Afinitor Disperz everolimus 2 mg Tablet, For Suspension — NDC 0078-0626-51 (Billing 00078-0626-51)

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

12.1Mechanism of Action Everolimus is an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine-threonine kinase, downstream of the PI3K/AKT pathway. The mTOR pathway is dysregulated in several human cancers and in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Everolimus binds to an intracellular protein, FKBP-12, resulting in an inhibitory complex formation with mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and thus inhibition of mTOR kinase activity.

Everolimus reduced the activity of S6 ribosomal protein kinase (S6K1) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein (4E-BP1), downstream effectors of mTOR, involved in protein synthesis. S6K1 is a substrate of mTORC1 and phosphorylates the activation domain 1 of the estrogen receptor which results in ligand-independent activation of the receptor. In addition, everolimus inhibited the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (e.g., HIF-1) and reduced the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).

Inhibition of mTOR by everolimus has been shown to reduce cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and glucose uptake in in vitro and/or in vivo studies. Constitutive activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway can contribute to endocrine resistance in breast cancer. In vitro studies show that estrogen-dependent and HER2+ breast cancer cells are sensitive to the inhibitory effects of everolimus, and that combination treatment with everolimus and Akt, HER2, or aromatase inhibitors enhances the anti-tumor activity of everolimus in a synergistic manner.

Two regulators of mTORC1 signaling are the oncogene suppressors tuberin-sclerosis complexes 1 and 2 ( TSC1, TSC2 ). Loss or inactivation of either TSC1 or TSC2 leads to activation of downstream signaling. In TSC, a genetic disorder, inactivating mutations in either the TSC1 or the TSC2 gene lead to hamartoma formation throughout the body as well as seizures and epileptogenesis.

Overactivation of mTOR results in neuronal dysplasia, aberrant axonogenesis and dendrite formation, increased excitatory synaptic currents, reduced myelination, and disruption of the cortical laminar structure causing abnormalities in neuronal development and function. Treatment with an mTOR inhibitor in animal models of mTOR dysregulation in the brain resulted in seizure suppression, prevention of the development of new-onset seizures, and prevention of premature death.

12.2Pharmacodynamics Exposure-Response Relationship In patients with TSC-associated subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA), the magnitude of the reduction in SEGA volume was correlated with the everolimus trough concentration. In patients with TSC-associated partial-onset seizures, the magnitude of the reduction in absolute seizure frequency was correlated with the everolimus trough concentration. Cardiac Electrophysiology In a randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, 59 healthy subjects received a single oral dose of AFINITOR (20 mg and 50 mg) and placebo.

AFINITOR at single doses up to 50 mg did not prolong the QT/QTc interval.

12.3Pharmacokinetics Absorption After administration of AFINITOR in patients with advanced solid tumors, peak everolimus concentrations are reached 1 to 2 hours after administration of oral doses ranging from 5 mg to 70 mg. Following single doses, C max is dose-proportional with daily dosing between 5 mg and 10 mg. With single doses of 20 mg and higher, the increase in C max is less than dose-proportional; however, AUC shows dose-proportionality over the 5 mg to 70 mg dose range.

Steady-state was achieved within 2 weeks following once-daily dosing. In patients with TSC-associated SEGA, everolimus C min was approximately dose-proportional within the dose range from 1.35 mg/m 2 to 14.4 mg/m 2 . Effect of Food: In healthy subjects, a high-fat meal (containing approximately 1000 calories and 55 grams of fat) reduced systemic exposure to AFINITOR 10 mg (as measured by AUC) by 22% and the peak blood concentration C max by 54%.

Light-fat meals (containing approxim… [Excerpted — this section continues on DailyMed.]

12.1Mechanism of Action Everolimus is an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine-threonine kinase, downstream of the PI3K/AKT pathway. The mTOR pathway is dysregulated in several human cancers and in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Everolimus binds to an intracellular protein, FKBP-12, resulting in an inhibitory complex formation with mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and thus inhibition of mTOR kinase activity.

Everolimus reduced the activity of S6 ribosomal protein kinase (S6K1) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein (4E-BP1), downstream effectors of mTOR, involved in protein synthesis. S6K1 is a substrate of mTORC1 and phosphorylates the activation domain 1 of the estrogen receptor which results in ligand-independent activation of the receptor. In addition, everolimus inhibited the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (e.g., HIF-1) and reduced the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).

Inhibition of mTOR by everolimus has been shown to reduce cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and glucose uptake in in vitro and/or in vivo studies. Constitutive activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway can contribute to endocrine resistance in breast cancer. In vitro studies show that estrogen-dependent and HER2+ breast cancer cells are sensitive to the inhibitory effects of everolimus, and that combination treatment with everolimus and Akt, HER2, or aromatase inhibitors enhances the anti-tumor activity of everolimus in a synergistic manner.

Two regulators of mTORC1 signaling are the oncogene suppressors tuberin-sclerosis complexes 1 and 2 ( TSC1, TSC2 ). Loss or inactivation of either TSC1 or TSC2 leads to activation of downstream signaling. In TSC, a genetic disorder, inactivating mutations in either the TSC1 or the TSC2 gene lead to hamartoma formation throughout the body as well as seizures and epileptogenesis.

Overactivation of mTOR results in neuronal dysplasia, aberrant axonogenesis and dendrite formation, increased excitatory synaptic currents, reduced myelination, and disruption of the cortical laminar structure causing abnormalities in neuronal development and function. Treatment with an mTOR inhibitor in animal models of mTOR dysregulation in the brain resulted in seizure suppression, prevention of the development of new-onset seizures, and prevention of premature death.

12.3Pharmacokinetics Absorption After administration of AFINITOR in patients with advanced solid tumors, peak everolimus concentrations are reached 1 to 2 hours after administration of oral doses ranging from 5 mg to 70 mg. Following single doses, C max is dose-proportional with daily dosing between 5 mg and 10 mg. With single doses of 20 mg and higher, the increase in C max is less than dose-proportional; however, AUC shows dose-proportionality over the 5 mg to 70 mg dose range.

Steady-state was achieved within 2 weeks following once-daily dosing. In patients with TSC-associated SEGA, everolimus C min was approximately dose-proportional within the dose range from 1.35 mg/m 2 to 14.4 mg/m 2 . Effect of Food: In healthy subjects, a high-fat meal (containing approximately 1000 calories and 55 grams of fat) reduced systemic exposure to AFINITOR 10 mg (as measured by AUC) by 22% and the peak blood concentration C max by 54%.

Light-fat meals (containing approximately 500 calories and 20 grams of fat) reduced AUC by 32% and C max by 42%. In healthy subjects who received 9 mg of AFINITOR DISPERZ, high-fat meals (containing approximately 1000 calories and 55 grams of fat) reduced everolimus AUC by 12% and C max by 60% and low-fat meals (containing approximately 500 calories and 20 grams of fat) reduced everolimus AUC by 30% and C max by 50%. Relative Bioavailability: The AUC inf of everolimus was equivalent between AFINITOR DISPERZ and AFINITOR; the C max of everolimus in the AFINITOR DISPERZ dosage form was 20% to 36% lower than that of AFINITOR.

The predicted trough concentrations at steady state were similar after daily administration. Distribution The blood-to-plasma ratio of everolimus, which is concentration-dependent over the range of 5 to 5000 ng/mL, is 17% to 73%. The amount of everolimus confined to plasma is approximately 20% at blood concentrations observed in cancer patients given AFINITOR 10 mg orally once daily.

Plasma protein binding is approximately 74% both in healthy subjects and in patients with moderate hepatic impairment. Elimination The mean elimination half-life of everolimus is approximately 30 hours. Metabolism: Everolimus is a substrate of CYP3A4.

Following oral administration, everolimus is the main circulating component in human blood. Six main metabolites of everolimus have been detected in human blood, including three monohydroxylated metabolites, two hydrolytic ring-opened products, and a phosphatidylcholine conjugate of everolimus. These metabolites were also identified in animal species used in toxicity studies, and showed approximately 100-times less activity than everolimus itself.

Excretion: No specific elimination studies have been undertaken in cancer patients. Following the administration of a 3 mg single dose of radiolabeled everolimus in patients who were receiving cyclosporine, 80% of the radioactivity was recovered from the feces, while 5% was excreted in the urine. The parent substance was not detected in urine or feces.

Specific Populations No relationship was apparent between oral clearance and age or sex in patients with cancer. Patients with Renal Impairment: No significant influence of creatinine clearance (25 to 178 mL/min) was detected on oral clearance (CL/F) of everolimus. Patients with Hepatic Impairment: Compared to normal subjects, there was a 1.8-fold, 3.2-fold, and 3.6-fold increase in AUC for subjects with mild (Child-Pugh class A), moderate (Child-Pugh class B), and severe (Child-Pugh class C) hepatic impairment, respectively.

In another study, the average AUC of everolimus in subjects with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh class B) was twice that found in subjects with normal hepatic function [see Dosage and Administration (2.10), Use in Specific Populations (8.6)] . Pediatric Patients: In patients with TSC-associated SEGA or TSC-associated partial-onset seizures, the mean C min values normalized to mg/m 2 dose in pediatric patients (< 18 years of age) were lower tha… [Excerpted — this section continues on DailyMed.]

12.2Pharmacodynamics Exposure-Response Relationship In patients with TSC-associated subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA), the magnitude of the reduction in SEGA volume was correlated with the everolimus trough concentration. In patients with TSC-associated partial-onset seizures, the magnitude of the reduction in absolute seizure frequency was correlated with the everolimus trough concentration. Cardiac Electrophysiology In a randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, 59 healthy subjects received a single oral dose of AFINITOR (20 mg and 50 mg) and placebo.

AFINITOR at single doses up to 50 mg did not prolong the QT/QTc interval.

14 CLINICAL STUDIES Figure 1: Kaplan-Meier Progression-free Survival Curves (Investigator Radiological Review) Figure 2: Kaplan-Meier Investigator-Determined Progression-free Survival Curves Figure 4: Kaplan-Meier Progression-free Survival Curves Figure 3: Kaplan-Meier Progression-free Survival Curves

14.1Hormone Receptor-Positive, HER2-Negative Breast Cancer A randomized, double-blind, multicenter study (BOLERO-2, NCT00863655) of AFINITOR in combination with exemestane vs. placebo in combination with exemestane was conducted in 724 postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer with recurrence or progression following prior therapy with letrozole or anastrozole. Randomization was stratified by documented sensitivity to prior hormonal therapy (yes vs. no) and by the presence of visceral metastasis (yes vs. no).

Sensitivity to prior hormonal therapy was defined as either (1) documented clinical benefit (complete response [CR], partial response [PR], stable disease ≥ 24 weeks) to at least one prior hormonal therapy in the advanced setting or (2) at least 24 months of adjuvant hormonal therapy prior to recurrence. Patients were permitted to have received 0-1 prior lines of chemotherapy for advanced disease. The major efficacy outcome measure was progression-free survival (PFS) evaluated by RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors), based on investigator (local radiology) assessment.

Other outcome measures included overall survival (OS) and objective response rate (ORR). Patients were randomized 2:1 to AFINITOR 10 mg orally once daily in combination with exemestane 25 mg once daily (n = 485) or to placebo in combination with exemestane 25 mg orally once daily (n = 239). The two treatment groups were generally balanced with respect to baseline demographics and disease characteristics.

Patients were not permitted to cross over to AFINITOR at the time of disease progression. The trial demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in PFS by investigator assessment (Table 21 and Figure 1). The results of the PFS analysis based on independent central radiological assessment were consistent with the investigator assessment.

PFS results were also consistent across the subgroups of age, race, presence and extent of visceral metastases, and sensitivity to prior hormonal therapy. ORR was higher in the AFINITOR in combination with exemestane arm vs. the placebo in combination with exemestane arm (Table 21). There were 3 complete responses (0.6%) and 58 partial responses (12%) in the AFINITOR arm.

There were no complete responses and 4 partial responses (1.7%) in the placebo in combination with exemestane arm. After a median follow-up of 39.3 months, there was no statistically significant difference in OS between the AFINITOR in combination with exemestane arm and the placebo in combination with exemestane arm [HR 0.89 (95% CI: 0.73, 1.10)]. Table 21: Efficacy Results in Hormone-Receptor Positive, HER-2 Negative Breast Cancer in BOLERO-2 a Hazard ratio is obtained from the stratified Cox proportional-hazards model by sensitivity to prior hormonal therapy and presence of visceral metastasis. b p-value is obtained from the one-sided log-rank test stratified by sensitivity to prior hormonal therapy and presence of visceral metastasis. c Objective response rate = proportion of patients with CR or PR. d Not applicable.

Analysis AFINITOR with Exemestane N = 485 Placebo with Exemestane N = 239 Hazard Ratio p-value Median progression-free survival (months, 95% CI) Investigator radiological review 7.8 (6.9, 8.5) 3.2 (2.8, 4.1) 0.45 a (0.38, 0.54) < 0.0001 b Independent radiological review 11.0 (9.7, 15.0) 4.1 (2.9, 5.6) 0.38 a (0.3, 0.5) < 0.0001 b Best overall response (%, 95% CI) Objective response rate (ORR) c 12.6% (9.8, 15.9) 1.7% (0.5, 4.2) n/a d Figure 1: Kaplan-Meier Curves for Progression-Free Survival by Investigator Radiological Review in Hormone Receptor-Positive, HER-2 Negativ… [Excerpted — this section continues on DailyMed.]

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

13.1Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Administration of everolimus for up to 2 years did not indicate oncogenic potential in mice and rats up to the highest doses tested (0.9 mg/kg) corresponding, respectively to 3.9 and 0.2 times the estimated human exposure based on AUC at the recommended dose of AFINITOR 10 mg orally once daily. Everolimus was not genotoxic in a battery of in vitro assays (Ames mutation test in Salmonella, mutation test in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells, and chromosome aberration assay in V79 Chinese hamster cells).

Everolimus was not genotoxic in an in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus test at doses up to 500 mg/kg/day (1500 mg/m 2 /day, approximately 255-fold the recommended dose of AFINITOR 10 mg orally once daily, and approximately 200-fold the median dose administered to patients with TSC-associated SEGA and TSC-associated partial-onset seizures, based on the BSA), administered as 2 doses, 24 hours apart. Based on non-clinical findings, AFINITOR/AFINITOR DISPERZ may impair male fertility. In a 13-week male fertility study in rats, testicular morphology was affected at doses of 0.5 mg/kg and above.

Sperm motility, sperm count, and plasma testosterone levels were diminished in rats treated with 5 mg/kg. The exposures at these doses (52 ng•hr/mL and 414 ng•hr/mL, respectively) were within the range of human exposure at the recommended dose of AFINITOR 10 mg orally once daily (560 ng•hr/mL) and resulted in infertility in the rats at 5 mg/kg. Effects on male fertility occurred at AUC 0-24h values 10% to 81% lower than human exposure at the recommended dose of AFINITOR 10 mg orally once daily.

After a 10-13 week non-treatment period, the fertility index increased from zero (infertility) to 60%. Oral doses of everolimus in female rats at doses ≥ 0.1 mg/kg (approximately 4% the human exposure based on AUC at the recommended dose of AFINITOR 10 mg orally once daily) resulted in increased incidence of pre-implantation loss, suggesting that the drug may reduce female fertility.

13.2Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology In juvenile rat toxicity studies, dose-related delayed attainment of developmental landmarks, including delayed eye-opening, delayed reproductive development in males and females and increased latency time during the learning and memory phases were observed at doses as low as 0.15 mg/kg/day.