Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Virility Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Leviathan Wellness

Virility label
See full label image
Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 23, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Virility against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Virility is a dietary supplement by Leviathan Wellness with 5 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for high cholesterol, liver health, brain and memory support.Based on those ingredients, 688 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Celery Seed Extract, Zinc. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

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Check Your Meds Against Virility by Leviathan Wellness

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Virility by Leviathan Wellness — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Virility by Leviathan Wellness

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 5 of its 5 active ingredients.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

Virility contains five active ingredients. Zinc supports immune function and is used to address zinc deficiency and Wilson disease.

Sunflower Lecithin is a phospholipid that's generally used for its effects on cell membranes and nerve function. Maca root extract and Celery Seed Extract are herbal components with traditional use, and Pygeum Bark Extract comes from the African prune tree and is used in men's health formulations.

The product also contains inactive ingredients (hypromellose, rice flour, silica, and magnesium stearate) that serve as binders and fillers in the capsule.

Does it work?

Strong evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed

This product doesn't appear to be marketed for a specific use, so we graded its ingredients' overall clinical evidence instead.

Strong

Strong clinical evidence supports its ingredients for:

Why this rating?
  • We looked at the product name, claims, and label statements and couldn't find a stated purpose to grade.
  • Since the label doesn't commit to one use, we graded the ingredients' overall clinical evidence instead.
  • On file: Zinc deficiency — rated "Effective" (Zinc) (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) — rated "Likely Effective" (Pygeum) (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Wilson disease — rated "Likely Effective" (Zinc) (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Acne — rated "Possibly Effective" (Zinc) (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Acrodermatitis enteropathica — rated "Possibly Effective" (Zinc) (Natural Medicines).

Zinc is effective for treating zinc deficiency and likely effective for Wilson disease; evidence supports its possible effectiveness for acne, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetes. Pygeum Bark Extract is likely effective for benign prostatic hyperplasia (enlarged prostate).

The other three ingredients—Sunflower Lecithin, Maca root extract, and Celery Seed Extract—don't have established evidence of effectiveness for any condition in the data we hold; the research base is either insufficient or insufficient evidence has been recorded.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Lecithin Zinc Maca Celery Pygeum

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 5 of the 5 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 5 of 5.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 5 of 5.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Zinc is well tolerated in doses up to 40 mg daily, though higher amounts can cause nausea, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and metallic taste. There is concern that very high long-term doses may increase the risk of copper deficiency.

Sunflower Lecithin is generally well tolerated but may cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, or nausea in some people; those allergic to eggs or soy should avoid it. Celery Seed Extract is generally well tolerated as food but carries allergy risk—oral allergy syndrome and anaphylactic shock have been reported in sensitive individuals.

Maca root is generally well tolerated as a food but long-term supplement safety hasn't been studied. Pygeum is generally well tolerated short-term, though nausea and abdominal pain have been reported at rates similar to placebo.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Lecithin Zinc Maca Celery Pygeum

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 2 of the 5 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Celery, Zinc.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; lithium.
  • For scale: 688 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check your medications if you take blood thinners or blood pressure drugs (celery seed may add effect), antibiotics (especially quinolones, tetracyclines, cephalexin), penicillamine, ritonavir, HIV integrase inhibitors, bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide, thyroid hormone (levothyroxine), venlafaxine, lithium, or cisplatin chemotherapy. Celery seed also theoretically affects drugs metabolized by your liver's CYP1A2 system.

Use the medication checker on this page.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with strong clinical evidence behind its ingredients' uses. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

If you're deficient in zinc or have Wilson disease, this product's zinc may help. If you take blood-pressure or blood-thinning medications, antibiotics, thyroid hormone, HIV drugs, lithium, venlafaxine, or chemotherapy, you need to run your exact medications through the checker before starting.

If you have a celery allergy, skip this product. Talk to your pharmacist before starting.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 5 of 5 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Dec 21, 2024.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Virility, straight from the product label.

Brand Leviathan Wellness
Barcode (UPC) 728614790826
Net contents 120 Capsule(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Dec 21, 2024
DSLD ID 322133
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult Male (18-50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Virility by Leviathan Wellness, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
4 Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
4 Capsule(s)
Servings per container
30
UPC/BARCODE
728614790826
IngredientAmount% DV
Sunflower Lecithin1200 mg--
Zinc10 mg91%
Maca root extract250 mg--
Celery Seed Extract1000 mg--
Pygeum Bark Extract100 mg--

Other ingredients: Hypromellose, Rice Flour, Silica, Magnesium Stearate

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested use: As a dietary supplement, take four (4) capsules with 8-12 fl oz of water. This can be taken twice a day do not exceed more than eight capsules in a 24-hour period.

Precautions

This can be taken twice a day do not exceed more than eight capsules in a 24-hour period.

Warning: For use by healthy adults only, not recommended for persons under the age of 18.

Do not use if you are pregnant or nursing.

Seek advice from a healthcare professional before taking if you have any preexisting medical condition to ensure it is safe to take this product. In case of accidental overdose, contact a poison control center immediately.

Keep out of the reach of children.

This product is produced in a facility that also processes milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, tree nuts, peanuts, soy, wheat, and may contain trace amounts of all ingredients.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Storage

Storage instructions: Store in a cool dry place.

Seals/Symbols

GMP Good Manufacturing Practice Made in USA from Global Materials

Formula

Men's potency support

Formulation

Increase libido Increase sperm motility Increase seminal volume

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Virility by Leviathan Wellness label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Virility label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Virility by Leviathan Wellness

These are the 5 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size4 Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container30 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Sunflower Lecithin

No known
interactions
1200 mg per serving

Lecithin is a natural fatty substance found in foods and made by the body that is widely used as a supplement and food emulsifier. Evidence supporting...

Sunflower Lecithin monograph & interactions

Zinc

Interacts with
67 drugs
10 mg per serving Form: Zinc Citrate

Zinc is an essential mineral that your body needs for immune function, wound healing, taste, and smell. Most people get enough from food, but suppleme...

Zinc monograph & interactions

Maca root extract

No known
interactions
250 mg per serving

Maca is a nutrient-rich Andean root often used for energy, libido, and menopause symptoms. Early studies suggest it may modestly help sexual desire an...

Maca root extract monograph & interactions

Celery Seed Extract

Interacts with
651 drugs
1000 mg per serving Form: Flavones

Celery is a common vegetable that is also taken as a seed extract or oil supplement, mainly for blood pressure, fluid retention, and joint discomfort....

Celery Seed Extract monograph & interactions

Pygeum Bark Extract

No known
interactions
100 mg per serving Form: Phytosterols

Pygeum is an extract from the bark of the African cherry tree that is most often used to ease urinary symptoms linked to an enlarged prostate. Some st...

Pygeum Bark Extract monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Hypromellose, Rice Flour, Silica, Magnesium Stearate. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Virility by Leviathan Wellness Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Virility?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
688Drugs
510 Moderate 178 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Celery Seed Extract 651
Zinc 67

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Virility interact with 688 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

2 of the 5 ingredients in Virility interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Celery Seed Extract Zinc

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Virility with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Celery Seed Extract8 drug types · 651 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, celery root might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs.
Celery root contains the constituents falcarinol and falcarindiol. Laboratory research suggests that these constituents can inhibit platelet aggregation. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, celery seed extract might have additive effects with antihypertensive drugs.
Clinical research suggests that taking celery seed extract may reduce daytime systolic blood pressure by about 12 mmHg compared to less than 1 mmHg with placebo.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, celery might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
In vitro and animal research suggests that constituents of celery can inhibit CYP1A2. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Levothyroxine (Synthroid, Others)

Theoretically, celery seed might decrease the effects of levothyroxine.
Several cases of hypothyroidism with low T4 levels have been reported in people who were previously stabilized on levothyroxine and then started taking celery seed tablets. They presented with symptoms such as lethargy, bloating, and dry skin, and recovered when celery seed was stopped. However, celery stem and leaf has been associated with case reports of hyperthyroidism in patients with no pre-existing thyroid disorders.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Lithium

Theoretically, celery might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium due to potential diuretic effects.
Celery is thought to have diuretic properties. However, this effect has not been confirmed in humans.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Venlafaxine (Effexor)

Theoretically, celery root extract might increase blood levels of venlafaxine.
There is one case report of a patient who experienced medication-induced bipolar disorder after beginning to take celery root extract 1000 mg daily along with venlafaxine 75 mg and St. John's wort 600 mg daily. Symptoms included confusion, speech abnormalities, manic affect, and visual hallucinations. The plasma level of venlafaxine was 476.8 ng/mL (normal range 195-400 ng/mL). It is theorized that celery root increased venlafaxine levels by inhibiting cytochrome P450 2D6.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Acetaminophen (Tylenol, Others)

Theoretically, celery juice might increase the effects and side effects of acetaminophen.
Animal research suggests that concomitant use of celery juice plus acetaminophen prolongs the effects of acetaminophen. This effect has been attributed to a decrease in hepatic cytochrome P450 activity. However, other animal research shows that pretreatment with celery root extract protects against acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. These effects have not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Photosensitizing Drugs

Theoretically, celery might increase the risk of photosensitivity reactions when taken with photosensitizing drugs.
Laboratory research shows that celery contains photosensitizing agents such as phenols and psoralens.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Celery Seed Extract full monograph & interactions

Zinc10 drug types · 67 drugs

Bictegravir/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide (Biktarvy)

Theoretically, zinc might decrease levels of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide by reducing its absorption.
Advise patients that bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide should be taken at least 2 hours before or 6 hours after zinc containing products.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Cephalexin (Keflex)

Zinc might decrease cephalexin levels by chelating with cephalexin in the gut and preventing its absorption.
A pharmacokinetic study shows that zinc sulfate 250 mg taken concomitantly with cephalexin 500 mg decreases peak levels of cephalexin by 31% and reduces the exposure to cephalexin by 27%. Also, taking zinc sulfate 3 hours before cephalexin decreases peak levels of cephalexin by 11% and reduces the exposure to cephalexin by 18%. By decreasing cephalexin levels, zinc might increase the risk of treatment failure. This effect does not occur when zinc is taken 3 hours after the cephalexin dose. To avoid an interaction, advise patients take zinc sulfate 3 hours after taking cephalexin.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Cisplatin (Platinol-Aq)

Theoretically, zinc might interfere with the therapeutic effects of cisplatin.
Animal research suggests that zinc stimulates tumor cell production of the protein metallothionein, which binds and inactivates cisplatin. It is not known whether zinc supplements or high dietary zinc intake can cause clinically significant interference with cisplatin therapy. Cisplatin might also increase zinc excretion.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Integrase Inhibitors

Theoretically, taking zinc along with integrase inhibitors might decrease the levels and clinical effects of these drugs.
Zinc is a divalent cation. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that other divalent cations such as calcium and iron can decrease blood levels of the integrase inhibitor dolutegravir through chelation.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Penicillamine (Cuprimine, Depen)

Zinc might reduce the levels and clinical effects of penicillamine.
By forming an insoluble complex with penicillamine, zinc interferes with penicillamine absorption and activity. Zinc supplements reduce the efficacy of low-dose penicillamine (0.5-1 gram/day), but do not seem to affect higher doses (1-2.75 gram/day), provided dosing times are separated. Advise patients to take zinc and penicillamine at least 2 hours apart.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Quinolone Antibiotics

Zinc can decrease the levels and clinical effects of quinolones antibiotics.
Quinolones form complexes with zinc in the gastrointestinal tract, reducing absorption of both the quinolone and zinc if taken at the same time. Advise patients to take these drugs at least 2 hours before, or 4-6 hours after, zinc supplements.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Ritonavir (Norvir)

Zinc modestly reduces levels of ritonavir.
Clinical research shows that zinc might reduce serum ritonavir levels by chelating with ritonavir in the gut and preventing its absorption. In patients with HIV, ritonavir is taken with atazanavir to prevent the metabolism and increase the effects of atazanavir. A pharmacokinetic study shows that, in patients being treated with atazanavir/ritonavir, co-administration of zinc sulfate (Solvazinc tablets) 125 mg as a single dose or as multiple daily doses for 2 weeks reduces plasma levels of ritonavir by about 16%. However, atazanavir levels still remains high enough to prevent HIV virus replication. Therefore, the decrease in ritonavir levels is not likely to be clinically significant.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Tetracycline Antibiotics

Zinc might reduce levels of tetracycline antibiotics.
Tetracyclines form complexes with zinc in the gastrointestinal tract, which can reduce absorption of both the tetracycline and zinc when taken at the same time. Taking zinc sulfate 200 mg with tetracycline reduces absorption of the antibiotic by 30% to 40%. Demeclocycline and minocycline cause a similar interaction. However, doxycycline does not seem to interact significantly with zinc. Advise patients to take tetracyclines at least 2 hours before, or 4-6 hours after, zinc supplements to avoid any interactions.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Amiloride (Midamor)

Amiloride can modestly reduce zinc excretion and increase zinc levels.
Clinical research shows that amiloride can reduce urinary zinc excretion, especially at doses of 10 mg per day or more. This zinc-sparing effect can help to counteract zinc losses caused by thiazide diuretics, but it is unlikely to cause zinc toxicity at usual amiloride doses. The other potassium-sparing diuretics, spironolactone (Aldactone) and triamterene (Dyrenium), do not seem to have a zinc-sparing effect.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Atazanavir (Reyataz)

Zinc modestly reduces levels of atazanavir, although this effect does not seem to be clinically significant.
Clinical research shows that zinc might decrease serum atazanavir levels by chelating with atazanavir in the gut and preventing its absorption. Although a single dose of zinc sulfate (Solvazinc tablets) 125 mg orally does not affect atazanavir concentrations in patients being treated with atazanavir/ritonavir, co-administration of zinc sulfate 125 mg daily for 2 weeks reduces plasma levels of atazanavir by about 22% in these patients. However, despite this decrease, atazanavir levels still remain at high enough concentrations for the prevention of HIV virus replication.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Zinc full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Virility, from the product label.

Leviathan Wellness

See all Leviathan Wellness products
Name
Leviathan Wellness
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Virility by Leviathan Wellness: Common Questions

Does Virility by Leviathan Wellness interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Virility has a known interaction with 688 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Virility contains 5 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Is it safe to take Virility while pregnant?
The data advises against maca root and medicinal amounts of celery seed during pregnancy. Zinc carries mixed data (likely safe and likely unsafe ratings both appear in the facts). Because the product contains multiple ingredients with safety concerns in pregnancy, do not take it without talking to your doctor or pharmacist first.
Can I take this while breastfeeding?
There isn't enough reliable data on maca root, celery seed, or pygeum for breastfeeding. Zinc and sunflower lecithin are likely safe during lactation. Talk to your pharmacist for advice tailored to your situation.
Will this help with sexual performance?
The evidence isn't established in our data for maca root, celery seed, or any other ingredient in the product for that use. If sexual function is your goal, talk to your doctor about what's proven.
What if I have a celery allergy?
Celery Seed Extract is in this product, and celery allergies can cause serious reactions including anaphylaxis. Avoid it if you're allergic to celery.
Could this cause nausea or stomach upset?
Yes. Zinc can cause nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. Sunflower Lecithin may cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, or nausea. Maca root (if uncooked) and Pygeum can both cause stomach pain.
Is this safe if I'm taking antibiotics?
No, not without timing adjustments. Zinc in this product can reduce absorption of common antibiotics (quinolones, tetracyclines, cephalexin). If you're on an antibiotic, ask your pharmacist whether this product is right for you and when to take each one.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Virility label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Virility’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Lecithin

Lecithin is a natural fatty substance found in foods and made by the body that is widely used as a supplement and food emulsifier. Evidence supporting most of its health claims is limited, t...

Read the full Lecithin monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Zinc

Interacts with 67 drugs

Zinc is an essential mineral that your body needs for immune function, wound healing, taste, and smell. Most people get enough from food, but supplements can help correct or prevent a defici...

Read the full Zinc monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Maca

Maca is a nutrient-rich Andean root often used for energy, libido, and menopause symptoms. Early studies suggest it may modestly help sexual desire and some menopause symptoms, but the evide...

Read the full Maca monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Celery

Interacts with 651 drugs

Celery is a common vegetable that is also taken as a seed extract or oil supplement, mainly for blood pressure, fluid retention, and joint discomfort. Human evidence for these supplement use...

Read the full Celery monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Pygeum

Pygeum is an extract from the bark of the African cherry tree that is most often used to ease urinary symptoms linked to an enlarged prostate. Some studies suggest modest benefit for these s...

Read the full Pygeum monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Virility's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 149 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Lecithin 9 references
  1. Buchman AL, Dubin M, Jenden D, et al. Lecithin increases plasma free choline and decreases hepatic steatosis in long-term total parenteral nutrition patients. Gastroenterology 1992;102:1363-70.
  2. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (2000). Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Available at: http://b
  3. Chatellier G, Lacomblez L. Tacrine (tetrahydroaminoacridine; THA) and lecithin in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type: a multicentre trial. Groupe Francais d'Etude de la Tetrahydroaminoacridine. BMJ 1990;300:495-9.
  4. Gelenberg AJ, Dorer DJ, Wojcik JD, et al. A crossover study of lecithin treatment of tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry 1990;51:149-53.
  5. Little A, Levy R, Chuaqui-Kidd P, Hand D. A double-blind, placebo controlled trial of high-dose lecithin in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985;48:736-42. PubMed
  6. Palm M, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Kanny G, et al. Food allergy to egg and soy lecithins. Allergy 1999;54:1116-7. PubMed
  7. Drachman DA, Glosser G, Fleming P, et al. Memory decline in the aged: treatment with lecithin and physostigmine. Neurology 1982;32:944-50. PubMed
  8. Gelenberg, A. J., Doller-Wojcik, J. C., and Growdon, J. H. Choline and lecithin in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: preliminary results from a pilot study. Am J Psychiatry 1979;136(6):772-776. PubMed
  9. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21, Chapter 1, Subchapter B, Part 184: Direct food substances affirmed as Generally Recognized as Safe. Subpart B - listing of specific substances affirmed as GRAS. Sec. 184.1400 Lecithin. Available at: https:

See these in context on the Lecithin monograph →

Zinc 88 references
  1. Barceloux DG. Zinc. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1999;37:279-92.
  2. Eby GA, Davis DR, Halcomb WW. Reduction in duration of common colds by zinc gluconate lozenges in a double-blind study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1984;25:20-4. DOI
  3. Smith DS, Helzner EC, Nuttall CE Jr, et al. Failure of zinc gluconate in treatment of acute upper respiratory tract infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33:646-8. PubMed
  4. Blondeau JM. Expanded activity and utility of the new fluoroquinolones: a review. Clin Ther 1999;21:3-40. PubMed
  5. Reyes AJ, Olhaberry JV, Leary WP, et al. Urinary zinc excretion, diuretics, zinc deficiency and some side-effects of diuretics. S Afr Med J 1983;64:936-41.
  6. Kugelmas M. Preliminary observation: oral zinc sulfate replacement is effective in treating muscle cramps in cirrhotic patients. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:13-5. PubMed
  7. Hebel SK, ed. Drug Facts and Comparisons. 52nd ed. St. Louis: Facts and Comparisons, 1998.
  8. Chan S, Gerson B, Subramaniam S. The role of copper, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc in nutrition and health. Clin Lab Med 1998;18:673-85. DOI
  9. Brewer GJ, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Johnson V, et al. Treatment of Wilson's disease with zinc: XI. Interaction with other anticopper agents. J Am Coll Nutr 1993;12:26-30. PubMed
  10. Fosmire GJ. Zinc toxicity. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;51:225-7.
  11. Lomaestro BM, Bailie GR. Absorption interactions with fluoroquinolones. 1995 update. Drug Saf 1995;12:314-33. PubMed
  12. Hansten PD, Horn JR. Drug Interactions Analysis and Management. Vancouver, WA: Applied Therapeutics Inc., 1997 and updates.
  13. Seelig MS. Auto-immune complications of D-penicillamine - A possible result of zinc and magnesium depletion and of pyridoxine inactivation. J Am Coll Nutr 1982;1:207-14. PubMed
  14. Neuvonen PJ. Interactions with the absorption of tetracyclines. Drugs 1976;11:45-54.. PubMed
  15. Hirt M, Nobel S, Barron E. Zinc nasal gel for the treatment of common cold symptoms: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ear Nose Throat J 2000;79:778-82.. DOI
  16. Simkin PA. Oral zinc sulphate in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 1976;2:539-42. PubMed
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Celery 48 references
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Pygeum 3 references
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