Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 6 of 9 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Superzymes Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Ron Teeguarden Nutraceuticals

Superzymes label
See full label image
Tablet Or Pill Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Superzymes against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Superzymes is a dietary supplement by Ron Teeguarden Nutraceuticals with 9 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for digestive upset and bloating, infant colic, menstrual cramps.Based on those ingredients, 774 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Fennel, Powder, Bromelain, Betaine Hydrochloride. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Superzymes by Ron Teeguarden Nutraceuticals

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Superzymes by Ron Teeguarden Nutraceuticals — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Superzymes by Ron Teeguarden Nutraceuticals

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 9 of its 9 active ingredients.
  • “Pancreatin” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label gives one combined amount (250 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.

Superzymes contains nine active ingredients: digestive enzymes (amylase, protease, lipase, pepsin, pancreatin, bromelain, and papain), plus fennel powder for flavor and digestion support, betaine hydrochloride to boost stomach acid, and ox bile extract to aid fat digestion. The enzyme blend is designed to help break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats during digestion.

Inactive ingredients include dicalcium phosphate, cellulose, stearin, peppermint leaf flavor, silica, magnesium stearate, and food glaze.

Does it work?

Not established
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Not established

The graded evidence we hold for these ingredients covers different conditions than the ones this product is marketed for, so there's no established rating for its stated use.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: Supports digestive enzymatic activity.
  • We looked for evidence on: Dyspepsia, Flatulence, Exercise-induced muscle soreness, Postoperative swelling, Sprains, Wound healing — and 4 related terms.
  • The closest evidence on file: Papain is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Exercise-induced muscle soreness (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Papain is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Wound healing, Tonsillopharyngitis.
  • Also on file: Lipase is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Dyspepsia.

The evidence for most of these ingredients is limited. Fennel is possibly effective for period pain (dysmenorrhea), though it's insufficient for bronchitis, anxiety, bed-wetting, or cholera.

For the other active ingredients—lipase for inflammatory bowel disease or indigestion, betaine hydrochloride for indigestion or food allergies, and bromelain or papain for various conditions—the data we hold shows insufficient reliable evidence to rate them. No effectiveness ratings are on file for the enzymes amylase, protease, pepsin, pancreatin, or ox bile extract.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Fennel Betaine Hydrochloride Proteolytic Enzymes (proteases) Lipase Bromelain Papain

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 6 of the 6 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 6 of 6.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 6 of 6.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Most of these ingredients are generally well tolerated in the short term. Protease and pepsin may cause digestive upset or allergic reactions in sensitive people; occupational exposure to airborne pepsin has rarely caused allergic rhinitis or asthma.

Lipase is well tolerated in supplement form but should be used only under medical guidance in people with serious digestive conditions. Fennel is generally safe as a food but concentrated amounts may trigger photosensitivity, allergic reactions, or rarely seizures.

Betaine hydrochloride may irritate the stomach and is unsafe for people with ulcers, gastritis, or true acid reflux—it could cause or worsen heartburn. Bromelain is well tolerated short-term but can cause diarrhea, gas, upset stomach, or headache; allergic reactions including asthma are possible if inhaled.

Papain may cause allergic reactions (itchy eyes, runny nose, abdominal cramps) and at high doses can cause severe gastritis or esophageal perforation. For pregnancy: protease, pepsin, betaine hydrochloride, bromelain, and papain are best avoided; lipase and fennel should only be used if advised by your doctor.

For breastfeeding: protease, pepsin, lipase, and bromelain lack adequate safety data—check with your healthcare provider; betaine hydrochloride and papain should be avoided.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Fennel Betaine Hydrochloride Proteolytic Enzymes (proteases) Lipase Bromelain Papain

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 4 of the 6 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Papain, Fennel, Betaine Hydrochloride, Bromelain.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs.
  • For scale: 775 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking Superzymes, double-check your medications if you take warfarin (blood thinner), contraceptive drugs, hormone replacement therapy, anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs (including aspirin-like pain relievers), ciprofloxacin or other fluoroquinolone antibiotics, tamoxifen, H2-blockers or proton pump inhibitors (heartburn or reflux medications), antacids, or tetracycline antibiotics. No interactions are documented for amylase or ox bile extract, which we could not check.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with no established evidence rating for its marketed use. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

Superzymes is a multi-enzyme digestive aid that may help some people break down food, but evidence for most ingredients is limited. Anyone taking blood thinners, hormonal contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, ciprofloxacin, tamoxifen, heartburn medications, or tetracycline antibiotics should check their exact medications with the tool on this page before starting.

Pregnant or breastfeeding people should talk with their pharmacist or doctor first.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 7 of 9 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Jul 25, 2024.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Superzymes, straight from the product label.

Brand Ron Teeguarden Nutraceuticals
Net contents 180 Tablet(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Jul 25, 2024
DSLD ID 316712
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Tablet Or Pill
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Children 4 or More Years of Age, Adult (18 - 50 Years), Dairy Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Superzymes by Ron Teeguarden Nutraceuticals, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
2 Tablet(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
2 Tablet(s)
Servings per container
90
IngredientAmount% DV
Amylase50000 USP Unit(s)--
Protease50000 USP Unit(s)--
Lipase4000 USP Unit(s)--
Fennel, Powder50 mg--
Betaine Hydrochloride330 mg--
Pepsin195 mg--
Pancreatin250 mg--
Ox Bile Extract260 mg--
Bromelain260 mg--
Papain260 mg--

Other ingredients: Dicalcium Phosphate, Cellulose, Stearin, Peppermint leaf flavor, Silica, Magnesium Stearate, Food Glaze

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Formulation

Contains no dairy, yeast, wheat, soy, preservatives, artificial colors or flavors.

Supports Digestive Enzymatic Activity

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested Use: As a dietary supplement, adults take two (2) tablets after each meal, or as directed by a health care professional.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place and away from direct light.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Precautions

Keep out of reach of children.

Caution: Do not take if you suffer from gastric ulcers, gastritis or persistent abdominal pain.

Not recommended for children under 12.

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Seals/Symbols

Quality and Potency Guaranteed

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Superzymes by Ron Teeguarden Nutraceuticals label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Superzymes label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Superzymes by Ron Teeguarden Nutraceuticals

These are the 9 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size2 Tablet(s) Dosage formTablet Or Pill Servings per container90 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Fennel, Powder

Interacts with
740 drugs
50 mg per serving

Fennel is a Mediterranean herb widely used as a food and spice, and traditionally taken for digestive complaints, colic, and menstrual cramps. Some sm...

Fennel, Powder monograph & interactions

Betaine Hydrochloride

Interacts with
36 drugs
330 mg per serving

Betaine hydrochloride is a supplement used to temporarily increase stomach acid in people who may have low acid levels. Evidence for its benefits is l...

Betaine Hydrochloride monograph & interactions

Pepsin

No known
interactions
195 mg per serving

Proteolytic enzymes are proteins that help break down other proteins, and common examples include bromelain (from pineapple), papain (from papaya), tr...

Pepsin monograph & interactions

Pancreatin

250 mg per serving

Ox Bile Extract

260 mg per serving

Bromelain

Interacts with
141 drugs
260 mg per serving Form: Pineapple Enzyme

Bromelain is a group of protein-digesting enzymes from pineapple that people take mainly for inflammation, swelling, and sinus problems. Some early st...

Bromelain monograph & interactions

Papain

Interacts with
2 drugs
260 mg per serving Form: Papaya Enzyme

Papain is a protein-digesting enzyme from the papaya plant that is used in digestive supplements and some topical products. While it has clear food an...

Papain monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Dicalcium Phosphate, Cellulose, Stearin, Peppermint leaf flavor, Silica, Magnesium Stearate, Food Glaze. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Superzymes by Ron Teeguarden Nutraceuticals Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Superzymes?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
774Drugs
740 Moderate 34 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Fennel, Powder 740
Bromelain 141
Betaine Hydrochloride 36
Papain 2

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Superzymes interact with 774 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

4 of the 9 ingredients in Superzymes interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Fennel, Powder Bromelain Betaine Hydrochloride Papain

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Superzymes with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Fennel, Powder6 drug types · 740 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, fennel might increase the risk of bleeding when used with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs.

Animal research suggests that fennel oil has antithrombotic and antiplatelet effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)

Theoretically, fennel might decrease the levels and clinical effects of ciprofloxacin.

Animal research shows that fennel reduces ciprofloxacin bioavailability by nearly 50%, possibly due to the metal cations such as calcium, iron, and magnesium contained in fennel. This study also found that fennel increased tissue distribution and slowed elimination of ciprofloxacin.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Contraceptive Drugs

Theoretically, taking large amounts of fennel might decrease the effects of contraceptive drugs due to competition for estrogen receptors.

Some constituents of fennel have estrogenic activity.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, fennel might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.

In vitro research suggests that fennel inhibits CYP3A4 enzyme activity. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Estrogens

Theoretically, taking large amounts of fennel might interfere with hormone replacement therapy due to competition for estrogen receptors.

Some constituents of fennel have estrogenic activity.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tamoxifen (Nolvadex)

Theoretically, taking large amounts of fennel might decrease the antiestrogenic effect of tamoxifen.

Some constituents of fennel have estrogenic activity, which may interfere with the antiestrogenic activity of tamoxifen.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Fennel, Powder full monograph & interactions

Bromelain2 drug types · 141 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Bromelain may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
There is one case report of a patient experiencing minor bruising while taking bromelain with naproxen. Bromelain is thought to have antiplatelet activity. Whether this interaction is of concern with topical bromelain is unclear. Interference with coagulation of burn wounds has been reported in a patient receiving bromelain-based enzymatic debridement. However, observational research has found that topical bromelain debridement is not associated with increases or decreases in laboratory markers of coagulation when compared with surgical debridement.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tetracycline Antibiotics

Theoretically, bromelain might increase levels of tetracycline antibiotics.
Laboratory research suggests that bromelain might increase the absorption of tetracycline antibiotics. However, a study in healthy adults reported no difference in tetracycline plasma levels when a 500 mg dose was taken with or without bromelain 80 mg.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Bromelain full monograph & interactions

Betaine Hydrochloride3 drug types · 36 drugs

Antacids

Betaine hydrochloride increases stomach acidity and could decrease the effects of antacids.
In human research, betaine hydrochloride increases stomach acidity. Antacids are taken to decrease stomach acidity. Theoretically, taking betaine hydrochloride along with antacids might decrease the effects of the antacids.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
H2-Blockers

Betaine hydrochloride increases stomach acidity and could decrease the effects of H2-blockers.
In human research, betaine hydrochloride increases stomach acidity. H2-blockers are used to decrease stomach acidity. Theoretically, taking betaine hydrochloride along with H2-blockers might decrease the effects of H2-blockers.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Proton Pump Inhibitors (Ppis)

Betaine hydrochloride increases stomach acidity and could decrease the effects of PPIs.
In human research, betaine hydrochloride increases stomach acidity. PPIs are used to decrease stomach acidity. Theoretically, taking betaine hydrochloride along with PPIs might decrease the effects of PPIs

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Betaine Hydrochloride full monograph & interactions

Papain1 drug type · 2 drugs

Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, papain might increase the effects and side effects of warfarin.
In one case report, a patient previously stable on warfarin was found to have an international normalization ratio (INR) of 7.4, which was attributed to ingestion of a supplement containing papain from papaya extract.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Papain full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Superzymes, from the product label.

Ron Teeguarden Nutraceuticals

See all Ron Teeguarden Nutraceuticals products
Name
Ron Teeguarden Nutraceuticals
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Superzymes by Ron Teeguarden Nutraceuticals: Common Questions

Does Superzymes by Ron Teeguarden Nutraceuticals interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Superzymes has a known interaction with 774 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Superzymes contains 9 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Will Superzymes help my digestion?
Superzymes is made of digestive enzymes meant to break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, but we don't have strong evidence that it works for indigestion or other digestive conditions. Fennel in the blend may help with period pain. If you have a specific digestive problem, talk to your pharmacist or doctor about whether this product is right for you.
Can I take Superzymes if I have acid reflux or GERD?
No. Betaine hydrochloride in Superzymes increases stomach acid, which can trigger or worsen heartburn and acid reflux. If you have those conditions or take medications to reduce stomach acid, you should avoid this product.
Is Superzymes safe during pregnancy?
There isn't enough safety data to know. Several of the enzymes (protease, pepsin, bromelain, papain) are best avoided in pregnancy, and betaine hydrochloride should also be avoided. Lipase and fennel may be okay only if your doctor advises it. Talk with your pharmacist or doctor before taking this product while pregnant.
Can Superzymes cause allergic reactions?
Yes. Protease, pepsin, bromelain, and papain can trigger allergic reactions in sensitive people, ranging from itching and hives to difficulty breathing or asthma, especially if you inhale dust from the product. If you have a known allergy to pineapple (source of bromelain) or papaya (source of papain), you should avoid this supplement.
What side effects might I experience?
Common side effects include diarrhea, gas, and stomach upset from the enzymes. Fennel may cause photosensitivity (increased sun sensitivity), and betaine hydrochloride may cause heartburn. Allergic reactions are possible in sensitive individuals.
Is it safe to take Superzymes while breastfeeding?
Safety data during breastfeeding is limited or lacking for most of the ingredients in this product. Protease, pepsin, lipase, bromelain, and papain all need medical advice before use. Betaine hydrochloride should be avoided. Check with your healthcare provider before taking it.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Superzymes label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Superzymes’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Fennel

Interacts with 740 drugs

Fennel is a Mediterranean herb widely used as a food and spice, and traditionally taken for digestive complaints, colic, and menstrual cramps. Some small studies suggest possible benefit for...

Read the full Fennel monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Betaine Hydrochloride

Interacts with 36 drugs

Betaine hydrochloride is a supplement used to temporarily increase stomach acid in people who may have low acid levels. Evidence for its benefits is limited and mostly based on tradition rat...

Read the full Betaine Hydrochloride monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Proteolytic Enzymes (proteases)

Proteolytic enzymes are proteins that help break down other proteins, and common examples include bromelain (from pineapple), papain (from papaya), trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pancreatin. Peo...

Read the full Proteolytic Enzymes (proteases) monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Lipase

Lipase is a digestive enzyme that helps your body break down dietary fats. It is well established as part of prescription pancreatic enzyme therapy for people who cannot make enough of their...

Read the full Lipase monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Bromelain

Interacts with 141 drugs

Bromelain is a group of protein-digesting enzymes from pineapple that people take mainly for inflammation, swelling, and sinus problems. Some early studies are promising, but the overall evi...

Read the full Bromelain monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Papain

Interacts with 2 drugs

Papain is a protein-digesting enzyme from the papaya plant that is used in digestive supplements and some topical products. While it has clear food and laboratory uses, strong human evidence...

Read the full Papain monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Superzymes's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 53 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Proteolytic Enzymes (proteases) 3 references
  1. Weeks JA, Harper RA, Simon RA, Burdick JD. Assessment of sensitization risk of a laundry pre-spotter containing protease. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2011;30(4):272-9. PubMed
  2. Marquès LI, Lara S, Abós T, Bartolomé B. Occupational rhinitis due to pepsin. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2006;16(2):136-7. DOI
  3. Cartier A, Malo JL, Pineau L, Dolovich J. Occupational asthma due to pepsin. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1984;73(5 Pt 1):574-7. PubMed

See these in context on the Proteolytic Enzymes (proteases) monograph →

Lipase 1 reference
  1. Casper C, Hascoet JM, Ertl T, et al. Recombinant bile salt-stimulated lipase in preterm infant feeding: A randomized phase 3 study. PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0156071. PubMed

See these in context on the Lipase monograph →

Fennel 17 references
  1. Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
  2. Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.
  3. Zhu M, Wong PY, Li RC. Effect of oral administration of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) on ciprofloxacin absorption and disposition in the rat. J Pharm Pharmacol 1999;51:1391-6.
  4. Gral N, Beani JC, Bonnot D, et al. [Plasma levels of psoralens after celery ingestion]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1993;120:599-603.
  5. Burkhard PR, Burkhardt K, Haenggeli CA, Landis T. Plant-induced seizures: reappearance of an old problem. J Neurol 1999;246:667-70. PubMed
  6. Rosti L, Nardini A, Bettinelli ME, Rosti D. Toxic effects of a herbal tea mixture in two newborns. Acta Paediatrica 1994;83:683. PubMed
  7. Cuzzolin L, Zaffani S, and Benoni G. Safety implications regarding use of phytomedicines. Eur.J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;62:37-42. PubMed
  8. Tognolini, M., Ballabeni, V., Bertoni, S., Bruni, R., Impicciatore, M., and Barocelli, E. Protective effect of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil and anethole in an experimental model of thrombosis. Pharmacol.Res 2007;56(3):254-260. PubMed
  9. Subehan, Usia, T., Iwata, H., Kadota, S., and Tezuka, Y. Mechanism-based inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 by Indonesian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 5-24-2006;105(3):449-455. PubMed
  10. Tognolini, M., Barocelli, E., Ballabeni, V., Bruni, R., Bianchi, A., Chiavarini, M., and Impicciatore, M. Comparative screening of plant essential oils: phenylpropanoid moiety as basic core for antiplatelet activity. Life Sci. 2-23-2006;78(13):1419-1432. PubMed
  11. Subehan, Zaidi, S. F., Kadota, S., and Tezuka, Y. Inhibition on human liver cytochrome P450 3A4 by constituents of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare): identification and characterization of a mechanism-based inactivator. J Agric.Food Chem. 12-12-2007;55(25):101 PubMed
  12. LEVY, S. B. Bronchial asthma due to ingestion of fennel and fennel seed. Ann.Allergy 1948;6(4):415.
  13. Ottolenghi, A., De Chiara, A., Arrigoni, S., Terracciano, L., and De Amici, M. [Diagnosis of food allergy caused by fruit and vegetables in children with atopic dermatitis]. Pediatr Med Chir 1995;17(6):525-530.
  14. Trabace L, Tucci P, Ciuffreda L, et al. "Natural" relief of pregnancy-related symptoms and neonatal outcomes: above all do no harm. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;174:396-402. PubMed
  15. Denaxa D, Arkwright PD. Fennel as a cause of immediate hypersensitivity to toothpaste. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2020;125(1):99-100. PubMed
  16. Lee HW, Ang L, Lee MS, Alimoradi Z, Kim E. Fennel for reducing pain in primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients 2020;12(11):3438. PubMed
  17. Mathew T, John SK, Javali M, Vasireddy M, Nadig R, Sarma GRK. Substance use related cluster headache: A case series. Headache 2022;62(7):908-910. PubMed

See these in context on the Fennel monograph →

Betaine Hydrochloride 2 references
  1. Yago MR, Frymoyer A, Benet LZ, Smelick GS, Frassetto LA, Ding X, Dean B, Salphati L, Budha N, Jin JY, Dresser MJ, Ware JA. The use of betaine HCl to enhance dasatinib absorption in healthy volunteers with rabeprazole-induced hypochlorhydria. AAPS J. 2014 PubMed
  2. Yago MR, Frymoyer AR, Smelick GS, Frassetto LA, Budha NR, Dresser MJ, Ware JA, Benet LZ. Gastric reacidification with betaine HCl in healthy volunteers with rabeprazole-induced hypochlorhydria. Mol Pharm. 2013 Nov 4;10(11):4032-7. PubMed

See these in context on the Betaine Hydrochloride monograph →

Bromelain 19 references
  1. Nettis E, Napoli G, Ferrannini A, Tursi A. IgE-mediated allergy to bromelain. Allergy 2001;56:257-8. PubMed
  2. Taussig SJ, Batkin S. Bromelain, the enzyme complex of pineapple (Ananas comosus) and its clinical application. An update. J Ethnopharmacol 1988;22:191-203.. PubMed
  3. Bradbrook ID, Morrison PJ, Rogers HJ. The effect of bromelain on the absorption of orally administered tetracycline. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1978;6:552-4. PubMed
  4. Bush TM, Rayburn KS, Holloway SW, et al. Adverse interactions between herbal and dietary substances and prescription medications: a clinical survey. Altern Ther Health Med 2007;13:30-5.
  5. Brien S, Lewith G, Walker AF, et al. Bromelain as an adjunctive treatment for moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. QJM 2006;99:841-50. PubMed
  6. Mori S, Ojima Y, Hirose T, et al. The clinical effect of proteolytic enzyme containing bromelain and trypsin on urinary tract infection evaluated by double blind method. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Jpn 1972;19:147-53.
  7. Glaser D, Hilberg T. The influence of bromelain on platelet count and platelet activity in vitro. Platelets 2006;17:37-41. PubMed
  8. Heinicke R M, van der Wal L, Yokoyama M. Effect of bromelain (Ananase) on human platelet aggregation. Experientia 1972;28:844-5. PubMed
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Papain 11 references
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See these in context on the Papain monograph →

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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

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