Articadent Articaine hydrochloride and Epinephrine Bitartrate 40 mg/mL; .005 mg/mL Injection, Solution, 50 cartridges — NDC 66312-602-16 (Billing 66312-0602-16)
This is a package of 50 cartridges of Articadent Articaine hydrochloride and Epinephrine Bitartrate 40 mg/mL; .005 mg/mL Injection, Solution from Dentsply Pharmaceutical, marketed since Sep 2009 and currently FDA-listed. It is this product's only package size.
Identity & classification
Regulatory identifiers FDA, NLM and CMS codes for this package
Drug-database identifiers Medi-Span GPI and First Databank GCN / HICL / AHFS classification
- GSN (GCN sequence number): 019445
- GCN: 87970
- HICL (First Databank): 015445
- AHFS class code: 12:12.12.00
- RxCUI (RxNorm): 1011646
Where does this data come from?
- FDA openFDA NDC Directory · synced Oct 1, 2026
- FDA label on DailyMed · label index refreshed Oct 1, 2026
- RxNorm (NLM RxNav) · catalog refreshed Oct 1, 2026
- Medi-Span GPI (licensed)
- First Databank (licensed) · refreshed Oct 1, 2026
RxNorm drug class
This medicine belongs to the alpha-Adrenergic Agonist class.
Where does this data come from?
- RxClass (NLM) · catalog refreshed Oct 1, 2026
Clinical
- It numbs part of your mouth so dental work doesn't hurt. It's used for simple and complex procedures in adults and children 4 and older. Your dentist gives it by injection in your...
- Numbing starts within about 1 to 9 minutes. Complete numbness lasts about an hour for local infiltration and up to about 2 hours for a nerve block. Be careful not to bite your lips...
- Pain, headache, swelling and tingling are the most common. Nausea can also happen. Call your dentist or doctor if numbness lasts unusually long or you have swelling or signs of inf...
- Get help right away for trouble breathing, seizures, severe dizziness, blue or gray skin, a pounding or irregular heartbeat, or signs of an allergic reaction. Vision changes like d...
Patient education
Supplement & herbal interactions
Where does this data come from?
- MedlinePlus (NLM) · refreshed Oct 1, 2026
- FDA label on DailyMed · label index refreshed Oct 1, 2026
Ask a licensed pharmacist directly — free, answered by our team.
Pricing
A drug doesn't have one price. Each row is a different public payment system, and none is what you'd pay at the counter — that depends on your insurance. The ⓘ on each row explains what it measures.
| Price system | Per mL | Per package |
|---|---|---|
| Retail pharmacies payNADAC · weekly | Not in the retail survey — common for institutional, discontinued, or low-volume packs. | |
| Medicaid paysCMS SDUD · 12 mo | No recent Medicaid claims on file for this NDC — rare and low-volume NDCs are suppressed in the public data. | |
| Medicare drug plans payPart D · quarterly | No Part D plan price is available for this NDC in our data. | |
Where does this data come from?
- CMS NADAC weekly file
- CMS ASP pricing files · refreshed Sep 20, 2026
- CMS Medicaid State Drug Utilization Data · refreshed Oct 3, 2026
- CMS Part D plan pricing files · refreshed Sep 24, 2026
- VA National Acquisition Center price file
Packaging — all sizes for this product
| Package NDC | Description | Marketing start | Marketing end | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 66312-0602-16 You're viewing this Main listing | 50 CARTRIDGE in 1 CARTON / 1.7 mL in 1 CARTRIDGE | 2009-09-01 | — | Active |
Therapeutic equivalents
| Product | Labeler | Pack | NADAC/unit | TE | Status | Price vs. this |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Septocaine and Epinephrine 40 mg/mL; .005 mg/mL 00362-9048-02 | Septodont | 50 cartridges | — | — | FDA listed | — |
| Articaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine 40 mg/mL; .005 mg/mL 00404-6625-05 | Henry | 50 cartridges | — | — | FDA listed | — |
| Articaine 40 mg/mL; .005 mg/mL 43128-0102-05 | NDC, | 50 cartridges | — | — | FDA listed | — |
| Articaine 40 mg/mL; .005 mg/mL 50227-1050-05 | Patterson | 50 cartridges | — | — | FDA listed | — |
| Articaine 40 mg/mL; .005 mg/mL 51004-0102-05 | Novocol | 50 cartridges | — | — | FDA listed | — |
| Articaine 40 mg/mL; .005 mg/mL 51004-4185-01 | Novocol | 50 cartridges | — | — | FDA listed | — |
| Articaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine 40 mg/mL; .005 mg/mL 51004-6625-05 | Novocol | 50 cartridges | — | — | FDA listed | — |
| Articadent 40 mg/mL; .005 mg/mLthis 66312-0602-16 | Dentsply | 50 cartridges | — | — | FDA listed | — |
| Articaine 40 mg/mL; .005 mg/mL 66975-0418-51 | Benco | 50 cartridges | — | — | FDA listed | — |
Where does this data come from?
- FDA openFDA NDC Directory · synced Oct 1, 2026
- FDA Orange Book · refreshed Oct 3, 2026
- CMS NADAC weekly file
Availability & generic status
The FDA lists approved generic versions of this medicine, but that does not always mean a pharmacy can get one today. Patent rules, launch agreements, supply and pricing can affect when generics actually arrive.
Where does this data come from?
- FDA Orange Book · refreshed Oct 3, 2026
Inactive Ingredients / Excipients
Inactive ingredients, also called excipients, are components of the drug product other than the active ingredient. They may include fillers, dyes, coatings, preservatives, flavors, or other formulation ingredients.
💡 Tap an ingredient (hover on desktop) to see what it is and why it’s used.
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1.6 mg / 1 mL
UNII 451W47IQ8X
Sodium chloride is common table salt. It's used in medicines as a buffer to maintain proper pH, as a filler to add bulk, or to adjust the osmotic balance in liquid formulations.
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UNII 55X04QC32I
A strong alkaline chemical used to adjust and maintain the pH balance of liquid medicines. It helps keep the medicine stable and ensures it stays effective during storage.
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0.5 mg / 1 mL
UNII 4VON5FNS3C
Sodium metabisulfite is a preservative derived from sulfur compounds. It prevents microbial growth and oxidation in medicines, helping extend shelf life and maintain product stability.
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UNII 059QF0KO0R
Water is a liquid solvent that dissolves and mixes ingredients together in liquid medicines, syrups, and injections. It helps distribute the active drug evenly throughout the product.
4 inactive ingredients listed in the exact product block matched to this NDC.
Where does this data come from?
ingredient classCode="IACT" elements from the exact product block matched by this NDC. Label-section narrative from DailyMed / the openFDA label index is shown separately when available.- FDA label on DailyMed · label index refreshed Oct 1, 2026
- FDA openFDA NDC Directory · synced Oct 1, 2026
Inactive ingredient FAQ
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Manufacturer & labeler
Where does this data come from?
- FDA openFDA NDC Directory · synced Oct 1, 2026
- Drugs@FDA
Full prescribing information FDA SPL
🎯 Indications and Usage ▾
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE ARTICADENT is indicated for local, infiltrative, or conductive anesthesia in both simple and complex dental procedures in adults and pediatric patients 4 years of age or older. ARTICADENT is a combination of articaine HCl, an amide local anesthetic, and epinephrine, a vasoconstrictor, is indicated for local, infiltrative, or conductive anesthesia in both simple and complex dental procedures in adults and pediatric patients 4 years of age or older.
⏱️ Dosage and Administration ▾
2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION For dental procedures by intraoral submucosal infiltration or nerve block. ( 2.1 ) - For infiltration: 0.5-2.5 mL (20-100 mg articaine HCl) - For nerve block: 0.5-3.4 mL (20-136 mg articaine HCl) - For oral surgery: 1.0-5.1 mL (40-204 mg articaine HCl) For most routine dental procedures, ARTICADENT containing epinephrine 1:200,000 is preferred. However, when more pronounced hemostasis or improved visualization of the surgical field are required, ARTICADENT containing epinephrine 1:100,000 may be used.
( 2.1 ) Maximum recommended dosages ( 2.2 ): - Healthy adults : 7 mg/kg of articaine HCl and 0.0017 mg/kg of epinephrine (equivalent to 0.175 mL/kg for either product presentation, articaine HCl and epinephrine 1:100,000 or 1:200,000) - Pediatric patients : 4-16 years: 7 mg/kg of articaine HCl and 0.0017 mg/kg of epinephrine (equivalent to 0.175 mL/kg for either product presentation, articaine HCl and epinephrine 1:100,000 or 1:200,000)
2.1Important Dosage Information Table 1 summarizes the recommended dosages of ARTICADENT administered by intraoral submucosal infiltration or nerve block for various types of anesthetic dental procedures in healthy adults and pediatric patients. Table 1: Recommended Dosages for Both Strengths Procedure ARTICADENT Injection Volume (mL) Total dose of articaine HCl (mg) Infiltration 0.5 mL to 2.5 mL 20 mg to 100 mg Nerve block 0.5 mL to 3.4 mL 20 mg to 136 mg Oral surgery 1 mL to 5.1 mL 40 mg to 204 mg The recommended dosages of ARTICADENT in healthy adults serve only as a guide to the amount of anesthetic required for most routine dental procedures.
The dosages to be used in adults depend on several factors such as type and extent of surgical procedure, depth of anesthesia, degree of muscular relaxation, and condition of the patient. In all cases, administer the lowest dosage that will produce the desired result. The dosages of ARTICADENT to be used in pediatric patients aged 4 to 16 years old are determined by the age and weight of the patient and the type of dental procedure.
For most routine dental procedures, ARTICADENT containing epinephrine 1:200,000 is preferred. However, when more pronounced hemostasis or improved visualization of the surgical field are required, ARTICADENT containing epinephrine 1:100,000 may be used. The onset of anesthesia and the duration of anesthesia are proportional to the dosage of the local anesthetic used.
Exercise caution when employing large volumes because the incidence of adverse reactions may be dose-related.
2.2Maximum Recommended Dosages Healthy Adults : The maximum recommended dosage of ARTICADENT is 7 mg/kg of articaine and 0.0017 mg/kg of epinephrine (equivalent to 0.175 mL/kg for either product presentation, articaine HCl and 1:100,000 or 1:200,000 epinephrine). Pediatric Patients Ages 4 to 16 Years : The maximum recommended dosage of ARTICADENT is 7 mg/kg of articaine and 0.0017 mg/kg of epinephrine (equivalent to 0.175 mL/kg for either product presentation, articaine HCl and 1:100,000 or 1:200,000 epinephrine) [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4) ] .
2.3Dosage in Specific Populations Lower dosages or dosage reduction may be required in debilitated patients, acutely ill patients, elderly patients, and pediatric patients commensurate with their age and physical condition. No studies have been performed in patients with renal or liver impairment. Exercise caution when using ARTICADENT in patients with severe liver disease. [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) , Use in Specific Populations (8.4 , 8.5 , and 8.6) ].
2.4Important Administration Instructions Visually inspect ARTICADENT for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration. Prior to using the glass cartridges, disinfect by wiping the cap thoroughly with USP grade isopropyl alcohol (70%). Avoid use of isopropyl alcohol, as well as solutions of ethyl alcohol that are not of USP grade because they may contain denaturants that are injurious to rubber.
Imm… [Excerpted — this section continues on DailyMed.]
💊 Dosage Forms and Strengths ▾
3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Injection (clear, colorless solution), provided in: Glass cartridges (single-dose) containing (less than a full cartridge or more than one cartridge may be used for an individual patient): - Articaine hydrochloride 4% (40 mg/mL) and epinephrine 1:200,000 (as epinephrine bitartrate 0.009 mg/mL) - Articaine hydrochloride 4% (40 mg/mL) and epinephrine 1:100,000 (as epinephrine bitartrate 0.018 mg/mL) Injection provided in: Glass cartridges (single-dose) containing: - Articaine hydrochloride 4% (40 mg/mL) and epinephrine 1:200,000 (as epinephrine bitartrate 0.009 mg/mL) ( 3 ) - Articaine hydrochloride 4% (40 mg/mL) and epinephrine 1:100,000 (as epinephrine bitartrate 0.018 mg/mL) ( 3 )
⛔ Contraindications ▾
4 CONTRAINDICATIONS ARTICADENT is contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to products containing sulfites. Products containing sulfites may cause allergic-type reactions including anaphylactic symptoms and life-threatening or less severe asthmatic episodes in certain susceptible people. Sulfite sensitivity is seen more frequently in asthmatic than in non-asthmatic people [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ].
Known hypersensitivity to sulfite. ( 4 )
⚠️ Warnings and Cautions ▾
5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Accidental Intravascular Injection : May be associated with convulsions followed by coma and respiratory arrest. Resuscitative equipment, oxygen and other resuscitative drugs should be available. ( 5.1 ) Systemic Toxicity : Systemic absorption of ARTICADENT can produce effects on the central nervous and cardiovascular systems.
( 5.2 ) Vasoconstrictor Toxicity : Local anesthetic solutions like ARTICADENT that contain a vasoconstrictor should be used cautiously, especially in patients with impaired cardiovascular function or vascular disease. ( 5.3 ) Methemoglobinemia : Cases of methemoglobinemia have been reported in association with local anesthetic use. ( 5.4 )
5.1Accidental Intravascular Injection Accidental intravascular injection of ARTICADENT may be associated with convulsions, followed by central nervous system or cardiorespiratory depression and coma, progressing ultimately to respiratory arrest. Dental practitioners who employ local anesthetic agents including ARTICADENT should be well versed in diagnosis and management of emergencies that may arise from their use. Resuscitative equipment, oxygen, and other resuscitative drugs should be available for immediate use.
To avoid intravascular injection, aspiration should be performed before ARTICADENT is injected. The needle must be repositioned until no return of blood can be elicited by aspiration. Note, however, that the absence of blood in the syringe does not guarantee that intravascular injection has been avoided.
Small doses of local anesthetics injected in dental blocks may produce adverse reactions similar to systemic toxicity seen with unintentional intravascular injections of larger doses. Confusion, convulsions, respiratory depression or respiratory arrest, and cardiovascular stimulation or depression have been reported. These reactions may be due to intra-arterial injection of the local anesthetic with retrograde flow to the cerebral circulation.
Patients receiving these blocks should be observed constantly. Resuscitative equipment and personnel for treating adverse reactions should be immediately available. Dosage recommendations should not be exceeded [see Dosage and Administration (2.1) ] .
5.2Systemic Toxicity This includes toxicity arising from accidental intravascular injection of ARTICADENT discussed in Section 5.1, as well as that related to higher systemic concentrations of local anesthetics or epinephrine [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ] . Systemic absorption of local anesthetics including ARTICADENT can produce effects on the central nervous and cardiovascular systems. At blood concentrations achieved with therapeutic doses of ARTICADENT, changes in cardiac conduction, excitability, refractoriness, contractility, and peripheral vascular resistance are minimal.
However, toxic blood concentrations of ARTICADENT can depress cardiac conduction and excitability, which may lead to atrioventricular block, ventricular arrhythmias, and cardiac arrest, possibly resulting in fatalities. In addition, myocardial contractility is depressed and peripheral vasodilatation occurs, leading to decreased cardiac output and arterial blood pressure. ARTICADENT should also be used with caution in patients with heart block as well as those with impaired cardiovascular function since they may be less able to compensate for functional changes associated with the prolongation of A-V conduction produced by these drugs.
Restlessness, anxiety, tinnitus, dizziness, blurred vision, tremors, depression, or drowsiness may be early warning signs of central nervous system toxicity. Careful and constant monitoring of cardiovascular and respiratory (adequacy of ventilation) vital signs and the patient's state of consciousness should be performed after each local anesthetic injection of ARTICADENT. Repeated doses of ARTICADENT may cause significant increases in blood levels because of possible accumulation of the drug or its metabolites.
The lowest dosage… [Excerpted — this section continues on DailyMed.]
🤒 Adverse Reactions ▾
6 ADVERSE REACTIONS Reactions to articaine are characteristic of those associated with other amide-type local anesthetics. Adverse reactions to this group of drugs may also result from excessive plasma levels (which may be due to overdosage, unintentional intravascular injection, or slow metabolic degradation), injection technique, volume of injection, or hypersensitivity or they may be idiosyncratic. The most common adverse reactions (incidence >2%) are headache and pain.
( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact DENTSPLY Pharmaceutical at 1-800-989-8826 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.
6.1Clinical Studies Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The reported adverse reactions are derived from clinical trials in the United States and the United Kingdom. Table 2 displays the adverse reactions reported in clinical trials where 882 individuals were exposed to ARTICADENT containing epinephrine 1:100,000.
Table 3 displays the adverse reactions reported in clinical trials where 182 individuals were exposed to ARTICADENT containing epinephrine 1:100,000 and 179 individuals were exposed to ARTICADENT containing epinephrine 1:200,000. Adverse reactions observed in at least 1% of patients: Table 2: Adverse Reactions in Controlled Trials with an Incidence of 1% or Greater in Patients Administered ARTICADENT containing Epinephrine 1:100,000 Body System/Reaction ARTICADENT containing epinephrine 1:100,000 (N=882) Incidence Body as a whole Face Edema 13 (1%) Headache 31 (4%) Infection 10 (1%) Pain 114 (13%) Digestive system Gingivitis 13 (1%) Nervous system Paresthesia 11 (1%) Table 3: Adverse Reactions in Controlled Trials with an Incidence of 1% or Greater in Patients Administered ARTICADENT containing Epinephrine 1:200,000 and ARTICADENT containing Epinephrine 1:100,000 Reaction ARTICADENT with epinephrine 1:200,000 (N=179) Incidence ARTICADENT with epinephrine 1:100,000 (N=182) Incidence Any adverse reaction 33 (18%) 35 (19%) Pain 11 (6.1%) 14 (7.6%) Headache 9 (5%) 6 (3.2%) Positive blood aspiration into syringe 3 (1.6%) 6 (3.2%) Swelling 3 (1.6%) 5 (2.7%) Trismus 1 (0.5%) 3 (1.6%) Nausea and emesis 3 (1.6%) 0 (0%) Sleepiness 2 (1.1%) 1 (0.5%) Numbness and tingling 1 (0.5%) 2 (1%) Palpitation 0 (0%) 2 (1%) Ear symptoms (earache, otitis media) 1 (0.5%) 2 (1%) Cough, persistent cough 0 (0%) 2 (1%) Adverse reactions observed in less than 1% of patients: Table 4: Adverse Reactions in Controlled Trials with an Incidence of less than 1% but Considered Clinically Relevant in Patients Administered ARTICADENT Body System Reactions Body as a Whole Asthenia; back pain; injection site pain; burning sensation above injection site; malaise; neck pain Cardiovascular System Hemorrhage; migraine; syncope; tachycardia; elevated blood pressure Digestive System Dyspepsia; glossitis; gum hemorrhage; mouth ulceration; nausea; stomatitis; tongue edemas; tooth disorder; vomiting Hemic and Lymphatic System Ecchymosis; lymphadenopathy Metabolic and Nutritional System Edema; thirst Musculoskeletal System Arthralgia; myalgia; osteomyelitis Nervous System Dizziness; dry mouth; facial paralysis; hyperesthesia; increased salivation; nervousness; neuropathy; paresthesia; somnolence; exacerbation of Kearns-Sayre Syndrome Respiratory System Pharyngitis; rhinitis; sinus pain; sinus congestion Skin and Appendages Pruritus; skin disorder Special Senses Ear pain; taste perversion
6.2Postmarketing Experience The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of ARTICADENT. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Persistent pare… [Excerpted — this section continues on DailyMed.]
🔄 Drug Interactions ▾
7 DRUG INTERACTIONS The administration of local anesthetic solutions containing epinephrine to patients receiving monoamine oxidase inhibitors, nonselective beta-adrenergic antagonists, or tricyclic antidepressants may produce severe, prolonged hypertension. Phenothiazines and butyrophenones may reduce or reverse the pressor effect of epinephrine. Concurrent use of these agents should be avoided; however, in situations when concurrent therapy is necessary, careful patient monitoring is essential [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ].
Patients who are administered local anesthetics are at increased risk of developing methemoglobinemia when concurrently exposed to the following drugs, which could include other local anesthetics: Table 5: Examples of Drugs Associated with Methemoglobinemia Class Examples Nitrates/Nitrites nitric oxide, nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, nitrous oxide Local anesthetics articaine, benzocaine, bupivacaine, lidocaine, mepivacaine, prilocaine, procaine, ropivacaine, tetracaine Antineoplastic agents cyclophosphamide, flutamide, hydroxyurea, ifosfamide, rasburicase Antibiotics dapsone, nitrofurantoin, para-aminosalicylic acid, sulfonamides Antimalarials chloroquine, primaquine Anticonvulsants phenobarbital, phenytoin, sodium valproate Other drugs acetaminophen, metoclopramide, quinine, sulfasalazine Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors, Nonselective Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists, or Tricyclic Antidepressants : May produce severe, prolonged hypertension ( 7 ) Phenothiazines and Butyrophenones : May reduce or reverse the pressor effect of epinephrine ( 7 )
👥 Use in Specific Populations ▾
8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS Pregnancy : Based on animal studies, may cause fetal harm. ( 8.1 ) Nursing Mothers : Exercise caution when administering to a nursing woman. ( 8.3 ) Pediatric Use : Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 4 years have not been established. ( 8.4 )
8.1Pregnancy Teratogenic Effects - Pregnancy Category C. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women with ARTICADENT. Articaine hydrochloride and epinephrine (1:100,000) has been shown to increase fetal deaths and skeletal variations in rabbits when given in doses approximately 4 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD).
ARTICADENT should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. In embryo-fetal toxicity studies in rabbits, 80 mg/kg, subcutaneously (approximately 4 times the MRHD based on body surface area) caused fetal death and increased fetal skeletal variations, but these effects may be attributable to severe maternal toxicity, including seizures, observed at this dose. In contrast, no embryo-fetal toxicities were observed when articaine and epinephrine (1:100,000) was administered subcutaneously throughout organogenesis at doses up to 40 mg/kg in rabbits and 80 mg/kg in rats (approximately 2 times the MRHD based on body surface area).
In pre- and postnatal developmental studies subcutaneous administration of articaine hydrochloride to pregnant rats throughout gestation and lactation, at a dose of 80 mg/kg (approximately 2 times the MRHD based on body surface area) increased the number of stillbirths and adversely affected passive avoidance, a measure of learning, in pups. This dose also produced severe maternal toxicity in some animals. A dose of 40 mg/kg (approximately equal to the MRHD on a mg/m 2 basis) did not produce these effects.
A similar study using articaine and epinephrine (1:100,000) rather than articaine hydrochloride alone produced maternal toxicity, but no effects on offspring.
8.3Nursing Mothers It is not known whether ARTICADENT is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when ARTICADENT is administered to a nursing woman. When using ARTICADENT, nursing mothers may choose to pump and discard breast milk for approximately 4 hours (based on plasma half-life) following an injection of ARTICADENT (to minimize infant ingestion) and then resume breastfeeding.
8.4Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness of ARTICADENT in pediatric patients below the age of 4 years have not been established. Safety of doses greater than 7 mg/kg (0.175 mL/kg) in pediatric patients has not been established. The safety and effectiveness of ARTICADENT for local, infiltrative, or conductive anesthesia in both simple and complex dental procedures have been established in pediatric patients ages 4 to 16 years old.
Safety and effectiveness was established in clinical trials with 61 pediatric patients between the ages of 4 and 16 years administered articaine hydrochloride 4% and epinephrine 1:100,000 injections. Fifty-one of these patients received doses from 0.76 mg/kg to 5.65 mg/kg (0.9 to 5.1 mL) for simple dental procedures and 10 patients received doses between 0.37 mg/kg and 7.48 mg/kg (0.7 to 3.9 mL) for complex dental procedures. Approximately 13% of these pediatric patients required additional injections of anesthetic for complete anesthesia.
Dosages in pediatric patients should be reduced, commensurate with age, body weight, and physical condition [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) ].
8.5Geriatric Use In clinical trials, 54 patients between the ages of 65 and 75 years, and 11 patients 75 years and over received ARTICADENT containing epinephrine 1:100,000. Among all patients between 65 and 75 years, doses from 0.43 mg/kg to 4.76 mg/kg (0.9 to 11.9 mL) were administered to 35 patients for simple procedures and doses from 1.05 mg/kg to 4.27 mg/kg (1.3 to 6.8 mL) were administered to 19 pati… [Excerpted — this section continues on DailyMed.]
🤰 Pregnancy ▾
8.1Pregnancy Teratogenic Effects - Pregnancy Category C. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women with ARTICADENT. Articaine hydrochloride and epinephrine (1:100,000) has been shown to increase fetal deaths and skeletal variations in rabbits when given in doses approximately 4 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD).
ARTICADENT should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. In embryo-fetal toxicity studies in rabbits, 80 mg/kg, subcutaneously (approximately 4 times the MRHD based on body surface area) caused fetal death and increased fetal skeletal variations, but these effects may be attributable to severe maternal toxicity, including seizures, observed at this dose. In contrast, no embryo-fetal toxicities were observed when articaine and epinephrine (1:100,000) was administered subcutaneously throughout organogenesis at doses up to 40 mg/kg in rabbits and 80 mg/kg in rats (approximately 2 times the MRHD based on body surface area).
In pre- and postnatal developmental studies subcutaneous administration of articaine hydrochloride to pregnant rats throughout gestation and lactation, at a dose of 80 mg/kg (approximately 2 times the MRHD based on body surface area) increased the number of stillbirths and adversely affected passive avoidance, a measure of learning, in pups. This dose also produced severe maternal toxicity in some animals. A dose of 40 mg/kg (approximately equal to the MRHD on a mg/m 2 basis) did not produce these effects.
A similar study using articaine and epinephrine (1:100,000) rather than articaine hydrochloride alone produced maternal toxicity, but no effects on offspring.
🧒 Pediatric Use ▾
8.4Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness of ARTICADENT in pediatric patients below the age of 4 years have not been established. Safety of doses greater than 7 mg/kg (0.175 mL/kg) in pediatric patients has not been established. The safety and effectiveness of ARTICADENT for local, infiltrative, or conductive anesthesia in both simple and complex dental procedures have been established in pediatric patients ages 4 to 16 years old.
Safety and effectiveness was established in clinical trials with 61 pediatric patients between the ages of 4 and 16 years administered articaine hydrochloride 4% and epinephrine 1:100,000 injections. Fifty-one of these patients received doses from 0.76 mg/kg to 5.65 mg/kg (0.9 to 5.1 mL) for simple dental procedures and 10 patients received doses between 0.37 mg/kg and 7.48 mg/kg (0.7 to 3.9 mL) for complex dental procedures. Approximately 13% of these pediatric patients required additional injections of anesthetic for complete anesthesia.
Dosages in pediatric patients should be reduced, commensurate with age, body weight, and physical condition [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) ].
🧓 Geriatric Use ▾
8.5Geriatric Use In clinical trials, 54 patients between the ages of 65 and 75 years, and 11 patients 75 years and over received ARTICADENT containing epinephrine 1:100,000. Among all patients between 65 and 75 years, doses from 0.43 mg/kg to 4.76 mg/kg (0.9 to 11.9 mL) were administered to 35 patients for simple procedures and doses from 1.05 mg/kg to 4.27 mg/kg (1.3 to 6.8 mL) were administered to 19 patients for complex procedures. Among the 11 patients ≥ 75 years old, doses from 0.78 mg/kg to 4.76 mg/kg (1.3 to 11.9 mL) were administered to 7 patients for simple procedures and doses of 1.12 mg/kg to 2.17 mg/kg (1.3 to 5.1 mL) were administered to 4 patients for complex procedures.
Approximately 6% of patients between the ages of 65 and 75 years and none of the 11 patients 75 years of age or older required additional injections of anesthetic for complete anesthesia compared with 11% of patients between 17 and 65 years old who required additional injections. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between elderly subjects and younger subjects, and other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out.
🆘 Overdosage ▾
10 OVERDOSAGE Acute emergencies from local anesthetics are generally related to high plasma levels encountered during therapeutic use of local anesthetics or to unintended subarachnoid injection of local anesthetic solution [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1 , 5.2 )]. The first consideration is prevention, best accomplished by careful and constant monitoring of cardiovascular and respiratory vital signs and the patient's state of consciousness after each local anesthetic injection. At the first sign of change, oxygen should be administered.
The first step in the management of convulsions, as well as hypo-ventilation, consists of immediate attention to the maintenance of a patent airway and assisted or controlled ventilation as needed. The adequacy of the circulation should be assessed. Should convulsions persist despite adequate respiratory support, treatment with appropriate anticonvulsant therapy is indicated.
The practitioner should be familiar with the use of anticonvulsant drugs, prior to the use of local anesthetics. Supportive treatment of circulatory depression may require administration of intravenous fluids and, when appropriate, a vasopressor. If not treated immediately, both convulsions and cardiovascular depression can result in hypoxia, acidosis, bradycardia, arrhythmias, and/or cardiac arrest.
If cardiac arrest should occur, standard cardiopulmonary resuscitative measures should be instituted. For additional information about overdose treatment, call a poison control center (1-800-222-1222).
🧬 Clinical Pharmacology ▾
12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
12.1Mechanism of Action Articaine HCl is an amide local anesthetic. Local anesthetics block the generation and conduction of nerve impulses, presumably by increasing the threshold for electrical excitation in the nerve, by slowing the propagation of the nerve impulse, and by reducing the rate of rise of the action potential. In general, the progression of anesthesia is related to the diameter, myelination, and conduction velocity of the affected nerve fibers.
Epinephrine is a vasoconstrictor added to articaine HCl to slow absorption into the general circulation and thus prolong maintenance of an active tissue concentration.
12.2Pharmacodynamics Clinically, the order of loss of nerve function is as follows: (1) pain; (2) temperature; (3) touch; (4) proprioception; and (5) skeletal muscle tone. The onset of anesthesia has been shown to be within 1 to 9 minutes of injection of ARTICADENT. Complete anesthesia lasts approximately 1 hour for infiltrations and up to approximately 2 hours for nerve block.
Administration of ARTICADENT results in a 3- to 5-fold increase in plasma epinephrine concentrations compared to baseline; however, in healthy adults it does not appear to be associated with marked increases in blood pressure or heart rate, except in the case of accidental intravascular injection [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ].
12.3Pharmacokinetics Absorption: Following dental injection by the submucosal route of an articaine solution containing epinephrine 1:200,000, articaine reaches peak blood concentration about 25 minutes after a single dose injection and 48 minutes after three doses. Peak plasma levels of articaine achieved after 68 and 204 mg doses are 385 and 900 ng/mL, respectively. Following intraoral administration of a near maximum dose of 476 mg, articaine reaches peak blood concentrations of 2037 and 2145 ng/mL for articaine solution containing epinephrine 1:100,000 and 1:200,000, respectively, approximately 22 minutes post-dose.
Distribution: Approximately 60 to 80% of articaine HCl is bound to human serum albumin and y-globulins at 37°C in vitro. Elimination: Metabolism: Articaine HCl is metabolized by plasma carboxyesterase to its primary metabolite, articainic acid, which is inactive. In vitro studies show that the human liver microsome P450 isoenzyme system metabolizes approximately 5% to 10% of available articaine with nearly quantitative conversion to articainic acid.
Excretion: At the dose of 476 mg of articaine, the elimination half-life was 43.8 minutes and 44.4 minutes for articaine solution containing epinephrine 1:100,000 and 1:200,000, respectively. Articaine is excreted primarily through urine with 53-57% of the administered dose eliminated in the first 24 hours following submucosal administration. Articainic acid is the primary metabolite in urine.
A minor metabolite, articainic acid glucuronide, is also excreted in urine. Articaine constitutes only 2% of the total dose excreted in urine.
🧬 Mechanism of Action ▾
12.1Mechanism of Action Articaine HCl is an amide local anesthetic. Local anesthetics block the generation and conduction of nerve impulses, presumably by increasing the threshold for electrical excitation in the nerve, by slowing the propagation of the nerve impulse, and by reducing the rate of rise of the action potential. In general, the progression of anesthesia is related to the diameter, myelination, and conduction velocity of the affected nerve fibers.
Epinephrine is a vasoconstrictor added to articaine HCl to slow absorption into the general circulation and thus prolong maintenance of an active tissue concentration.
📦 How Supplied / Storage and Handling ▾
16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING ARTICADENT (articaine hydrochloride and epinephrine) injection is a clear, colorless solution available in 1.7 mL single-dose glass cartridges, packaged in boxes of 50 cartridges in the following two strengths (less than a full cartridge or more than one cartridge may be used for an individual patient): ARTICADENT containing articaine HCl 4% (40 mg/mL) and epinephrine 1:200,000 (as epinephrine bitartrate 0.009 mg/mL) (NDC 66312-602-16) ARTICADENT containing articaine HCl 4% (40 mg/mL) and epinephrine 1:100,000 (as epinephrine bitartrate 0.018 mg/mL) (NDC 66312-601-16) Storage and Handling Store at controlled room temperature 25°C (77°F) with brief excursions permitted between 15° and 30°C (59°F-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].
Protect from light. Do Not Freeze.
📦 Storage and Handling ▾
Storage and Handling Store at controlled room temperature 25°C (77°F) with brief excursions permitted between 15° and 30°C (59°F-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Protect from light. Do Not Freeze.
📋 Description ▾
11 DESCRIPTION ARTICADENT (articaine hydrochloride and epinephrine injection), for intraoral submucosal infiltration use, is a sterile, aqueous solution that contains articaine HCl 4% (40 mg/mL) and epinephrine bitartrate in an epinephrine 1:200,000 or epinephrine 1:100,000 strength. Articaine HCl is an amino amide local anesthetic, chemically designated as 4-methyl-3-[2-(propylamino)-propionamido]-2-thiophene-carboxylic acid, methyl ester hydrochloride and is a racemic mixture. Articaine HCl has a molecular weight of 320.84 and the following structural formula: Articaine HCl has a partition coefficient in n-octanol/Soerensen buffer (pH 7.35) of 17 and a pKa of 7.8.
Epinephrine bitartrate, (-)-1-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methylamino-ethanol (+) tartrate (1:1) salt, is a vasoconstrictor with a concentration of 1:200,000 or 1:100,000 (expressed as free base). It has a molecular weight of 333.3 and the following structural formula: ARTICADENT contains the following inactive ingredients: sodium chloride (1.6 mg/mL), and sodium metabisulfite (0.5 mg/mL). The product is formulated with a 15% overage of epinephrine.
The pH is adjusted with sodium hydroxide. Chemical Structure Chemical Structure
💬 Information for Patients ▾
17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION Loss of Sensation and Muscle Function : Inform patients in advance of the possibility of temporary loss of sensation and muscle function following infiltration and nerve block injections [see Adverse Reactions (6.2) ] . Instruct patients not to eat or drink until normal sensation returns. Methemoglobinemia : Inform patients that use of local anesthetics may cause methemoglobinemia, a serious condition that must be treated promptly.
Advise patients or caregivers to seek immediate medical attention if they or someone in their care experience the following signs or symptoms: pale, gray, or blue colored skin (cyanosis); headache; rapid heart rate; shortness of breath; lightheadedness; or fatigue.
🍼 Nursing Mothers ▾
8.3Nursing Mothers It is not known whether ARTICADENT is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when ARTICADENT is administered to a nursing woman. When using ARTICADENT, nursing mothers may choose to pump and discard breast milk for approximately 4 hours (based on plasma half-life) following an injection of ARTICADENT (to minimize infant ingestion) and then resume breastfeeding.
🧬 Pharmacokinetics ▾
12.3Pharmacokinetics Absorption: Following dental injection by the submucosal route of an articaine solution containing epinephrine 1:200,000, articaine reaches peak blood concentration about 25 minutes after a single dose injection and 48 minutes after three doses. Peak plasma levels of articaine achieved after 68 and 204 mg doses are 385 and 900 ng/mL, respectively. Following intraoral administration of a near maximum dose of 476 mg, articaine reaches peak blood concentrations of 2037 and 2145 ng/mL for articaine solution containing epinephrine 1:100,000 and 1:200,000, respectively, approximately 22 minutes post-dose.
Distribution: Approximately 60 to 80% of articaine HCl is bound to human serum albumin and y-globulins at 37°C in vitro. Elimination: Metabolism: Articaine HCl is metabolized by plasma carboxyesterase to its primary metabolite, articainic acid, which is inactive. In vitro studies show that the human liver microsome P450 isoenzyme system metabolizes approximately 5% to 10% of available articaine with nearly quantitative conversion to articainic acid.
Excretion: At the dose of 476 mg of articaine, the elimination half-life was 43.8 minutes and 44.4 minutes for articaine solution containing epinephrine 1:100,000 and 1:200,000, respectively. Articaine is excreted primarily through urine with 53-57% of the administered dose eliminated in the first 24 hours following submucosal administration. Articainic acid is the primary metabolite in urine.
A minor metabolite, articainic acid glucuronide, is also excreted in urine. Articaine constitutes only 2% of the total dose excreted in urine.
🧬 Pharmacodynamics ▾
12.2Pharmacodynamics Clinically, the order of loss of nerve function is as follows: (1) pain; (2) temperature; (3) touch; (4) proprioception; and (5) skeletal muscle tone. The onset of anesthesia has been shown to be within 1 to 9 minutes of injection of ARTICADENT. Complete anesthesia lasts approximately 1 hour for infiltrations and up to approximately 2 hours for nerve block.
Administration of ARTICADENT results in a 3- to 5-fold increase in plasma epinephrine concentrations compared to baseline; however, in healthy adults it does not appear to be associated with marked increases in blood pressure or heart rate, except in the case of accidental intravascular injection [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ].
🔬 Clinical Studies ▾
6.1Clinical Studies Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The reported adverse reactions are derived from clinical trials in the United States and the United Kingdom. Table 2 displays the adverse reactions reported in clinical trials where 882 individuals were exposed to ARTICADENT containing epinephrine 1:100,000.
Table 3 displays the adverse reactions reported in clinical trials where 182 individuals were exposed to ARTICADENT containing epinephrine 1:100,000 and 179 individuals were exposed to ARTICADENT containing epinephrine 1:200,000. Adverse reactions observed in at least 1% of patients: Table 2: Adverse Reactions in Controlled Trials with an Incidence of 1% or Greater in Patients Administered ARTICADENT containing Epinephrine 1:100,000 Body System/Reaction ARTICADENT containing epinephrine 1:100,000 (N=882) Incidence Body as a whole Face Edema 13 (1%) Headache 31 (4%) Infection 10 (1%) Pain 114 (13%) Digestive system Gingivitis 13 (1%) Nervous system Paresthesia 11 (1%) Table 3: Adverse Reactions in Controlled Trials with an Incidence of 1% or Greater in Patients Administered ARTICADENT containing Epinephrine 1:200,000 and ARTICADENT containing Epinephrine 1:100,000 Reaction ARTICADENT with epinephrine 1:200,000 (N=179) Incidence ARTICADENT with epinephrine 1:100,000 (N=182) Incidence Any adverse reaction 33 (18%) 35 (19%) Pain 11 (6.1%) 14 (7.6%) Headache 9 (5%) 6 (3.2%) Positive blood aspiration into syringe 3 (1.6%) 6 (3.2%) Swelling 3 (1.6%) 5 (2.7%) Trismus 1 (0.5%) 3 (1.6%) Nausea and emesis 3 (1.6%) 0 (0%) Sleepiness 2 (1.1%) 1 (0.5%) Numbness and tingling 1 (0.5%) 2 (1%) Palpitation 0 (0%) 2 (1%) Ear symptoms (earache, otitis media) 1 (0.5%) 2 (1%) Cough, persistent cough 0 (0%) 2 (1%) Adverse reactions observed in less than 1% of patients: Table 4: Adverse Reactions in Controlled Trials with an Incidence of less than 1% but Considered Clinically Relevant in Patients Administered ARTICADENT Body System Reactions Body as a Whole Asthenia; back pain; injection site pain; burning sensation above injection site; malaise; neck pain Cardiovascular System Hemorrhage; migraine; syncope; tachycardia; elevated blood pressure Digestive System Dyspepsia; glossitis; gum hemorrhage; mouth ulceration; nausea; stomatitis; tongue edemas; tooth disorder; vomiting Hemic and Lymphatic System Ecchymosis; lymphadenopathy Metabolic and Nutritional System Edema; thirst Musculoskeletal System Arthralgia; myalgia; osteomyelitis Nervous System Dizziness; dry mouth; facial paralysis; hyperesthesia; increased salivation; nervousness; neuropathy; paresthesia; somnolence; exacerbation of Kearns-Sayre Syndrome Respiratory System Pharyngitis; rhinitis; sinus pain; sinus congestion Skin and Appendages Pruritus; skin disorder Special Senses Ear pain; taste perversion
14 CLINICAL STUDIES Three randomized, double-blind, active-controlled studies were designed to evaluate effectiveness of ARTICADENT containing epinephrine 1:100,000 as a dental anesthetic. Patients ranging in age from 4 years to over 65 years old underwent simple dental procedures such as single uncomplicated extractions, routine operative procedures, single apical resections, and single crown procedures, or complex dental procedures such as multiple extractions, multiple crowns and/or bridge procedures, multiple apical resections, alveolectomies, mucogingival operations, and other surgical procedures on the bone.
ARTICADENT containing epinephrine 1:100,000 was administered by intraoral submucosal infiltration and/or nerve block for these dental procedures. Efficacy was measured immediately following the procedure by having the patient and investigator rate the patient's procedural pain using a 10 cm visual analog scale (VAS), in which a score of z… [Excerpted — this section continues on DailyMed.]
🧪 Nonclinical Toxicology ▾
13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
13.1Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Studies to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of articaine HCl in animals have not been conducted. Five standard mutagenicity tests, including three in vitro tests (the nonmammalian Ames test, the mammalian Chinese hamster ovary chromosomal aberration test, and a mammalian gene mutation test with articaine HCl) and two in vivo mouse micronucleus tests (one with articaine and epinephrine 1:100,000 and one with articaine HCl alone) showed no mutagenic effects.
No effects on male or female fertility were observed in rats for articaine and epinephrine 1:100,000 administered subcutaneously in doses up to 80 mg/kg/day (approximately 2 times the MRHD based on body surface area).
📄 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility ▾
13.1Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Studies to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of articaine HCl in animals have not been conducted. Five standard mutagenicity tests, including three in vitro tests (the nonmammalian Ames test, the mammalian Chinese hamster ovary chromosomal aberration test, and a mammalian gene mutation test with articaine HCl) and two in vivo mouse micronucleus tests (one with articaine and epinephrine 1:100,000 and one with articaine HCl alone) showed no mutagenic effects.
No effects on male or female fertility were observed in rats for articaine and epinephrine 1:100,000 administered subcutaneously in doses up to 80 mg/kg/day (approximately 2 times the MRHD based on body surface area).
📚 References ▾
15 REFERENCES Kaplan, EL, editor. Cardiovascular disease in dental practice. Dallas; American Heart Association; 1986.
📄 Recent Major Changes ▾
WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, Methemoglobinemia ( 5.4 )
📄 Package Label / Principal Display Panel ▾
PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 1.7 mL Cartridge Carton - epinephrine 1:100,000 Dentsply Sirona NDC 66312-601-16 Reorder #: 51116 Articadent ® DENTAL (articaine HCl and epinephrine) Injection Articaine hydrochloride 4% (40 mg/mL) and epinephrine 1:100,000 Intraoral Submucosal Injection Contains sodium metabisulfite 50 Single-Dose Cartridges, 1.7 mL each Sterile aqueous Solution for Injection Rx only PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 1.7 mL Cartridge Carton - epinephrine 1:100,000
PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 1.7 mL Cartridge Carton - epinephrine 1:200,000 Dentsply Sirona NDC 66312-602-16 Reorder #: 52216 Articadent ® DENTAL (articaine HCl and epinephrine) Injection Articaine hydrochloride 4% (40 mg/mL) and epinephrine 1:200,000 Intraoral Submucosal Injection Contains sodium metabisulfite 50 Single-Dose Cartridges, 1.7 mL each Sterile aqueous solution for Injection Rx only PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 1.7 mL Cartridge Carton - epinephrine 1:200,000
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