Tramadol Hydrochloride and Acetaminophen 325 mg; 37.5 mg Tablet, Film Coated, 60-count — NDC 72189-382-60 (Billing 72189-0382-60)

5.1Addiction, Abuse and Misuse Tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen tablets contain tramadol, a Schedule IV controlled substance. As an opioid, tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen exposes users to the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse [see DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE (9)]. Although the risk of addiction in any individual is unknown, it can occur in patients appropriately prescribed tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen.

Addiction can occur at recommended dosages and if the drug is misused or abused. Assess each patient’s risk for opioid addiction, abuse, or misuse prior to prescribing tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen, and monitor all patients receiving tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen for the development of these behaviors and conditions. Risks are increased in patients with a personal or family history of substance abuse (including drug or alcohol abuse or addiction) or mental illness (e.g., major depression).

The potential for these risks should not, however, prevent the proper management of pain in any given patient. Patients at increased risk may be prescribed opioids such as tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen, but use in such patients necessitates intensive counseling about the risks and proper use of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen along with intensive monitoring for signs of addiction, abuse, and misuse. Consider prescribing naloxone for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION (2.2), WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.3)].

Opioids are sought by drug abusers and people with addiction disorders and are subject to criminal diversion. Consider these risks when prescribing or dispensing tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen. Strategies to reduce these risks include prescribing the drug in the smallest appropriate quantity and advising the patient on the proper disposal of unused drug [see PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION (17)].

Contact local state professional licensing board or state controlled substances authority for information on how to prevent and detect abuse or diversion of this product.

5.2Opioid Analgesic Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) To ensure that the benefits of opioid analgesics outweigh the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has required a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) for these products. Under the requirements of the REMS, drug companies with approved opioid analgesic products must make REMS-compliant education programs available to healthcare providers. Healthcare providers are strongly encouraged to do all of the following: Complete a REMS-compliant education program offered by an accredited provider of continuing education (CE) or another education program that includes all the elements of the FDA Education Blueprint for Health Care Providers Involved in the Management or Support of Patients with Pain.

Discuss the safe use, serious risks, and proper storage and disposal of opioid analgesics with patients and/or their caregivers every time these medicines are prescribed. The Patient Counseling Guide (PCG) can be obtained at this link: www.fda.gov/OpioidAnalgesicREMSPCG. Emphasize to patients and their caregivers the importance of reading the Medication Guide that they will receive from their pharmacist every time an opioid analgesic is dispensed to them.

Consider using other tools to improve patient, household, and community safety, such as patient-prescriber agreements that reinforce patient-prescriber responsibilities. To obtain further information on the opioid analgesic REMS and for a list of accredited REMS CME/CE, call 1-800-503-0784, or log on to www.opioidanalgesicrems.com. The FDA Blueprint can be found at www.fda.gov/OpioidAnalgesicREMSBlueprint.

5.3Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression has been reported with the use of opioids, even when used as recommended. Respiratory depression, if n… [Excerpted — this section continues on DailyMed.]

The following serious adverse reactions are discussed, or described in greater detail, in other sections: Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.1)] Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.3)] Ultra-Rapid Metabolism of Tramadol and Other Risk Factors for Life-threatening Respiratory Depression in Children [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.4)] Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.5)] Hepatotoxicity [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.7)] Interactions with Benzodiazepines or Other CNS Depressants [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.8)] Serotonin Syndrome [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.9)] Seizures [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.10)] Suicide [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.11)] Adrenal Insufficiency [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.12)] Severe Hypotension [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.14)] Gastrointestinal Adverse Reactions [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.17)] Hypersensitivity Reactions [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.18)] Withdrawal [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.20)]

6.1Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The most common incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (≥3.0%) in subjects from clinical trials was constipation, diarrhea, nausea, somnolence, anorexia, dizziness, and sweating increased. Table 1 shows the incidence rate of treatment-emergent adverse events reported in ≥2.0% of subjects over five days of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen use in clinical trials (subjects took an average of at least 6 tablets per day).

Table 1: Incidence of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (≥2.0%) Body System Preferred Term Tramadol Hydrochloride and Acetaminophen (N=142) (%) Gastrointestinal System Disorders Constipation Diarrhea Nausea Dry Mouth Psychiatric Disorders Somnolence Anorexia Insomnia Central & Peripheral Nervous System Dizziness Skin and Appendages Sweating Increased Pruritus Reproductive Disorders, Male* Prostatic Disorder 6 3 3 2 6 3 2 3 4 2 2 * Number of males = 62 Incidence at least 1%, causal relationship at least possible or greater: The following lists adverse reactions that occurred with an incidence of at least 1% in single-dose or repeated-dose clinical trials of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen.

Body as a Whole – Asthenia, fatigue, hot flushes Central and Peripheral Nervous System – Dizziness, headache, tremor Gastrointestinal System – Abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, dyspepsia, flatulence, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting Psychiatric Disorders – Anorexia, anxiety, confusion, euphoria, insomnia, nervousness, somnolence Skin and Appendages – Pruritus, rash, increased sweating Selected Adverse events occurring at less than 1%: The following lists clinically relevant adverse reactions that occurred with an incidence of less than 1% in tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen clinical trials.

Body as a Whole – Chest pain, rigors, syncope, withdrawal syndrome Cardiovascular Disorders – Hypertension, aggravated hypertension, hypotension Central and Peripheral Nervous System – Ataxia, convulsions, hypertonia, migraine, aggravated migraine, involuntary muscle contractions, paresthesias, stupor, vertigo Gastrointestinal System – Dysphagia, melena, tongue edema Hearing and Vestibular Disorders – Tinnitus Heart Rate and Rhythm Disorders – Arrhythmia, palpitation, tachycardia Liver and Biliary System – Hepatic function abnormal Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders – Weight decrease Psychiatric Disorders – Amnesia, depersonalization, depression, drug abuse, emotional lability, hallucination, impotence, paroniria, abnormal thinking Red Blood Cell Disorders – Anemia Respiratory System – Dyspnea Urinary System – Albuminuria, micturition disorder, oliguria, urinary rete… [Excerpted — this section continues on DailyMed.]

Table 2 includes clinically significant interactions with tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen. Table 2: Clinically Significant Drug Interactions with Tramadol Hydrochloride and Acetaminophen Inhibitors of CYP2D6 Clinical Impact: The concomitant use of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen and CYP2D6 inhibitors may result in an increase in the plasma concentration of tramadol and a decrease in the plasma concentration of M1, particularly when an inhibitor is added after a stable dose of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen is achieved.

Since M1 is a more potent µ-opioid agonist, decreased M1 exposure could result in decreased therapeutic effects, and may result in signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal in patients who had developed physical dependence to tramadol. Increased tramadol exposure can result in increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and increased risk for serious adverse events including seizures and serotonin syndrome. After stopping a CYP2D6 inhibitor, as the effects of the inhibitor decline, the tramadol plasma concentration will decrease and the M1 plasma concentration will increase which could increase or prolong therapeutic effects but also increase adverse reactions related to opioid toxicity, and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (12.3)].

Intervention: If concomitant use of a CYP2D6 inhibitor is necessary, follow patients closely for adverse reactions including opioid withdrawal, seizures and serotonin syndrome. If a CYP2D6 inhibitor is discontinued, consider lowering tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen dosage until stable drug effects are achieved. Follow patients closely for adverse events including respiratory depression and sedation.

Examples: Quinidine, fluoxetine, paroxetine and bupropion Inhibitors of CYP3A4 Clinical Impact: The concomitant use of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen and CYP3A4 inhibitors can increase the plasma concentration of tramadol and may result in a greater amount of metabolism via CYP2D6 and greater levels of M1. Follow patients closely for increased risk of serious adverse events including seizures and serotonin syndrome, and adverse reactions related to opioid toxicity including potentially fatal respiratory depression, particularly when an inhibitor is added after a stable dose of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen is achieved.

After stopping a CYP3A4 inhibitor, as the effects of the inhibitor decline, the tramadol plasma concentration will decrease [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (12.3)], resulting in decreased opioid efficacy and possibly signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal in patients who had developed physical dependence to tramadol. Intervention: If concomitant use is necessary, consider dosage reduction of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen until stable drug effects are achieved. Follow patients closely for seizures and serotonin syndrome, and signs of respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals.

If a CYP3A4 inhibitor is discontinued, consider increasing the tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen dosage until stable drug effects are achieved and follow patients for signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal. Examples: Macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), azole-antifungal agents (e.g., ketoconazole), protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir) CYP3A4 Inducers Clinical Impact: The concomitant use of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen and CYP3A4 inducers can decrease the plasma concentration of tramadol [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (12.3)], resulting in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence to tramadol.

After stopping a CYP3A4 inducer, as the effects of the inducer decline, the tramadol plasma concentration will increase [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (12.3)], which could increase or prolong both the therapeutic effects and adverse reactions, and may cause serious respiratory depression, seizures and serotonin sy… [Excerpted — this section continues on DailyMed.]

9.1Controlled Substance Tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen tablets contain tramadol, a Schedule IV controlled substance.

9.2Abuse Tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen tablets contain tramadol, a substance with a high potential for abuse similar to other opioids and can be abused and is subject to misuse, addiction, and criminal diversion [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.1)]. All patients treated with opioids require careful monitoring for signs of abuse and addiction, since use of opioid analgesic products carries the risk of addiction even under appropriate medical use. Prescription drug abuse is the intentional non-therapeutic use of a prescription drug, even once, for its rewarding psychological or physiological effects.

Drug addiction is a cluster of behavioral, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that develop after repeated substance use and includes: a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling its use, persisting in its use despite harmful, or potentially harmful, consequences, a higher priority given to drug use than to other activities and obligations, increased tolerance, and sometimes a physical withdrawal. “Drug seeking” behavior is very common in persons with substance use disorders. Drug seeking tactics include emergency calls or visits near the end of office hours, refusal to undergo appropriate examination, testing or referral, repeated “loss” of prescriptions, tampering with prescriptions, and reluctance to provide prior medical records or contact information for other treating physician(s). “Doctor shopping” (visiting multiple prescribers) to obtain additional prescriptions is common among drug abusers and people suffering from untreated addiction.

Preoccupation with achieving adequate pain relief can be appropriate behavior in a patient with poor pain control. Abuse and addiction are separate and distinct from physical dependence and tolerance. Healthcare providers should be aware that addiction may not be accompanied by concurrent tolerance and symptoms of physical dependence in all addicts.

In addition, abuse of opioids can occur in the absence of true addiction. Tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen, like other opioids, can be diverted for non-medical use into illicit channels of distribution. Careful record-keeping of prescribing information, including quantity, frequency, and renewal requests, as required by state and federal law, is strongly advised.

Proper assessment of the patient, proper prescribing practices, periodic re-evaluation of therapy, and proper dispensing and storage are appropriate measures that help to limit abuse of opioid drugs. Risks Specific to Abuse of Tramadol Hydrochloride and Acetaminophen Tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen is for oral use only. Abuse of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen poses a risk of overdose and death.

The risk is increased with concurrent abuse of tramadol hydrochloride and acetaminophen with alcohol and other central nervous system depressants. Parenteral drug abuse is commonly associated with transmission of infectious diseases such as hepatitis and HIV.

9.3Dependence Both tolerance and physical dependence can develop during chronic opioid therapy. Tolerance is the need for increasing doses of opioids to maintain a defined effect such as analgesia (in the absence of disease progression or other external factors). Tolerance may occur to both the desired and undesired effects of drugs, and may develop at different rates for different effects.

Physical dependence is a physiological state in which the body adapts to the drug after a period of regular exposure, resulting in withdrawal symptoms after abrupt discontinuation or a significant dosage reduction of a drug. Withdrawal also may be precipitated through the administration of drugs with opioid antagonist activity (e.g., naloxone, nalmefene), mixed agonist/antagonist analgesics (e.g., pentazocine, butorphanol, nalbuphine), or partial agonists (e.g., buprenor… [Excerpted — this section continues on DailyMed.]