Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 4 of 8 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Bare Knuckle Bloodsport Unflavored Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Apollon Nutrition

Powder Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Bare Knuckle Bloodsport Unflavored is a dietary supplement by Apollon Nutrition with 8 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for replacing fluids and electrolytes, preventing dehydration during exercise or illness, treating low blood sodium (under medical care).Based on those ingredients, 1,043 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Grape seed extract, Sodium, L-Citrulline. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Bare Knuckle Bloodsport Unflavored by Apollon Nutrition

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 8 of its 8 active ingredients.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

Bare Knuckle Bloodsport Unflavored contains 8 ingredients, 4 of which are active. Sodium supports electrolyte balance and cellular function, though the product also contains Himalayan Pink Salt as an additional sodium source.

L-citrulline is an amino acid that your body converts to arginine, which plays a role in blood vessel relaxation and blood flow. Taurine is another amino acid involved in heart and muscle function.

Grape seed extract is a polyphenol-rich compound often used for its antioxidant properties. The product also includes three proprietary or branded ingredients — NO3-T, VasoDrive-AP, and AstraGin — for which we do not hold full interaction or efficacy data.

There are no inactive fillers or binders listed.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: blood flow and exercise performance.
  • We looked for evidence on: Athletic performance, Physical performance, Exercise-induced muscle soreness, Muscle soreness, Fatigue, Cardiovascular disease (CVD) — and 4 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: L-citrulline is rated "Possibly Effective" for Athletic performance (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Grape is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Athletic performance, Cardiovascular disease (CVD), Erectile Dysfunction (ED), Hypertension, and more.
  • Also on file: Taurine is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Athletic performance.

L-citrulline is possibly effective for athletic performance based on the evidence we hold. Taurine is possibly effective for congestive heart failure (heart failure) and hepatitis, though both findings rest on limited research.

Grape seed extract is possibly effective for chronic venous insufficiency (poor circulation in the legs). The other active ingredients and the proprietary compounds have either insufficient evidence or no effectiveness data in our files.

This product is marketed as a pre-workout supplement, but we cannot evaluate that claim from the facts on file.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Sodium L-citrulline Taurine Grape

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 4 of the 4 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 4 of 4.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 4 of 4.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Sodium is generally well tolerated in normal dietary amounts, but excess sodium is linked to high blood pressure and heart strain — avoid supplemental sodium or very high intake without medical guidance. L-citrulline is generally well tolerated in healthy adults, though gastrointestinal discomfort and heartburn have been reported; long-term safety is not fully studied.

Taurine is generally well tolerated short-term in typical doses, with constipation, diarrhea, and indigestion reported most commonly; long-term safety is less certain. Grape seed extract appears well tolerated; the most common side effects are abdominal pain, diarrhea, dry mouth, indigestion, headache, joint pain, and nausea.

L-citrulline should be avoided during pregnancy — there is not enough safety data. L-citrulline safety while breastfeeding is unknown, so avoid supplemental use.

Taurine is likely safe in pregnancy and lactation (taurine occurs naturally in breast milk). Grape seed extract is likely safe in pregnancy and lactation, though concentrated supplements should be avoided during pregnancy due to limited data.

We do not have pregnancy or breastfeeding safety data on file for sodium, NO3-T, VasoDrive-AP, Himalayan Pink Salt, or AstraGin — talk with your doctor or pharmacist before use if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Sodium L-citrulline Taurine Grape

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 4 of the 4 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Grape, Taurine, L-citrulline, Sodium.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; lithium.
  • For scale: 1,044 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

If you take blood pressure medications (antihypertensives), lithium (for bipolar disorder), blood thinners or antiplatelet drugs, cyclosporine, midazolam, or any medications processed through your liver's CYP enzymes, double-check with your doctor or pharmacist before taking this product. The sodium, L-citrulline, and taurine all carry Moderate-severity blood pressure risks; sodium and taurine also affect lithium levels.

Grape seed extract has broad enzyme interactions that may affect many common medications.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This pre-workout powder is designed for athletic performance and muscle support through citrulline and taurine, but it contains several ingredients with real medication interactions — especially if you take blood pressure medications, lithium, blood thinners, or certain other drugs. If you're on any prescription medications, especially for heart, blood pressure, or mental health, check your exact drugs against this product's ingredients with your doctor or pharmacist before starting.

Sodium content is also a concern if you have high blood pressure or are watching your salt intake.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 4 of 8 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Aug 23, 2023.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Bare Knuckle Bloodsport Unflavored, straight from the product label.

Brand Apollon Nutrition
Barcode (UPC) 850862007866
Net contents 10.6 Ounce(s); 300 Gram(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Aug 23, 2023
DSLD ID 295361
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Powder
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years), Women (not pregnant or lactating)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Bare Knuckle Bloodsport Unflavored by Apollon Nutrition, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
7.5 Gram(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
15 Gram(s)
Servings per container
20
UPC/BARCODE
850862007866
IngredientAmount% DV
Sodium200 mg, 100 mg9%, 4%
L-Citrulline8000 mg, 4000 mg--
Taurine2000 mg, 1000 mg--
Grape seed extract400 mg, 200 mg--
NO3-T3000 mg, 1500 mg--
VasoDrive-AP508 mg, 254 mg--
Himalayan Pink Salt500 mg, 250 mg--
AstraGin50 mg, 25 mg--

Other ingredients: None

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Formula

Extreme blood pumping powder with NO3-T nitrate technology

Dietary Supplement

NO3 Nitrate Technology NO3-T.com/patents AstraGin VasoDrive-AP

Precautions

Allergen warning: Contains dairy (Casein hydrolysate).

Warning: This product is only intended to be consumed by healthy adults 18 years of age or older. Keep out of the reach of children.

Do not use if you are pregnant, breast feeding, have known medical conditions (including but not limited to kidney, heart, or liver disease) or are taking prescription or OTC medication(s).

Consult with your health care professional before using this product. Discontinue use and consult with your health care professional if you experience any adverse reaction to the product. Do not exceed recommended serving.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place.

Seals/Symbols

Made in USA Of International and Domestic Ingredients GMP Good Manufacturing Practice Consistent Quality

Formulation

No added sugars

Blood is Life delivers oxygen and other essential substances throughout the body to help you perform better, recover faster and fight sickness. It also plays a role in delivering one hell of a muscle pump. Bloodsport powder is an unflavored stim-free pre-workout pump amplifier with NO3-T nitrate technology to boost nitric oxide for greater vasodilation, blood flow, stamina, performance, and pumps!

Bloodsport powder is an unflavored stim-free pre-workout pump amplifier with NO3-T nitrate technology to boost nitric oxide for greater vasodilation, blood flow, stamina, performance, and pumps!

Brand IP Statement(s)

NO3-T Nitrate Technology NO3-T.com/patents NO3-T is a registered trademark of ThermoLife International, LLC., this mark covers the use of one or more patents listed as www.NO3-T.com/patents. AstraGin is a registered trademark of NuLiv Science USA Inc.

Apollon Nutrition and Bloodsport are trademarks of Apollon Nutrition, LLC. Copyright 2021, All Rights Reserved.

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Use blood sport on its own or stack it with Apollon Nutrition's Hooligan, Assassin, or Bare Knuckle for a bloody good time. Suggested use: As a dietary supplement, mxi 1/2 to 1 scoop with 10-12 oz of water and consume approximately 30 minutes before your workout. Can be used in combination with your favorite pre-workout such as Apollon Nutrition's Hooligan, Assassin or Bare Knuckle.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

General Statements

Servings per container: 40 servings, 20 servings

See for yourself

Bare Knuckle Bloodsport Unflavored by Apollon Nutrition label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

What’s inside

The Ingredients in Bare Knuckle Bloodsport Unflavored by Apollon Nutrition

These are the 8 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size7.5 Gram(s) Dosage formPowder Servings per container20 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Sodium

Interacts with
205 drugs
200 mg per serving

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets g...

Sodium monograph & interactions

L-Citrulline

Interacts with
178 drugs
8000 mg per serving

L-citrulline is an amino acid that the body turns into L-arginine to help make nitric oxide, which relaxes blood vessels and may improve blood flow. I...

L-Citrulline monograph & interactions

Taurine

Interacts with
173 drugs
2000 mg per serving

Taurine is an amino acid your body makes naturally and that you also get from animal foods. It is widely used in energy drinks and sports supplements,...

Taurine monograph & interactions

Grape seed extract

Interacts with
910 drugs
400 mg per serving

Grapes and grape products like grape seed extract contain antioxidant compounds such as resveratrol and proanthocyanidins that may support heart and b...

Grape seed extract monograph & interactions

NO3-T

3000 mg per serving Form: Arginine Nitrate

VasoDrive-AP

508 mg per serving Form: Casein Hydrolysate

Himalayan Pink Salt

500 mg per serving

AstraGin

50 mg per serving

Other (inactive) ingredients: None. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Bare Knuckle Bloodsport Unflavored by Apollon Nutrition Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Bare Knuckle Bloodsport Unflavored?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

Go to the checker
1,043Drugs
1,010 Moderate 33 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Sodium 205
Taurine 173

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Bare Knuckle Bloodsport Unflavored with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Grape seed extract9 drug types · 910 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, grape extracts may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro evidence suggests that grape extracts might decrease platelet aggregation.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)

Ingesting grape juice with cyclosporine can reduce cyclosporine absorption.
A small pharmacokinetic study in healthy young adults shows that intake of purple grape juice 200 mL along with cyclosporine can decrease the absorption of cyclosporine by up to 30% when compared with water. Separate doses of grape juice and cyclosporine by at least 2 hours to avoid this interaction.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, grape juice might reduce the levels of CYP1A2 substrates.
A small pharmacokinetic study in healthy adults shows that ingestion of 200 mL of grape juice decreases phenacetin plasma levels. This is thought to be due to induction of CYP1A2.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (Cyp2D6) Substrates

Theoretically, grape seed extract may increase the levels of CYP2D6 substrates.
In vitro evidence suggests that grape seed extract might inhibit CYP2D6 enzymes. However, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (Cyp2E1) Substrates

Theoretically, grape seed extract might increase the levels of CYP2E1 substrates.
In vitro and animal research suggests that grape seed proanthocyanidin extract inhibits CYP2E1 enzymes. However, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

It is unclear if grape seed extract inhibits or induces CYP3A4; research is conflicting.
In vitro evidence suggests that grape seed extract might inhibit CYP3A4 enzymes. However, evidence from animal research shows that grape seed extract may induce CYP3A4 in the liver. So far, these interactions have not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Midazolam (Versed)

Theoretically, long-term intake of grape seed extract might decrease the effects of midazolam.
Animal research shows that subchronic ingestions of grape seed extract can increase the elimination of intravenous midazolam by increasing hepatic CYP3A4 activity. Single doses of grape seed extract do not appear to affect midazolam elimination.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Phenacetin

Grape juice might decrease phenacetin absorption.
A small pharmacokinetic study in healthy adults shows that ingestion of 200 mL of grape juice decreases phenacetin plasma levels. This is thought to be due to induction of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2).

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates

It is unclear if grape juice or grape seed extract inhibits CYP2C9; research is conflicting.
In vitro evidence shows that grape seed extract or grape juice might inhibit CYP2C9 enzymes. However, a small pharmacokinetic study in healthy adults shows that drinking 8 ounces of grape juice once does not affect the clearance of flurbiprofen, a probe-drug for CYP2C9 metabolism. The effects of continued grape juice consumption are unclear.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence D

Sodium7 drug types · 205 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
High intake of dietary sodium can increase systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Also, high intake of sodium may necessitate increased use of antihypertensive medications to achieve blood pressure control in some patients, such as those with chronic kidney disease.

Likelihood Probable Evidence A
Corticosteroids

Concomitant use of mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) cause sodium retention. This effect is dose-related and depends on mineralocorticoid potency. It is most common with hydrocortisone, cortisone, and fludrocortisone, followed by prednisone and prednisolone.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Didanosine (Videx)

Concomitant use of didanosine with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Didanosine formulations contain a significant amount of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Lithium

Altering dietary intake of sodium might alter the levels and clinical effects of lithium.
High sodium intake can reduce plasma concentrations of lithium by increasing lithium excretion. Reducing sodium intake can significantly increase plasma concentrations of lithium and cause lithium toxicity in patients being treated with lithium carbonate. Stabilizing sodium intake is shown to reduce the percentage of patients with lithium level fluctuations above 0.8 mEq/L. Patients taking lithium should avoid significant alterations in their dietary intake of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Sodium Phosphates

Theoretically, concomitant use of sodium phosphate with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Use of high doses (> 45 mL in 24 hours) of sodium phosphate, such as those used for bowel cleansing before surgery, can lead to serious electrolyte disturbances, including hypernatremia. The risk of hypernatremia is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Sodium-Containing Drugs

Concomitant use of sodium-containing drugs with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia and long-term sodium-related complications.
The Chronic Disease Risk Reduction (CDRR) intake level of 2.3 grams of sodium daily indicates the intake at which it is believed that chronic disease risk increases for the apparently healthy population. Some medications contain high quantities of sodium. When used in conjunction with sodium supplements or high-sodium diets, the CDRR may be exceeded. Additionally, concomitant use may increase the risk for hypernatremia; this risk is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tolvaptan (Samsca)

Theoretically, concomitant use of tolvaptan with sodium might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Tolvaptan is a vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist that is used to increase sodium levels in patients with hyponatremia. Patients taking tolvaptan should use caution with the use of sodium salts such as sodium chloride.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C

L-Citrulline2 drug types · 178 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, concomitant use of L-citrulline with antihypertensive drugs might have additive effects and increase the chance of hypotension.
L-citrulline is converted to L-arginine, which can increase nitric oxide and cause vasodilation. However, a meta-analysis of 5 small clinical studies suggests that taking L-citrulline 3-6 grams daily for 1-8 weeks does not lower blood pressure when compared with control.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors

Theoretically, concurrent use of phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors and L-citrulline might result in additive vasodilation.
L-citrulline is converted to L-arginine, which can increase nitric oxide and cause vasodilation. Theoretically, taking L-arginine with PDE-5 inhibitors might have additive vasodilatory and hypotensive effects. However, in studies evaluating the combined use of L-arginine and sildenafil for erectile dysfunction, hypotension was not reported.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D

Taurine2 drug types · 173 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Some clinical evidence suggests that taurine can reduce both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Lithium

Theoretically, taurine might reduce excretion and increase plasma levels of lithium.
Taurine is thought to have diuretic properties, which might reduce the excretion of lithium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Bare Knuckle Bloodsport Unflavored, from the product label.

Apollon Nutrition

See all Apollon Nutrition products
Name
Apollon Nutrition
Street Address
160 Talmadge Road
City
Edison
State
NJ
ZipCode
08817
Phone Number
732-985-8576
Web Address
ApollonNutrition.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Bare Knuckle Bloodsport Unflavored by Apollon Nutrition: Common Questions

Does Bare Knuckle Bloodsport Unflavored by Apollon Nutrition interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Bare Knuckle Bloodsport Unflavored has a known interaction with 1,043 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Bare Knuckle Bloodsport Unflavored contains 8 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Does this have any active ingredients that actually work?
L-citrulline is possibly effective for athletic performance. Taurine is possibly effective for heart failure and hepatitis. Grape seed extract is possibly effective for poor circulation in the legs. The science is mixed, and the other ingredients don't have established effectiveness in our data.
Can I take this if I'm pregnant?
L-citrulline should be avoided during pregnancy — there isn't enough safety data. Taurine and grape seed extract are likely safe. We don't have pregnancy data for sodium, NO3-T, VasoDrive-AP, Himalayan Pink Salt, or AstraGin, so talk with your doctor or pharmacist before taking this product while pregnant.
What are the most common side effects?
L-citrulline and taurine can cause gastrointestinal discomfort, heartburn, diarrhea, and constipation. Grape seed extract may cause headache, joint pain, nausea, dry mouth, and abdominal pain. Sodium in excess raises the risk of high blood pressure and heart strain.
Is this safe if I'm breastfeeding?
Taurine is likely safe while breastfeeding — it occurs naturally in breast milk. Grape seed extract is likely safe. L-citrulline safety is unknown, so avoid it. We don't have breastfeeding data on file for sodium, NO3-T, VasoDrive-AP, Himalayan Pink Salt, or AstraGin — check with your doctor or pharmacist.
Why is there so much sodium in a pre-workout product?
Sodium helps retain water and supports muscle function during exercise, which is why it's common in sports supplements. However, if you already take in enough sodium from food or have high blood pressure, adding more can be risky — talk with your doctor about whether this is right for you.
What does L-citrulline do?
Your body converts L-citrulline into arginine, which helps blood vessels relax and improves blood flow. That's why it's used in pre-workout supplements to support athletic performance and muscle pump.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Bare Knuckle Bloodsport Unflavored label
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Bare Knuckle Bloodsport Unflavored's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 101 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Sodium 38 references
  1. Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, Ruffalo RL. Drug and nutrient interactions. Am Fam Physician 1986;33:165-74.
  2. Food and Drug Administration Science Background: Safety of Sodium Phosphates Oral Solution. September 17, 2001. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/safety/sodiumphospate.htm
  3. Coton T, Mallaret C, Coilliot C, Carre D, Guisset M. Severe acute ulcerated gastritis induced by salt. Presse Med 2009;38(3):499-500. PubMed
  4. Frings-Meuthen P, Buehlmeier J, Baecker N, et al. High sodium chloride intake exacerbates immobilization-induced bone resorption and protein losses. J Appl Physiol 2011;111(2):537-542. PubMed
  5. Frings-Meuthen P, Baecker N, Heer M. Low-grade metabolic acidosis may be the cause of sodium chloride-induced exaggerated bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23(4):517-524. PubMed
  6. Alam S, Johnson AG. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) among healthy normotensive and essential hypertensive elderly patients to determine the effect of high salt (NaCl) diet of blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 1999;13(6):367-74.
  7. Boudville N, Ward S, Benaroia M, House AA. Increased sodium intake correlates with greater use of antihypertensive agents by subjects with chronic kidney disease. Am J Hypertens 2005;18(10):1300-5. PubMed
  8. Bennett WM. Drug interactions and consequences of sodium restriction. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(2 Suppl):678S-681S. PubMed
  9. Okusa MD, Crystal LJ. Clinical manifestations and management of acute lithium intoxication. Am J Med 1994;97(4):383-9. PubMed
  10. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2005. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10925. DOI
  11. D'Elia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P. Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr 2012;31(4):489-98. PubMed
  12. Goldsmith SR. Hyponatremia in heart failure: time for a trial. J Card Fail 2013;19(6):398-400. PubMed
  13. Willocks L, Brettle R, Keen J, Valentine C, Pinching AJ. Formulations of didanosine (ddI) and salt overload. Lancet 1992;339(8786):190.
  14. Chen L, Zhang Z, Chen W, Whelton PK, Appel LJ. Lower Sodium Intake and Risk of Headaches: Results From the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(7):1270-5. PubMed
  15. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Lower levels of sodium intake and reduced cardiovascular risk. Circulation. 2014;129(9):981-9. PubMed
  16. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Sodium Intake and All-Cause Mortality Over 20 Years in the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(15):1609-1617. PubMed
  17. Mente A, O'Donnell M, Rangarajan S, et al. Associations of urinary sodium excretion with cardiovascular events in individuals with and without hypertension: a pooled analysis of data from four studies. Lancet. 2016;388(10043):465-75. PubMed
  18. Moosavian SP, Haghighatdoost F, Surkan PJ, Azadbakht L. Salt and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2017;68(3):265-277. PubMed
  19. O'Donnell M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, et al. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(7):612-23. DOI
  20. Poggio R, Gutierrez L, Matta MG, Elorriaga N, Irazola V, Rubinstein A. Daily sodium consumption and CVD mortality in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(4):695-704. PubMed
  21. Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium, Food and Nutrition Board, Health and Medicine Division, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington (DC): National Acad
  22. Mahtani KR, Heneghan C, Onakpoya I, et al. Reduced Salt Intake for Heart Failure: A Systematic Review. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1693-1700. PubMed
  23. Yancy CW. Sodium Restriction in Heart Failure: Too Much Uncertainty-Do the Trials. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1700-1701. PubMed
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  25. Murthy K, Ondrey GJ, Malkani N, et al. THE EFFECTS OF HYPONATREMIA ON BONE DENSITY AND FRACTURES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. Endocr Pract. 2019;25(4):366-378. PubMed
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Grape 34 references
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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

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