturesPlus HempCeutix interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Pure 250 has a known interaction with 1,136 medications, including 2 rated major. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Pure 250 contains a single active ingredient, and that one ingredient can interact with many different medications on its own. We check it against each medication and show the mechanism responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Pure 250 is safe with your meds?

Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.

Ask a pharmacist

Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Pure 250 label
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Pure 250's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 261 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Cannabis 261 references
  1. Robbers JE, Speedie MK, Tyler VE. Pharmacognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1996.
  2. Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C. PDR for Herbal Medicines. 1st ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company, Inc., 1998.
  3. Johnson MA, Robin P, Smith RP, Morrisona D, et al. Large lung bullae in marijuana smokers. Thorax 2000;55:340-2.. PubMed
  4. Hebel SK, ed. Drug Facts and Comparisons. 52nd ed. St. Louis: Facts and Comparisons, 1998.
  5. Tyrey L. Delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol: a potent inhibitor of episodic luteinizing hormone secretion. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1980;213:306-8. DOI
  6. Briggs GB, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1998.
  7. Solowij N, Stephens RS, Roffman RA, et al. Cognitive functioning of long-term heavy cannabis users seeking treatment. JAMA 2002;287:1123-31.. PubMed
  8. Marinol Prescribing Information. Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Rev March 2008. Available at: http://www.solvaypharmaceuticals-us.com/static/wma/pdf/1/3/2/5/0/004InsertText500012RevMar2008.pdf (Accessed 2 July 2009).
  9. Yamreudeewong W, Wong HK, Brausch LM, Pulley KR. Probable interaction between warfarin and marijuana smoking. Ann Pharmacother 2009;43:1347-53. PubMed
  10. Ware MA, Wang T, Shapiro S, et al. Smoked cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ 2010;182:e694-e701. PubMed
  11. Pellinen, P., Honkakoski, P., Stenback, F., Niemitz, M., Alhava, E., Pelkonen, O., Lang, M. A., and Pasanen, M. Cocaine N-demethylation and the metabolism-related hepatotoxicity can be prevented by cytochrome P450 3A inhibitors. Eur.J Pharmacol 1-3-1994;2 PubMed
  12. Johnson, E. M. Substance abuse and women's health. Public Health Rep. 1987;102(4 Suppl):42-48.
  13. Astley, S. J. and Little, R. E. Maternal marijuana use during lactation and infant development at one year. Neurotoxicol.Teratol. 1990;12(2):161-168. PubMed
  14. Levy, R., Schurr, A., Nathan, I., Dvilanski, A., and Livne, A. Impairment of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by hashish components. Thromb.Haemost. 12-31-1976;36(3):634-640. DOI
  15. Payne, R. J. and Brand, S. N. The toxicity of intravenously used marihuana. JAMA 7-28-1975;233(4):351-354. DOI
  16. Sheweita, S. A. Narcotic drugs change the expression of cytochrome P450 2E1 and 2C6 and other activities of carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes in the liver of male mice. Toxicology 9-30-2003;191(2-3):133-142. PubMed
  17. Rog, D. J., Nurmikko, T. J., Friede, T., and Young, C. A. Randomized, controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in central pain in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 9-27-2005;65(6):812-819. PubMed
  18. Perras, C. Sativex for the management of multiple sclerosis symptoms. Issues Emerg.Health Technol. 2005;(72):1-4.
  19. Zhu, H. J., Wang, J. S., Markowitz, J. S., Donovan, J. L., Gibson, B. B., Gefroh, H. A., and Devane, C. L. Characterization of P-glycoprotein inhibition by major cannabinoids from marijuana. J Pharmacol Exp.Ther. 2006;317(2):850-857. PubMed
  20. Holland, M. L., Panetta, J. A., Hoskins, J. M., Bebawy, M., Roufogalis, B. D., Allen, J. D., and Arnold, J. C. The effects of cannabinoids on P-glycoprotein transport and expression in multidrug resistant cells. Biochem.Pharmacol 4-14-2006;71(8):1146-115 PubMed
  21. Tetrault, J. M., Crothers, K., Moore, B. A., Mehra, R., Concato, J., and Fiellin, D. A. Effects of marijuana smoking on pulmonary function and respiratory complications: a systematic review. Arch.Intern.Med. 2-12-2007;167(3):221-228. PubMed
  22. Moore, T. H., Zammit, S., Lingford-Hughes, A., Barnes, T. R., Jones, P. B., Burke, M., and Lewis, G. Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet 7-28-2007;370(9584):319-328. PubMed
  23. Aldington, S., Williams, M., Nowitz, M., Weatherall, M., Pritchard, A., McNaughton, A., Robinson, G., and Beasley, R. Effects of cannabis on pulmonary structure, function and symptoms. Thorax 2007;62(12):1058-1063. PubMed
  24. Ben Amar, M. and Potvin, S. Cannabis and psychosis: what is the link? J Psychoactive Drugs 2007;39(2):131-142. PubMed
  25. Vidal, C., Fuente, R., Iglesias, A., and Saez, A. Bronchial asthma due to Cannabis sativa seed. Allergy 1991;46(8):647-649.
  26. Beshay, M., Kaiser, H., Niedhart, D., Reymond, M. A., and Schmid, R. A. Emphysema and secondary pneumothorax in young adults smoking cannabis. Eur.J Cardiothorac.Surg. 2007;32(6):834-838. PubMed
  27. Rog, D. J., Nurmikko, T. J., and Young, C. A. Oromucosal delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol/cannabidiol for neuropathic pain associated with multiple sclerosis: an uncontrolled, open-label, 2-year extension trial. Clin Ther. 2007;29(9):2068-2079.
  28. Aldington, S., Harwood, M., Cox, B., Weatherall, M., Beckert, L., Hansell, A., Pritchard, A., Robinson, G., and Beasley, R. Cannabis use and risk of lung cancer: a case-control study. Eur.Respir.J 2008;31(2):280-286. PubMed
  29. Noel, B., Ruf, I., and Panizzon, R. G. Cannabis arteritis. J Am.Acad.Dermatol. 2008;58(5 Suppl 1):S65-S67.
  30. Cappelli, F., Lazzeri, C., Gensini, G. F., and Valente, S. Cannabis: a trigger for acute myocardial infarction? A case report. J Cardiovasc.Med.(Hagerstown.) 2008;9(7):725-728. PubMed
  31. Indlekofer, F., Piechatzek, M., Daamen, M., Glasmacher, C., Lieb, R., Pfister, H., Tucha, O., Lange, K. W., Wittchen, H. U., and Schutz, C. G. Reduced memory and attention performance in a population-based sample of young adults with a moderate lifetime
  32. Mushtaq, F., Mondelli, V., and Pariante, C. M. The metabolic implications of long term cannabis use in patients with psychosis. Epidemiol.Psichiatr.Soc. 2008;17(3):221-226. PubMed
  33. Zammit, S., Moore, T. H., Lingford-Hughes, A., Barnes, T. R., Jones, P. B., Burke, M., and Lewis, G. Effects of cannabis use on outcomes of psychotic disorders: systematic review. Br.J Psychiatry 2008;193(5):357-363. PubMed
  34. Tucker, P. Substance misuse and early psychosis. Australas.Psychiatry 2009;17(4):291-294. PubMed
  35. Reece, A. S. Chronic toxicology of cannabis. Clin Toxicol.(Phila) 2009;47(6):517-524. PubMed
  36. Grotenhermen, F. Cannabis-associated arteritis. Vasa 2010;39(1):43-53. PubMed
  37. McGrath, J., Welham, J., Scott, J., Varghese, D., Degenhardt, L., Hayatbakhsh, M. R., Alati, R., Williams, G. M., Bor, W., and Najman, J. M. Association between cannabis use and psychosis-related outcomes using sibling pair analysis in a cohort of young
  38. Genetic Risk and Outcome in Psychosis (GROUP) Investigators. Evidence that familial liability for psychosis is expressed as differential sensitivity to cannabis: an analysis of patient-sibling and sibling-control pairs. Arch.Gen.Psychiatry 2011;68(2):138 PubMed
  39. Le Guen, P. Y., Gestin, S., Plat, E., Quehe, P., and Bressollette, L. [Renal and spleen infarction after massive consumption of cannabis and cocaine in a young man]. J.Mal Vasc. 2011;36(1):41-44.
  40. Large, M., Sharma, S., Compton, M. T., Slade, T., and Nielssen, O. Cannabis use and earlier onset of psychosis: a systematic meta-analysis. Arch.Gen.Psychiatry 2011;68(6):555-561. PubMed
  41. Lynch, M. E. and Campbell, F. Cannabinoids for treatment of chronic non-cancer pain; a systematic review of randomized trials. Br.J.Clin.Pharmacol. 2011;72(5):735-744. PubMed
  42. Li, M. C., Brady, J. E., DiMaggio, C. J., Lusardi, A. R., Tzong, K. Y., and Li, G. Marijuana use and motor vehicle crashes. Epidemiol.Rev. 2012;34(1):65-72. PubMed
  43. Richards, B. L., Whittle, S. L., and Buchbinder, R. Neuromodulators for pain management in rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;1:CD008921. PubMed
  44. Asbridge, M., Hayden, J. A., and Cartwright, J. L. Acute cannabis consumption and motor vehicle collision risk: systematic review of observational studies and meta-analysis. BMJ 2012;344:e536. PubMed
  45. Fajardo, L. L. Association of spontaneous pneumomediastinum with substance abuse. West J Med 1990;152(3):301-304.
  46. Formukong, E. A., Evans, A. T., and Evans, F. J. The inhibitory effects of cannabinoids, the active constituents of Cannabis sativa L. on human and rabbit platelet aggregation. J.Pharm.Pharmacol. 1989;41(10):705-709.
  47. Hollister, L. E. Interactions of cannabis with other drugs in man. NIDA Res.Monogr 1986;68:110-116. DOI
  48. Harvey DJ. Absorption, distribution, and biotransformation of the cannabinoids. Marijuana and Medicine. 1999;91-103. DOI
  49. Bornheim LM, Everhart ET, Li J, Correia MA. Characterization of cannabidiol-mediated cytochrome P450 inactivation. Biochem Pharmacol 1993;45(6):1323-31. PubMed
  50. Mittleman MA, Lewis RA, Maclure M, Sherwood JB, Muller JE. Triggering myocardial infarction by marijuana. Circulation. 2001;103(23):2805-9. PubMed
  51. Combemale P, Consort T, Denis-Thelis L, et al. Cannabis arteritis. Br J Dermatol. 2005;152(1):166-9.
  52. Gibbs M, Winsper C, Marwaha S, et al. Cannabis use and mania symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2015;171:39-47. PubMed
  53. Hackam DG. Cannabis and stroke: systematic appraisal of case reports. Stroke. 2015;46(3):852-6.
  54. Hancock-Allen JB, Barker L, VanDyke M, Holmes DB. Notes from the Field: Death Following Ingestion of an Edible Marijuana Product--Colorado, March 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(28):771-2. PubMed
  55. Ince B, Benbir G, Yuksel O, et al. Both hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke following high doses of cannabis consumption. Presse Med. 2015;44(1):106-7. PubMed
  56. Lev-Ran S, Roerecke M, Le Foll B, et al. The association between cannabis use and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychol Med. 2014;44(4):797-810. PubMed
  57. Ozyurt S, Muderrisoglu F, Ermete M, Afsar F. Cannabis-induced erythema multiforme-like recurrent drug eruption. Int J Dermatol. 2014;53(1):e22-3. PubMed
  58. Jouanjus E, Lapeyre-Mestre M, Micallef J; French Association of the Regional Abuse and Dependence Monitoring Centres (CEIP-A) Working Group on Cannabis Complications. Cannabis use: signal of increasing risk of serious cardiovascular disorders. J Am Heart PubMed
  59. Westover AN, McBride S, Haley RW. Stroke in young adults who abuse amphetamines or cocaine: a population-based study of hospitalized patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Apr;64(4):495-502. PubMed
  60. Barber PA, Pridmore HM, Krishnamurthy V, et al. Cannabis, ischemic stroke, and transient ischemic attack: a case-control study. Stroke. 2013 Aug;44(8):2327-9. PubMed
  61. Clark SC, Greene C, Karr GW, MacCannell KL, Milstein SL. Cardiovascular effects of marihuana in man. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1974 Jun;52(3):706-19. PubMed
  62. Beaconsfield P, Ginsburg J, Rainsbury R. Marihuana smoking. Cardiovascular effects in man and possible mechanisms. N Engl J Med. 1972 Aug 3;287(5):209-12.
  63. Clark SC. Marihuana and the cardiovascular system. Pharmacol Biochem Behavior. 1975;3(2):299-306. PubMed
  64. Sidney S. Cardiovascular Consequences of Marijuana Use. J Clin Pharmacol. 2002;42(11 Suppl):64S-70S. PubMed
  65. Greenberg I, Kuehnle J, Mendelson JH, Bernstein JG. Effects of Marihuana use on body weight and caloric intake in humans. Psychopharmacol. 1976;49:79-84. PubMed
  66. Sansone RA, Sansone LA. Marijuana and body weight. Innov Clin Neurosci. 2014;11(7-8):50-4.
  67. Reece AS. Severe multisystem dysfunction in a case of high level exposure to smoked cannabis. BMJ Case Rep. 2009;2009. pii: bcr08.2008.0798. PubMed
  68. Huson HB, Granados TM, Rasko Y. Surgical considerations of marijuana use in elective procedures. Heliyon. 2018;4(9):e00779. PubMed
  69. Goyal H, Awad HH, Ghali JK. Role of cannabis in cardiovascular disorders. J Thorac Dis. 2017;9(7):2079-2092. PubMed
  70. Wilsey B, Marcotte TD, Deutsch R, Zhao H, Prasad H, Phan A. An exploratory human laboratory experiment evaluating vaporized cannabis in the treatment of neuropathic pain from spinal cord injury and disease. J Pain. 2016;17(9):982-1000. PubMed
  71. Gunn JK, Rosales CB, Center KE, et al. Prenatal exposure to cannabis and maternal and child health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2016;6(4):e009986. PubMed
  72. Marconi A, Di Forti M, Lewis CM, Murray RM, Vassos E. Meta-analysis of the association between the level of cannabis use and risk of psychosis. Schizophr Bull. 2016;42(5):1262-9. PubMed
  73. Schoeler T, Monk A, Sami MB, et al. Continued versus discontinued cannabis use in patients with psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(3):215-25. PubMed
  74. Whiting PF, Wolff RF, Deshpande S, et al. Cannabinoids for medical use: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2015;313(24):2456-73. PubMed
  75. Kedzior KK, Laeber LT. A positive association between anxiety disorders and cannabis use or cannabis use disorders in the general population--a meta-analysis of 31 studies. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14:136. PubMed
  76. Ocampo TL, Rans TS. Cannabis sativa: the unconventional "weed" allergen. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2015;114(3):187-92. PubMed
  77. Shere A, Goyal H. Cannabis can augment thrombolytic properties of rtPA: Intracranial hemorrhage in a heavy cannabis user. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35(12):1988.e1-1988.e2. PubMed
  78. Atchaneeyasakul K, Torres LF, Malik AM. Large amount of cannabis ingestion resulting in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: A case report. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2017;26(7):e138-e139. PubMed
  79. Lotan I, Treves TA, Roditi Y, Djaldetti R. Cannabis (medical marijuana) treatment for motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson disease: an open-label observational study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2014;37(2):41-4. PubMed
  80. Duran M, Pérez E, Abanades S, et al. Preliminary efficacy and safety of an oromucosal standardized cannabis extract in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;70(5):656-63. PubMed
  81. Gaston TE, Bebin EM, Cutter GR, Liu Y, Szaflarski JP; UAB CBD Program. Interactions between cannabidiol and commonly used antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia. 2017 Sep;58(9):1586-92. PubMed
  82. Devinsky O, Marsh E, Friedman D, et la. Cannabidiol in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: an open-label interventional trial. Lancet Neurol. 2016 Mar;15(3):270-8.
  83. Geffrey AL, Pollack SF, Bruno PL, Thiele EA. Drug-drug interaction between clobazam and cannabidiol in children with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2015 Aug;56(8):1246-51. PubMed
  84. Akturk HK, Taylor DD, Camsari UM, Rewers A, Kinney GL, Shah VN. Association Between Cannabis Use and Risk for Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes. JAMA Intern Med. 2018. PubMed
  85. Bahorik AL, Sterling SA, Campbell CI, Weisner C, Ramo D, Satre DD. Medical and non-medical marijuana use in depression: Longitudinal associations with suicidal ideation, everyday functioning, and psychiatry service utilization. J Affect Disord. 2018;241:8 PubMed
  86. Bonnet U, Preuss UW. The cannabis withdrawal syndrome: current insights. Subst Abuse Rehabil. 2017;8:9-37. PubMed
  87. Cadman PE. Hypophosphatemia in Users of Cannabis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2017;69(1):152-155. PubMed
  88. Damkier P, Lassen D, Christensen MMH, Madsen KG, Hellfritzsch M, Pottegård A. Interaction between warfarin and cannabis. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2019;124(1):28-31. PubMed
  89. Fogang YF, Camara M, Mbonda PC, Toffa D, Touré K. Late onset epilepsy associated with marijuana abuse: a case report with MRI findings. Pan Afr Med J. 2014;17:158. PubMed
  90. Ghasemiesfe M, Ravi D, Vali M, et al. Marijuana Use, Respiratory Symptoms, and Pulmonary Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(2):106-115. PubMed
  91. Howaizi M, Chahine M, Haydar F, Jemaa Y, Lapoile E. Cannabis-induced recurrent acute pancreatitis. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2012;75(4):446-7.
  92. Lawn W, Freeman TP, Pope RA, et al. Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on effort-related decision-making and reward learning: an evaluation of the cannabis 'amotivational' hypotheses. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2016;233(19-20):3537-52. PubMed
  93. Matta A, Tandra PK, Berim L. Priapism in a patient with sickle cell trait using marijuana. BMJ Case Rep. 2014;2014. PubMed
  94. Nourbakhsh M, Miller A, Gofton J, Jones G, Adeagbo B. Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome: Reports of Fatal Cases. J Forensic Sci. 2019;64(1):270-274. PubMed
  95. Toce MS, Farias M, Powell AJ, Daly KP, Vargas SO, Burns MM. Myocardial Infarct After Marijuana Inhalation in a 16-year-old Adolescent Boy. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2019;22(1):80-86. PubMed
  96. Zhang LR, Morgenstern H, Greenland S, et al. Cannabis smoking and lung cancer risk: Pooled analysis in the International Lung Cancer Consortium. Int J Cancer. 2015;136(4):894-903.
  97. Product information for Marinol. AbbVie. North Chicago, IL 60064. August 2017. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/018651s029lbl.pdf.
  98. Hogendorf AM, Fendler W, Sieroslawski J, et al. Breaking the Taboo: Illicit Drug Use among Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Res. 2016;2016:4153278. Epub 2015 Dec 29. PubMed
  99. Lee P, Greenfield JR, Gilbert K, Campbell LV. Recreational drug use in type 1 diabetes: an invisible accomplice to poor glycaemic control? Intern Med J. 2012 Feb;42(2):198-202. PubMed
  100. Winhusen T, Theobald J, Kaelber D, Tlimat A, Lewis D. Using big data to evaluate the association between substance use disorders (SUDS) and T2DM-complications. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2018;33(2):S382. Abstract Only.
  101. Thurheimer-Cacciotti JL, Sereika SM, Schmitt P, et al. The effect of risk-taking behaviors on hemoglobin A1c in women with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2017;66:A226. Abstract Only.
  102. van de Donk T, Niesters M, Kowal MA, Olofsen E, Dahan A, van Velzen M. An experimental randomized study on the analgesic effects of pharmaceutical-grade cannabis in chronic pain patients with fibromyalgia. Pain. 2019 Apr;160(4):860-869. PubMed
  103. Chocron Y, Zuber JP, Vaucher J. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. BMJ. 2019 Jul 19;366:l4336. PubMed
  104. Kheifets M, Karniel E, Landa D, Vons SA, Meridor K, Charach G. Resolution of Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome with Benzodiazepines: A Case Series. Isr Med Assoc J. 2019 Jun;21(6):404-407.
  105. Corsi DJ, Walsh L, Weiss D, et al. Association Between Self-reported Prenatal Cannabis Use and Maternal, Perinatal, and Neonatal Outcomes. JAMA. 2019 Jul 9;322(2):145-152. PubMed
  106. Di Forti M, Quattrone D, Freeman TP, et al. The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe (EU-GEI): a multicentre case-control study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019 May;6(5):427-436.
  107. Ogeil RP, Cheetham A, Mooney A, et al. Early adolescent drinking and cannabis use predicts later sleep-quality problems. Psychol Addict Behav. 2019 May;33(3):266-273. PubMed
  108. Ghasemiesfe M, Barrow B, Leonard S, Keyhani S, Korenstein D. Association between marijuana use and risk of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Nov 1;2(11):e1916318. PubMed
  109. Rodriguez CE, Sheeder J, Allshouse AA, et al. Marijuana use in young mothers and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a retrospective cohort study. BJOG. 2019 Nov;126(12):1491-1497. PubMed
  110. Smid MC. Marijuana use among young pregnant women: more common and more harmful than we think. BJOG. 2019 Nov;126(12):1498. PubMed
  111. Brar BK, Patil PS, Jackson DN, Gardner MO, Alexander JM, Doyle NM. Effect of intrauterine marijuana exposure on fetal growth patterns and placental vascular resistance. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019 Nov 11:1-5. PubMed
  112. Adejumo AC, Flanagan R, Kuo B, Staller K. Relationship Between Recreational Marijuana Use and Bowel Function in a Nationwide Cohort Study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 Nov 22. PubMed
  113. Qian ZJ, Alyono JC. An association between marijuana use and tinnitus. Am J Otolaryngol. 2020 Jan - Feb;41(1):102314. PubMed
  114. Lovell ME, Akhurst J, Padgett C, Garry MI, Matthews A. Cognitive outcomes associated with long-term, regular, recreational cannabis use in adults: A meta-analysis. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019 Oct 31. PubMed
  115. Alshaarawy O, Anthony JC. Are cannabis users less likely to gain weight? Results from a national 3-year prospective study. Int J Epidemiol. 2019 Oct 1;48(5):1695-1700. PubMed
  116. Budney AJ, Roffman R, Stephens R, Walker D. Marijuana dependence and its treatment. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2007;4(1):4-16. PubMed
  117. Zehra A, Burns J, Liu CK, et al. Cannabis Addiction and the Brain: a Review. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2018;13(4):438-52. PubMed
  118. Bahji A, Stephenson C, Tyo R, Hawken ER, Seitz DP. Prevalence of Cannabis Withdrawal Symptoms Among People With Regular or Dependent Use of Cannabinoids: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(4):e202370. PubMed
  119. Madden K, Tanco K, Bruera E. Clinically Significant Drug-Drug Interaction Between Methadone and Cannabidiol. Pediatrics. 2020;e20193256. PubMed
  120. Baltz JW, Le LT. Serotonin Syndrome versus Cannabis Toxicity in the Emergency Department. Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med. 2020;4(2):171-173. PubMed
  121. Bucchino L, Monzani A, Fracon S, Genoni G, Cena T, Bellone S. Cannabis-Related Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage in a 16-Year-Old Patient: A Case Report. Front Pediatr. 2019;7:468. PubMed
  122. Hindley G, Beck K, Borgan F, et al. Psychiatric symptoms caused by cannabis constituents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(4):344-353. PubMed
  123. Santaella-Tenorio J, Wheeler-Martin K, DiMaggio CJ, et al. Association of Recreational Cannabis Laws in Colorado and Washington State With Changes in Traffic Fatalities, 2005-2017. JAMA Intern Med. 2020. PubMed
  124. Kloft L, Otgaar H, Blokland A, Garbaciak A, Monds LA, Ramaekers JG. False memory formation in cannabis users: a field study. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2019;236(12):3439-3450. PubMed
  125. Rosekind MR, Ehsani JP, Michael JP. Reducing Impaired Driving Fatalities: Data Need to Drive Testing, Enforcement, and Policy. JAMA Intern Med. 2020. PubMed
  126. Parekh T, Pemmasani S, Desai R. Marijuana Use Among Young Adults (18-44 Years of Age) and Risk of Stroke: A Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey Analysis. Stroke. 2020;51(1):308-310. PubMed
  127. Ramphul K, Joynauth J. Cardiac Arrhythmias Among Teenagers Using Cannabis in the United States. Am J Cardiol. 2019;124(12):1966. PubMed
  128. Kamer RS, Warshafsky S, Kamer GC. Change in Traffic Fatality Rates in the First 4 States to Legalize Recreational Marijuana. JAMA Intern Med. 2020. PubMed
  129. Zaidi SR, Khan ZH, Mukhtar K, Ahmed MM, Syed SH. A Case of Intussusception in a Patient with Marijuana Use: Coincidence or Possible Correlation? Cureus. 2020;12(3):e7493. PubMed
  130. Paul SP, Hatoum AS, Fine JD, et al. Associations between prenatal cannabis exposure and childhood outcomes: results from the ABCD Study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;e202902. PubMed
  131. Ammerman SD, Ryan SA, Adelman WP, et al. The impact of marijuana policies on youth: clinical, research, and legal update. Pediatrics. 2015;135(3):584-7. DOI
  132. Emoto J, Weeks K, Kallail KJ. Accidental Acute Cannabis Intoxication Presenting as Seizure in Pediatrics Patients. Kans J Med. 2020;13: 129-130. DOI
  133. Hines LA, Freeman TP, Gage SH, et al. Association of High-Potency Cannabis Use With Mental Health and Substance Use in Adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77(10):1044-1051. PubMed
  134. Monte AA, K Shelton SK, Mills E., Acute Illness Associated With Cannabis Use, by Route of Exposure: An Observational Study. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Apr 16;170(8):531-537. PubMed
  135. San Luis CV, Nobleza COS, Shekhar S, et al. Association between recent cannabinoid use and acute ischemic stroke. Neurol Clin Pract. 2020;10(4):333-339. PubMed
  136. Arkell TR, Vinckenbosch F, Kevin RC, Theunissen EL, McGregor IS, Ramaekers JG. Effect of Cannabidiol and ?9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on Driving Performance: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020;324(21):2177-2186.
  137. Brown GW, Bellnier TJ, Janda M, Miskowitz K. ?-9-tetrahydrocannabinol dose increase leads to warfarin drug interaction and elevated INR. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2021;61(1):e57-e60. PubMed
  138. Cole TB, Saitz R. Cannabis and Impaired Driving. JAMA. 2020;324(21):2163-2164. PubMed
  139. Corsi DJ, Donelle J, Sucha E, et al. Maternal cannabis use in pregnancy and child neurodevelopmental outcomes. Nat Med. 2020;26(10):1536-1540. PubMed
  140. Dellazizzo L, Potvin S, Dou BY, et al. Association Between the Use of Cannabis and Physical Violence in Youths: A Meta-Analytical Investigation. Am J Psychiatry. 2020;177(7):619-626. PubMed
  141. Faustino ISP, González-Arriagada WA, Cordero-Torres K, Lopes MA. Candidiasis of the tongue in cannabis users: a report of 2 cases. Gen Dent. 2020;68(5):66-68.
  142. Gorfinkel LR, Stohl M, Hasin D. Association of Depression With Past-Month Cannabis Use Among US Adults Aged 20 to 59 Years, 2005 to 2016. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(8):e2013802. PubMed
  143. Grzeskowiak LE, Grieger JA, Andraweera P, et al. The deleterious effects of cannabis during pregnancy on neonatal outcomes. Med J Aust. 2020;212(11):519-524. PubMed
  144. Lawin D, Lawrenz T, Tego A, Stellbrink C. Cannabis-induced recurrent myocardial infarction in a 21-year-old man: a case report. Eur Heart J Case Rep. 2020;4(3):1-5. PubMed
  145. Lewis B, Fleeger T, Judge B, Riley B, Jones JS. Acute toxicity associated with cannabis edibles following decriminalization of marijuana in Michigan. Am J Emerg Med. 2020:S0735-6757(20)30872-X. PubMed
  146. Manning T, Bartow C, McNaughton M, Reynolds E, Chen Z. Vaping Cannabis Oil: A Case of Catatonia Associated With Use of High-Potency Cannabis. Psychosomatics. 2020;61(6):745-751. PubMed
  147. Mekala H, Malik Z, Lone J, Shah K, Ishaq M. Cannabis-Induced Catatonia: A Case Series. Cureus. 2020;12(6):e8603. PubMed
  148. Tournier N, Lucie Chevillard L, Megarbane B, et al. Interaction of drugs of abuse and maintenance treatments with human P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2). Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010;13(7):905-15. PubMed
  149. Arnold JC, Hone P, Holland ML, Allen JD. CB2 and TRPV1 receptors mediate cannabinoid actions on MDR1 expression in multidrug resistant cells. Pharmacol Rep. 2012;64(3):751-7. PubMed
  150. Wymore EM, Palmer C, Wang GS, et al. Persistence of ?-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Human Breast Milk JAMA Pediatr. 2021. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.6098. PubMed
  151. Anderson LL, Doohan PT, Oldfield L, et al. Citalopram and Cannabidiol: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence of Pharmacokinetic Interactions Relevant to the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in Young People. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2021. PubMed
  152. Nasrin S, Watson CJW, Perez-Paramo YX, Lazarus P. Cannabinoid Metabolites as Inhibitors of Major Hepatic CYP450 Enzymes, with Implications for Cannabis-Drug Interactions. Drug Metab Dispos 2021;49(12):1070-1080. PubMed
  153. Noori A, Miroshnychenko A, Shergill Y, et al. Opioid-sparing effects of medical cannabis or cannabinoids for chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and observational studies. BMJ Open 2021;11(7):e047717. PubMed
  154. Puri C, Rhee K, Harish VK, Slack D. Marijuana induced spontaneous pneumomediastinum. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2021;11(4):516-517. PubMed
  155. Rao SJ, Kirse DJ, Shetty AK. Cannabis induced thermal epiglottitis in a pediatric patient. Am J Emerg Med 2021;49:114-116. PubMed
  156. Sheikh B, Hirachan T, Gandhi K, Desai S, Arif R, Isakov O. Cannabis-Induced Malignant Catatonia: A Medical Emergency and Review of Prior Case Series. Cureus 2021;13(8):e17490. PubMed
  157. Malviya A, Khan SA, Gupta A, Mishra A. Chronic Marijuana Consumption Leading to High-Grade Atrioventricular Block in a Young Male. Cureus 2021;13(7):e16202. PubMed
  158. Sly M, Clark K, Karaghossian G, Narang VK, Gill M, Ragland AS. Cannabis-Induced Pancreatitis in a Young Adult Male. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2021;9:23247096211035238. PubMed
  159. Kiburi SK, Molebatsi K, Ntlantsana V, Lynskey MT. Cannabis use in adolescence and risk of psychosis: Are there factors that moderate this relationship? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Subst Abus 2021;42(4):527-542. PubMed
  160. Kasuda S, Kondo T, Terazawa I, Morimoto M, Yuui K, Kudo R. Cardiac sudden death in a young cannabis user. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2021;53:101955. PubMed
  161. Singh BO, Panda PK, Walia R. Recreational cannabis use causing non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy and cardioembolism in a young adult. BMJ Case Rep 2021;14(6):e243193. PubMed
  162. Matta A, Elenizi K, Elbaz M, Roncalli J. Left main coronary artery thrombus after cannabis consumption: a case report. Eur Heart J Case Rep 2021;5(6):ytab179. PubMed
  163. Onorato A, Shapiro J, Griffin L, Aldulescu M, Arva NC, Shah A. Chronic cough and weight loss in an adolescent marijuana smoker. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2022;10:2050313X221085779. PubMed
  164. Farouji I, Chan KH, Battah A, et al. A rare case of marijuana associated with ascending aorta thrombosis complicated with stroke and bilateral renal infarcts. Radiol Case Rep 2021;17(1):119-123. PubMed
  165. Banana Y, Bashir H, Boukabous S, Rezziki A, Benzirar A, El Mahi O. Cannabis arteritis: A case report and brief review of the literature. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022;76:103523. PubMed
  166. Busse JW, Vankrunkelsven P, Zeng L, et al. Medical cannabis or cannabinoids for chronic pain: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ 2021;374:n2040. PubMed
  167. Marchand G, Masoud AT, Govindan M, et al. Birth Outcomes of Neonates Exposed to Marijuana in Utero: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2022;5(1):e2145653. PubMed
  168. Ramos B, Santos Martins AF, Lima Osório ES. Psychotic cannabis withdrawal: A clinical case. Cureus 2022;14(11):e31465. PubMed
  169. Robinson T, Ali MU, Easterbrook B, et al. Identifying risk-thresholds for the association between frequency of cannabis use and development of cannabis use disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022;238:109582. PubMed
  170. Fresán A, Dionisio-García DM, González-Castro TB, et al. Cannabis smoking increases the risk of suicide ideation and suicide attempt in young individuals of 11-21 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2022;153:90-98. PubMed
  171. Maharaj N, Swarath S, Seecheran R, Seecheran V, Seecheran NA. Suspected cannabis vaping-induced pericardial effusion. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2022;10:23247096221140251. PubMed
  172. Alirezaei T, Mohammadi MKA, Irilouzadian R, Zarinparsa H. Marijuana-induced myocarditis in a 24-year-old man. Arch Clin Cases 2022;9(2):69-74. PubMed
  173. Kothadia JP, Dash A, Verma R, Kreitman K, Snell PD, Ismail MK. Adult intussusception in chronic marijuana users. Gastroenterology Res 2022;15(5):278-283. PubMed
  174. Abosheaishaa H, Nassar M, Haseeb Ul Rasool M, Makhoul K, Abdelwahed M. Marijuana-induced acute hepatitis: A case report. Cureus 2022;14(10):e30273. PubMed
  175. Jain A, Ashiq A, Ahmed R, Rane RP, Hussain KM. A case of pneumothorax secondary to marijuana use disorder. Cureus 2022;14(7):e26634. PubMed
  176. Prota C, Ravera A, Caleo O, Campanile A. Marijuana-induced toxic myocarditis: a case report and a review of the literature. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2022;23(12):814-818. PubMed
  177. Idris I, Diez JR, Assoku BA, Beker S. Accidental ingestion of tetrahydrocannabinol-laced gummies causing bradycardia and first-degree atrioventricular block in a pediatric patient: A case report. Cureus 2022;14(7):e26826. PubMed
  178. Simonsen SK, Rittig NF, Poulsen PL, Svart MV. Hypokalemic paresis in a 26-year-old man after recreational cannabis use. Am J Case Rep 2022;23:e936008. PubMed
  179. Chabot C, Gouat F. Rare finding of acute eosinophilic pneumonia associated with heavy cannabis use: A case-report. Radiol Case Rep 2022;17(9):3040-3042. PubMed
  180. Gayá García-Manso I, Martínez García MÁ, Pérez Pérez JL. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia associated with marijuana smoking for chronic pain management. Med Clin (Barc) 2022;159(6):e41-e42. DOI
  181. Englund A, Oliver D, Chesney E, et al. Does cannabidiol make cannabis safer? A randomised, double-blind, cross-over trial of cannabis with four different CBD:THC ratios. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022. PubMed
  182. Hutten NRPW, Arkell TR, Vinckenbosch F, et al. Cannabis containing equivalent concentrations of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) induces less state anxiety than THC-dominant cannabis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022;239(11):3731-374 PubMed
  183. Bell AD, MacCallum C, Margolese S, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for cannabis and cannabinoid-based medicines in the management of chronic pain and co-occurring conditions. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2023. PubMed
  184. Graves JM, Dilley JA, Klein T, Liebelt E. Suspected suicidal cannabis exposures reported to US Poison Centers, 2009-2021. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(4):e239044. PubMed
  185. Moussa MK, Hall MAK, Akwe J. Cannabis-induced acute encephalopathy in a 94-year-old woman due to family administration of cannabidiol (CBD) products: A case report. Cureus 2023;15(4):e37927.
  186. Le Q, Dangol G, Bhandari A. A rare case of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage caused by fentanyl-laced marijuana. Cureus 2023;15(5):e38523. PubMed
  187. Mankgele M, Hlawe D, Tsabedze N. Cannabis-associated myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries in a young patient with underlying myocardial bridge. Am J Case Rep 2023;24:e938175. PubMed
  188. Khan MA, Khan FH, Khan HB, Brabham D. Marijuana as a cause of diffuse coronary vasospasm leading to cardiac arrest. Cureus 2023;15(4):e38026. PubMed
  189. Alisauskiene R, Johnsen E, Gjestad R, et al. Does drug use affect the efficacy of amisulpride, aripiprazole and olanzapine in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders? Results from a pragmatic, randomised study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2023;83:185-193. PubMed
  190. Nana Sede Mbakop R, Kesiena O, Greene TE, Amakye D. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in a 23-year-old woman with uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus. Am J Case Rep 2023;24:e938418. PubMed
  191. Johnson GA, Guerra L, Oxner A. A case of panic attacks developing after 10 years of chronic cannabis use in a patient with no prior psychiatric history. Cureus 2023;15(1):e34197. PubMed
  192. Li J, Miller M, Abu Khalaf S, Nelson TB. Weeding out the culprit: Cannabinoid-associated Stevens-Johnson Syndrome. Cureus 2023;15(5):e39454. PubMed
  193. Osagie E, Mirza O. Recurrent severe burns due to cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. Cureus 2023;15(2):e34552. PubMed
  194. Ploucher S, Koilpillai S, Iyyani M, Carlan S. A case of near-fatal bradycardia caused by accidental cannabis intoxication. Cureus 2023;15(4):e37430. PubMed
  195. Gauthier T, Prakash PB, Keopple D, Vardis R. Cannabis-induced catatonia in a 15-year-old male: A case report. WMJ 2023;122(2):131-133.
  196. Pilitsi E, Kennamer B, Trepanowski N, et al. Cannabis arteritis presenting with Raynaud's and digital ulcerations: a case-based review of a controversial thromboangiitis obliterans-like condition. Clin Rheumatol 2023;42(7):1981-1985. PubMed
  197. Luke ND, Vefali B, Chow P, Miller R. Acute recreational cannabis-induced hypersensitivity pneumonitis: A case report. Cureus 2023;15(4):e37312. PubMed
  198. Rahman A, Alqaisi S. Myopericarditis associated with marijuana intake: A case report and literature review. Cureus 2023;15(5):e39413. PubMed
  199. Patel M, Sathiya Narayanan R, Peela AS. A case of a patient with cannabis hyperemesis syndrome along with recurrent nephrolithiasis. Cureus 2023;15(4):e37182. PubMed
  200. Zamarripa CA, Spindle TR, Surujunarain R, et al. Assessment of orally administered ?9-tetrahydrocannabinol when coadministered with cannabidiol on ?9-tetrahydrocannabinol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in healthy adults: A randomized clinical trial PubMed
  201. Phan AT, Hu J, Ghantarchyan HH, Nguyen VP, Hasan M. Marijuana-induced lung injury: A case report and a review of the literature. Cureus 2023;15(2):e34635. PubMed
  202. van Dam CJ, van der Schrier R, van Velzen M, et al. Inhaled Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol does not enhance oxycodone-induced respiratory depression: randomised controlled trial in healthy volunteers. Br J Anaesth 2023;130(4):485-493.
  203. Hjorthøj C, Compton W, Starzer M, et al. Association between cannabis use disorder and schizophrenia stronger in young males than in females. Psychol Med. 2023;1-7. PubMed
  204. Treyer A, Reinhardt JK, Eigenmann DE, Oufir M, Hamburger M. Phytochemical comparison of medicinal cannabis extracts and study of their CYP-mediated interactions with coumarinic oral anticoagulants. Med Cannabis Cannabinoids. 2023;6(1):21-31. PubMed
  205. Nadeem Z, Wu C, Burke S, Parker S. Serotonin syndrome and cannabis: A case report. Australas Psychiatry. 2024;32(1):100-101. PubMed
  206. Arshad H, Mousa A, Oudah B, Kakhktsyan T, Abu-Abaa M, Kass R. Cannabis-Induced ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction With Possible Coronary Artery Dissection: A Case Report. Cureus. 2023;15(5):e39594. PubMed
  207. Licciardi M, Utzeri E, Marchetti MF, Nissardi V, Cecchetto G, Montisci M, Montisci R. Syncope and Cannabis: hypervagotonia from chronic abuse? A case report and literature review. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2023;23(1):518. PubMed
  208. Oudah B, Al-Ameri N, Mousa A, Arshad H, Abu-Abaa M, Park S. Variant Angina and Cannabis-Induced Myocarditis: A Rare Presentation of Myocardial Inflammation. Cureus. 2023;15(6):e41196. PubMed
  209. Fontane Hoyos CN, Boos J, Goldminz AM. Airborne allergic contact dermatitis to medical marijuana. Contact Dermatitis. 2024;90(1):89-91. PubMed
  210. Alduraibi RK, Altowayan YF, AlMharwal BT. Unexpected cause of recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis in type 1 diabetes: a case report. BMC Endocr Disord. 2023;23(1):137. PubMed
  211. Singh A, Apostolatos A, Iyer A, Bescobedo B, Middlemas M. Cannabis Use: An Uncommon Cause of Hypokalemia-Induced Acute Paralysis. Cureus. 2023;15(8):e44393. PubMed
  212. Moshfeghinia R, Oji B, Hosseinzadeh M, Pourfridoni M, Ahmadi J. Early onset frontotemporal dementia following cannabis abuse: a case report. BMC Psychiatry. 2023;23(1):484. PubMed
  213. Sharma A, Sharma V. A Case of Cannabis-Induced Catatonia and Management With Electroconvulsive Therapy. Cureus. 2023;15(8):e43478. PubMed
  214. Leczycki M, Zaki P, Espiridion ED. Moon Rock Cannabis-Induced Psychosis and New-Onset Seizures in a 20-Year-Old Male. Cureus. 2023;15(7):e42752. PubMed
  215. Ahmad Z, Mukherjee A, Garcia A, Asif H. Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum in Marijuana Users. Cureus. 2023;15(9):e45033. PubMed
  216. Oladunjoye AF, Li E, Aneni K, Onigu-Otite E. Cannabis use disorder, suicide attempts, and self-harm among adolescents: A national inpatient study across the United States. PLoS One. 2023;18(10):e0292922. Erratum in: PLoS One. 2023 Nov 30;18(11):e0294303. PubMed
  217. Chhabra M, Ben-Eltriki M, Paul A, Lê ML, Herbert A, Oberoi S, Bradford N, Bowers A, Rassekh SR, Kelly LE. Cannabinoids for symptom management in children with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer. 2023 Nov 15;129(22):3656-3670. doi: 10.10 PubMed
  218. Delker E, Hayes S, Kelly AE, Jones KL, Chambers C, Bandoli G. Prenatal Exposure to Cannabis and Risk of Major Structural Birth Defects: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2023;142(2):269-283. PubMed
  219. Reis MG, Ferreira AJF, Sohouli MH, Taimeirão DR, Vieira RAL, Guimarães NS. Effect of cannabis and subproducts on anthropometric measures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes (Lond). 2024;48(1):44-54. PubMed
  220. Bansal S, Zamarripa CA, Spindle TR, et al. Evaluation of Cytochrome P450-Mediated Cannabinoid-Drug Interactions in Healthy Adult Participants. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2023.
  221. Jeffers AM, Glantz S, Byers AL, Keyhani S. Association of Cannabis Use With Cardiovascular Outcomes Among US Adults. J Am Heart Assoc. 2024 Mar 5;13(5):e030178. PubMed
  222. Elnagar A, Kgomo M, Mokone M, Yousif B. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. BMJ Case Rep 2024;17(4):e256921. PubMed
  223. Braun IM, Bohlke K, Abrams DI, et al. Cannabis and Cannabinoids in Adults With Cancer: ASCO Guideline. J Clin Oncol 2024;42(13):1575-1593. PubMed
  224. Mensah DN, Livingston J, Maddukuri V. Cannabis-Associated Pneumothorax: A Case Report. Cureus 2023;15(12):e50825. PubMed
  225. Crichton M, Dissanayaka T, Marx W, et al. Does medicinal cannabis affect depression, anxiety, and stress in people with cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies. Maturitas 2024;184:107941. PubMed
  226. Tadesse AW, Dachew BA, Ayano G, Betts K, Alati R. Prenatal cannabis use and the risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder in offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2024;171:142-151. PubMed
  227. Oliveira Gracini CL, Nascimento GG, Vidigal MTC, et al. Suicide ideation and psychotropic recreational drug use by adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sao Paulo Med J 2024;142(4):e2022641. PubMed
  228. Tadesse AW, Ayano G, Dachew BA, et al. The association between prenatal cannabis use and congenital birth defects in offspring: A cumulative meta-analysis. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2024;102:107340. PubMed
  229. Lowe DJE, Sorkhou M, George TP. Cannabis use in adolescents and anxiety symptoms and disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2024;50(2):150-161. PubMed
  230. Dawson D, Stjepanovic D, Lorenzetti V, Cheung C, Hall W, Leung J. The prevalence of cannabis use disorders in people who use medicinal cannabis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024;257:111263. PubMed
  231. Shukla R, Shukla N. Cannabis-induced obsessive-compulsive disorder: Is it a paradox?. Indian J Psychiatry 2023;65(11):1200-1201. PubMed
  232. Hutchinson J, Sall S, Stevens L. The Effect of Cannabis Use on Depression. Cureus 2024;16(1):e51803. PubMed
  233. Yang G, Li F, Wang Q, Liu Y, Guo J, Yue C. Association between history of cannabis use and outcomes after total hip or knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2024;12:1377688. PubMed
  234. Moshfeghinia R, Hosseinzadeh M, Mostafavi S, et al. Recurrent cannabis-induced catatonia: a case report and comprehensive systematic literature review. Front Psychiatry 2024;15:1332310. PubMed
  235. Zafrullah F, Raheela F, Ali F, et al. Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection in the Setting of Marijuana: A Case Report. Cureus 2024;16(4):e59284. PubMed
  236. Shehataa MS, Abdelfattah AH, Selim AN. A Case Report of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome From Cannabis and Amphetamine Use. Cureus 2023;15(12):e50003. PubMed
  237. Khalili MR, Hosseini S, Shirvani M. Bilateral Optic Neuropathy Associated with Acute Inhaled Marijuana Use: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Neuroophthalmology 2024;48(3):186-192. PubMed
  238. Kaplan EF, Link CN, Schmalzried S, Rosenblatt A, Kellams A, Holland E. Association of Cannabis with Apneic Episodes in a Breastfed Infant: A Case Study. Breastfeed Med 2024;19(6):490-493. PubMed
  239. Solanki NN, Thill CA, Chaker M, Messina Alvarez AA, Manasrah N, Chaudhary AJ. Recurrent Spontaneous Pneumothorax Secondary to Marijuana and Tobacco Abuse. Cureus 2024;16(1):e52391. PubMed
  240. Velez Oquendo G, Balaji N, Ignatowicz A, Qutob H. Vanishing Lung Syndrome in a Young Male With Chronic Marijuana Use: A Case Report. Cureus 2023;15(12):e51223. PubMed
  241. Heyne S, Steininger J, Bauer A. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis to marijuana. Contact Dermatitis 2024. PubMed
  242. Acharya P, Mishra A, Kuikel S, et al. Severe and rapidly changing hypophosphatemia in cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a case report. Oxf Med Case Reports 2024;2024(6):omae055. PubMed
  243. Moy M, Truonghuynh A, Villarreal E, Neal D. Antepartum Psychosis in the Setting of Preeclampsia With Severe Features: A Case Report. Cureus 2023;15(11):e49678. PubMed
  244. Park JB, Lee D, Adebagbo OD, et al. Impact of marijuana on masculinization top surgery postoperative complications: Single-surgeon single-institutional experience. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2024;93:302-304. PubMed
  245. Zebbakh H, Imrani K, Benbrahim F, Moatassim Billah N, Nassar I. Acute toxic hippocampal encephalopathy in heavy cannabis users: A case report. Radiol Case Rep 2024;19(5):1913-1916. PubMed
  246. Bhana M, Perner Y. Can cannabinoids contribute to cholecystitis - a case of gangrenous acalculous cholecystitis. S Afr J Surg 2024;62(2):71. DOI
  247. Salmerón S, Ochandiano I, Andreu H, et al. Cannabis withdrawal and manic episodes: Three cases of an unknown trigger for bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2024;26(3):296-299. PubMed
  248. Colling M, Souri Y, Reifsnyder T. Tetrahydrocannabinol vape-associated cannabis arteritis in a patient with minimal tobacco exposure. J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech 2024;11(1):101673. PubMed
  249. Bennasser A, Oudrhiri Safiani M, El Mostarchid A, Zhim M, Jiddane M, Touarsa F. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) following cannabis consumption: A rare association. Radiol Case Rep 2024;20(1):59-63. PubMed
  250. de Andrade Silva S, Velozo C, de Almeida Souto Montenegro L, et al. Effect of Preoperative Oral Cannabidiol-Rich Cannabis Extract on Anxiety and Postoperative Pain after Endodontic Treatment: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. J Endod 2024;50(12):1 PubMed
  251. Ricci V, De Berardis D, Martinotti G, Maina G. New insight in psychotic cannabis withdrawal: case series and brief overview. Riv Psichiatr 2024;59(6):316-321. PubMed
  252. Grimison P, Mersiades A, Kirby A, et al. Oral Cannabis Extract for Secondary Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Final Results of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase II/III Trial. J Clin Oncol 2024;42(34):4040-4050. PubMed
  253. Udomuksorn W, Saowaneepitak N, Dolthammasiri P, et al. Unveiling the impact of water-boiled cannabis on warfarin: A case report of atrial fibrillation patients after cannabis legalization in Thailand. Toxicol Rep 2024;13:101838. PubMed
  254. Munroe M, Shah Z, Setya A. Wernicke encephalopathy in a pediatric patient with cannabinoid hyperemesis: A novel case report. JPGN Rep 2024;5(3):411-413. PubMed
  255. Storck W, Elbaz M, Vindis C, et al. Cardiovascular risk associated with the use of cannabis and cannabinoids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. 2025:heartjnl-2024-325429. PubMed
  256. Dogra R, Dogra V, Badyal H, Avasthi S. Hot Dab Associated Pneumonitis - a case report. BMC Pulm Med 2024;24(1):449. PubMed
  257. Ei Sherif Y, Gouher S, Abualhab MM, El-Khoury J. Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome in a Recently Abstinent Chronic User: Assessment and Intervention. Consort Psychiatr 2024;5(1):27-32. PubMed
  258. Knight HE, Singla A, Smerina M, et al. A Rare Complication of Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome. Am J Case Rep 2024;25:e945106. PubMed
  259. Wasik J, Likonska A, Kurowski M. IgE-Mediated Allergy and Asymptomatic Sensitization to Cannabis Allergens-Review of Current Knowledge and Presentation of Six Cases. Medicina (Kaunas) 2024;60(6):954. PubMed
  260. Strickler L, Baker A, DeGonza H, Alkhouri R. Intussusception in an Infant Chronically Ingesting Marijuana Via Breastfeeding. Breastfeed Med. 2025;20(6):450-452. PubMed
  261. Daoudi I, Mabchour A, Rasquin F, Van Bol L, Demols P. Retinal arterial macroaneurysm rupture in a 17-year-old: Could cannabis consumption be a risk factor? J Fr Ophtalmol. 2025:S0181-5512(25)00141-X. PubMed

See these in context on the Cannabis monograph →

Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

Keep exploring