Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Internal Liniment Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Rawleigh

Internal Liniment label
See full label image
Liquid Category: Botanical
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 23, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Internal Liniment against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Internal Liniment is a dietary supplement by Rawleigh with 3 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for nerve pain (neuropathy), muscle and joint pain (arthritis), back pain.Based on those ingredients, 769 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Spearmint leaf Oil, Cayenne Pepper Oleoresin. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

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Check Your Meds Against Internal Liniment by Rawleigh

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Internal Liniment by Rawleigh — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Internal Liniment by Rawleigh

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 3 of its 3 active ingredients.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

This liquid liniment contains three active ingredients. Cayenne pepper oleoresin is the active compound from cayenne peppers, traditionally used for pain and circulation.

Hemlock seed oil is present in the formula. Spearmint leaf oil rounds out the blend.

The product also contains several inactive ingredients—water, ethyl alcohol, polysorbate 80, castile soap, and food colorings—that serve as the liquid base and preservatives.

Does it work?

Strong evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed

This product doesn't appear to be marketed for a specific use, so we graded its ingredients' overall clinical evidence instead.

Strong

Strong clinical evidence supports its ingredients for:

Why this rating?
  • We looked at the product name, claims, and label statements and couldn't find a stated purpose to grade.
  • Since the label doesn't commit to one use, we graded the ingredients' overall clinical evidence instead.
  • On file: Diabetic neuropathy — rated "Likely Effective" (Capsicum) (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Postherpetic neuralgia — rated "Likely Effective" (Capsicum) (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Back pain — rated "Possibly Effective" (Capsicum) (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Cluster headache — rated "Possibly Effective" (Capsicum) (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) — rated "Possibly Effective" (Capsicum) (Natural Medicines).

Cayenne pepper oleoresin (capsicum) has evidence supporting its use for postherpetic neuralgia (nerve pain after shingles) and diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage from diabetes), where it's rated likely effective. It's possibly effective for cluster headaches, back pain, and nausea after surgery.

Spearmint leaf oil has insufficient evidence to support its use for any of the conditions listed in our data—cognitive decline, memory, gas, irritable bowel syndrome, nausea after surgery, or osteoarthritis. We hold no effectiveness data for hemlock seed oil.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Capsicum Hemlock Spearmint

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 3 of the 3 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 3 of 3.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 3 of 3.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Cayenne pepper is generally well tolerated when used in food amounts or topical products approved for that use, though it commonly causes burning and irritation. Orally, it can cause belching, bloating, burning sensations, diarrhea, indigestion, gas, headache, nausea, and skin flushing.

Concentrated supplements at medicinal doses are not well studied. Spearmint is well tolerated by mouth but can cause allergic reactions on the skin, including contact dermatitis and lip swelling.

One person in a trial reported anxiety, though it's unclear if spearmint caused it. Spearmint safety in concentrated supplement amounts during pregnancy and breastfeeding is not well established.

Hemlock seed oil is the grave concern: hemlock is a deadly poison that causes severe burning, vomiting, muscle paralysis, seizures, respiratory failure, and death. It's unsafe in any amount, and the facts explicitly warn against use in pregnancy and while breastfeeding.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Capsicum Hemlock Spearmint

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 2 of the 3 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Spearmint, Capsicum.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; diabetes medications.
  • For scale: 770 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

This product contains hemlock seed oil, which is a deadly poison. Do not use it internally under any circumstance.

Beyond that critical safety issue: if you take blood thinners (anticoagulants like warfarin) or antiplatelet drugs (such as clopidogrel), diabetes medications, theophylline, aspirin, blood pressure medications (ACE inhibitors), the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, sedatives or anti-anxiety medications (CNS depressants), or any drug that can affect your liver, this product poses documented interaction risks.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with strong clinical evidence behind its ingredients' uses. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

Do not take this product. Hemlock is a deadly toxin, and no internal liniment containing it should ever be used.

If you've taken this product, contact poison control or your emergency services immediately. Even setting the hemlock aside, the cayenne and spearmint interact with multiple common medications, and a pharmacist needs to clear it with your exact prescriptions.

Talk to your doctor or pharmacist before considering any internal supplement.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 3 of 3 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Jul 24, 2019.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Internal Liniment, straight from the product label.

Brand Rawleigh
Net contents 8 Oz(s); 237 mL
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Jul 24, 2019
DSLD ID 204193
Product type Botanical
Supplement form Liquid
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Children 4 or More Years of Age, Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Internal Liniment by Rawleigh, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
0.25 tsp
Maximum serving Sizes:
0.5 tsp
Servings per container
144
IngredientAmount% DV
Cayenne Pepper Oleoresin0.012 mL--
Hemlock seed Oil0.006 mL--
Spearmint leaf Oil0.003 mL--

Other ingredients: Water, Ethyl Alcohol, Polysorbate 80, Castile Soap, FD&C Red 40, FD&C Brown

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Precautions

Caution: Do not take internally without diluting. Avoid getting into eyes or nose.

Do not give to children under 10 years of age, except as directed by a physician.

Warning: Consult your physician prior to using this product if you are pregnant, nursing, or have any pre-existing medical conditions.

In case of accidental overdose, seek professional help or contact a Poison Control Center immediately.

Keep out of the reach of children

Do not use if seal is broken

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place

General Statements

Made in the USA

Traditional care Developed to help support a soothing & comfortable feeling for the stomach

Rawleigh A friend of the family since 1889

FDA Disclaimer Statement

This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Directions: Adults: Dilute 1/2 teaspoon in 1/4 cup (2 oz) of sweetened water or milk. Children over 10: Dilute 1/4 teaspoon in 1/4 cup (2 oz.) of sweetened water or milk. Maximum Usage: Adults: Not more than 2 teaspoons daily. Children over 10: Not more than 1 teaspoon daily.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Internal Liniment by Rawleigh label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Internal Liniment label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Internal Liniment by Rawleigh

These are the 3 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size0.25 tsp Dosage formLiquid Servings per container144 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Cayenne Pepper Oleoresin

Interacts with
239 drugs
0.012 mL per serving

Capsicum (chili pepper) contains capsaicin, which is best known and best studied as a topical treatment for certain types of pain. Topical capsaicin p...

Cayenne Pepper Oleoresin monograph & interactions

Hemlock seed Oil

No known
interactions
0.006 mL per serving Form: S. caroliniana, S. heterophylla, S. mertensiana, Tsuga canadensis

Hemlock (Conium maculatum) is a highly poisonous plant that has no safe or proven medicinal use today. Even small amounts can cause paralysis and deat...

Hemlock seed Oil monograph & interactions

Spearmint leaf Oil

Interacts with
579 drugs
0.003 mL per serving

Spearmint is a common culinary mint that is generally safe in food and tea amounts. Early research suggests possible benefits for digestion, mild horm...

Spearmint leaf Oil monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Water, Ethyl Alcohol, Polysorbate 80, Castile Soap, FD&C Red 40, FD&C Brown. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Internal Liniment by Rawleigh Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Internal Liniment?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
769Drugs
747 Moderate 22 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Spearmint leaf Oil 579
Cayenne Pepper Oleoresin 239

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Internal Liniment interact with 769 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

2 of the 3 ingredients in Internal Liniment interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Spearmint leaf Oil Cayenne Pepper Oleoresin

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Internal Liniment with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Spearmint leaf Oil2 drug types · 579 drugs

Cns Depressants

Theoretically, spearmint might alter the sedative effects of CNS depressants.
Animal research suggests that (-)-carvone, a major constituent of spearmint, has sedative effects. However, in humans, chewing spearmint-flavored gum induced arousal effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Hepatotoxic Drugs

Theoretically, high doses of spearmint might increase the risk of liver damage when taken with hepatotoxic drugs.
Animal research suggests that drinking spearmint tea for 30 days can increase markers of liver damage, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and cause liver degeneration and necrosis, in a dose-dependent manner. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Spearmint leaf Oil full monograph & interactions

Cayenne Pepper Oleoresin6 drug types · 239 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, capsicum may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro research shows that capsicum might increase the effects of antiplatelet drugs. Also, population research shows that capsicum is associated with an increased risk of self-reported bleeding in patients taking warfarin. However, clinical research shows that taking a single dose of capsaicin (Asian Herbex Ltd.), the active ingredient in capsicum, 400-800 mcg orally in combination with aspirin 500 mg does not decrease platelet aggregation when compared with taking aspirin 500 mg alone. Also, there was no notable effect on measures of platelet aggregation with capsaicin. It is unclear whether capsaicin must be used in more than a single dose to affect platelet aggregation.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, taking capsicum with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Preliminary clinical research shows that consuming capsicum 5 grams along with a glucose drink attenuates the rise in plasma glucose after 30 minutes by 21%, decreases the 2-hour postprandial area under the curve of plasma glucose by 11%, and increases the 2-hour postprandial area under the curve of plasma insulin by 58% in healthy individuals when compared with placebo. Other clinical research shows that taking capsicum 5 mg daily for 28 days significantly reduces postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels, but not fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, in patients with gestational diabetes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Aspirin

Theoretically, taking capsicum with aspirin might reduce the bioavailability of aspirin.
Animal research shows that acute or chronic intake of capsicum pepper reduces oral aspirin bioavailability. This has not been shown in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Theophylline

Theoretically, taking capsicum with theophylline might increase the levels and adverse effects of theophylline.
In animal research, oral administration of capsicum reduced excretion of theophylline. However, capsicum does not seem to affect the pharmacokinetics of theophylline when administered intravenously.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Ace Inhibitors (Aceis)

Theoretically, using topical capsaicin may increase the risk of ACE inhibitor-induced cough.
There is one case report of a topically applied capsaicin cream contributing to the cough reflex in a patient using an ACEI. However, it is unclear if this interaction is clinically significant.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence D
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)

Theoretically, taking capsicum with ciprofloxacin might increase levels and adverse effects of ciprofloxacin.
Animal research shows that concomitant use of capsaicin, the active constituent of capsicum, and ciprofloxacin increases the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin by up to 70%.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cayenne Pepper Oleoresin full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Internal Liniment, from the product label.

Rawleigh

See all Rawleigh products
Name
Vitamins Direct (USA), Inc.
City
West Palm Beach
State
FL
ZipCode
33407
Phone Number
866-354-8384
Web Address
www.wtrawleigh.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Internal Liniment by Rawleigh: Common Questions

Does Internal Liniment by Rawleigh interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Internal Liniment has a known interaction with 769 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Internal Liniment contains 3 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Is this safe to take internally?
No. This product contains hemlock seed oil, which is a deadly poison that causes severe toxicity and death. Do not use it internally under any circumstance. If you or someone else has ingested it, call poison control or emergency services immediately.
What does cayenne pepper do in a liniment?
Cayenne pepper (capsicum) is traditionally used for pain relief and to support circulation. It's rated likely effective for nerve pain after shingles and diabetic nerve damage, and possibly effective for cluster headaches, back pain, and nausea after surgery.
Can I use this if I take blood thinners?
No. The cayenne pepper in this product may increase your bleeding risk if combined with blood thinners or antiplatelet drugs like warfarin or aspirin. Do not use it, and talk to your pharmacist about any product before taking it with these medications.
What side effects does cayenne pepper cause?
Orally, it commonly causes belching, bloating, burning sensations in the mouth or stomach, diarrhea, indigestion, gas, headache, nausea, and skin flushing. Concentrated supplement doses are not well studied, so food amounts are safer than medicinal doses.
Is spearmint safe during pregnancy?
There isn't enough data to know. We hold no safety information for spearmint supplements during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist for personalized advice if you're pregnant or nursing.
Can I use this with diabetes medications?
No. The cayenne pepper in this product may lower blood sugar further and increase your risk of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Check with your pharmacist before using any supplement alongside diabetes drugs.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Internal Liniment label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Internal Liniment’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Capsicum

Interacts with 239 drugs

Capsicum (chili pepper) contains capsaicin, which is best known and best studied as a topical treatment for certain types of pain. Topical capsaicin products are supported by reasonable evid...

Read the full Capsicum monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Hemlock

Hemlock (Conium maculatum) is a highly poisonous plant that has no safe or proven medicinal use today. Even small amounts can cause paralysis and death, so it should never be consumed or app...

Read the full Hemlock monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Spearmint

Interacts with 579 drugs

Spearmint is a common culinary mint that is generally safe in food and tea amounts. Early research suggests possible benefits for digestion, mild hormone-related issues (such as excess facia...

Read the full Spearmint monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Internal Liniment's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 127 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Capsicum 89 references
  1. Covington TR, et al. Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs. 11th ed. Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical Association, 1996.
  2. Cooper RL, Cooper MM. Red pepper-induced dermatitis in breast-fed infants. Dermatol 1996;93:61-2. PubMed
  3. Millqvist E. Cough provocation with capsaicin is an objective way to test sensory hyperreactivity in patients with asthma-like symptoms. Allergy 2000;55:546-50. DOI
  4. Locock RA. Capsicum. Can Pharm J 1985;118:517-9.
  5. Mason L, Moore RA, Derry S, et al. Systematic review of topical capsaicin for the treatment of chronic pain. BMJ 2004;328:991. PubMed
  6. Schmulson MJ, Valdovinos MA, Milke P. Chili pepper and rectal hyperalgesia in irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:1214-5. PubMed
  7. Surh YJ, Lee SS. Capsaicin in hot chili pepper: carcinogen, co-carcinogen or anticarcinogen? Food Chem Toxicol 1996;34:313-6. PubMed
  8. Bouraoui A, Brazier JL, Zouaghi H, Rousseau M. Theophylline pharmacokinetics and metabolism in rabbits following single and repeated administration of Capsicum fruit. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1995;20:173-8.
  9. Hogaboam CM, Wallace JL. Inhibition of platelet aggregation by capsaicin. An effect unrelated to actions on sensory afferent neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 1991;202:129-31. PubMed
  10. Wang JP, Hsu MF, Teng CM. Antiplatelet effect of capsaicin. Thromb Res 1984;36:497-507. PubMed
  11. Williams SR, Clark RF, Dunford JV. Contact dermatitis associated with capsaicin: Hunan hand syndrome. Ann Emerg Med 1995;25:713-5. PubMed
  12. Zollman TM, Bragg RM, Harrison DA. Clinical effects of oleoresin capsicum (pepper spray) on the human cornea and conjunctiva. Ophthalmology 2000;107:2186-9. PubMed
  13. Bortolotti M, Coccia G, Grossi G, Miglioli M. The treatment of functional dyspepsia with red pepper. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002;16:1075-82. PubMed
  14. Hakas JF Jr. Topical capsaicin induces cough in patient receiving ACE inhibitor. Ann Allergy 1990;65:322-3.
  15. Rapoport AM, Bigal ME, Tepper SJ, Sheftell FD. Intranasal medications for the treatment of migraine and cluster headache. CNS Drugs 2004;18:671-85. PubMed
  16. Stjarne P, Rinder J, Heden-Blomquist E, et al. Capsaicin desensitization of the nasal mucosa reduces symptoms upon allergen challenge in patients with allergic rhinitis. Acta Otolaryngol 1998;118:235-9. PubMed
  17. Levy RL. Intranasal capsaicin for acute abortive treatment of migraine without aura. Headache 1995;35:277.
  18. Fusco BM, Marabini S, Maggi CA, et al. Preventative effect of repeated nasal applications of capsaicin in cluster headache. Pain 1994;59:321-5. PubMed
  19. Sicuteri F, Fusco BM, Marabini S, et al. Beneficial effect of capsaicin application to the nasal mucosa in cluster headache. Clin J Pain 1989;5:49-53. PubMed
  20. Marabini S, Ciabatti PG, Polli G, et al. Beneficial effects of intranasal applications of capsaicin in patients with vasomotor rhinitis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1991;248:191-4. PubMed
  21. Frerick H, Keitel W, Kuhn U, et al. Topical treatment of chronic low back pain with a capsicum plaster. Pain 2003;106:59-64. PubMed
  22. Keitel W, Frerick H, Kuhn U, et al. Capsicum pain plaster in chronic non-specific low back pain. Arzneimittelforschung 2001;51:896-903. PubMed
  23. Shalansky S, Lynd L, Richardson K, et al. Risk of warfarin-related bleeding events and supratherapeutic international normalized ratios associated with complementary and alternative medicine: a longitudinal analysis. Pharmacotherapy. 2007;27:1237-47. PubMed
  24. Sumano-López H, Gutiérrez-Olvera L, Aguilera-Jiménez R, et al. Administration of ciprofloxacin and capsaicin in rats to achieve higher maximal serum concentrations. Arzneimittelforschung. 2007;57(5):286-90. PubMed
  25. Wanwimolruk S, Nyika S, Kepple M, et al. Effects of capsaicin on the pharmacokinetics of antipyrine, theophylline and quinine in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1993;45(7):618-21. PubMed
  26. Cruz L, Castañeda-Hernández G, Navarrete A. Ingestion of chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum) reduces salicylate bioavailability after oral asprin administration in the rat. Can J Physiol Pharmacol.
  27. Rodriguez-Stanley, S., Collings, K. L., Robinson, M., Owen, W., and Miner, P. B., Jr. The effects of capsaicin on reflux, gastric emptying and dyspepsia. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther. 2000;14(1):129-134. PubMed
  28. Brown, L., Takeuchi, D., and Challoner, K. Corneal abrasions associated with pepper spray exposure. Am.J.Emerg.Med. 2000;18(3):271-272. PubMed
  29. Vesaluoma, M., Muller, L., Gallar, J., Lambiase, A., Moilanen, J., Hack, T., Belmonte, C., and Tervo, T. Effects of oleoresin capsicum pepper spray on human corneal morphology and sensitivity. Invest Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 2000;41(8):2138-2147.
  30. Stam, C., Bonnet, M. S., and van Haselen, R. A. The efficacy and safety of a homeopathic gel in the treatment of acute low back pain: a multi-centre, randomised, double-blind comparative clinical trial. Br Homeopath J 2001;90(1):21-28. PubMed
  31. Olajos, E. J. and Salem, H. Riot control agents: pharmacology, toxicology, biochemistry and chemistry. J.Appl.Toxicol. 2001;21(5):355-391. PubMed
  32. Fett, D. D. Botanical briefs: Capsicum peppers. Cutis 2003;72(1):21-23.
  33. McCarthy, G. M. and McCarty, D. J. Effect of topical capsaicin in the therapy of painful osteoarthritis of the hands. J.Rheumatol. 1992;19(4):604-607.
  34. Chaiyata, P., Puttadechakum, S., and Komindr, S. Effect of chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens) ingestion on plasma glucose response and metabolic rate in Thai women. J.Med.Assoc.Thai. 2003;86(9):854-860.
  35. Petruzzi, M., Lauritano, D., De Benedittis, M., Baldoni, M., and Serpico, R. Systemic capsaicin for burning mouth syndrome: short-term results of a pilot study. J.Oral Pathol.Med. 2004;33(2):111-114. PubMed
  36. Misra, M. N., Pullani, A. J., and Mohamed, Z. U. Prevention of PONV by acustimulation with capsicum plaster is comparable to ondansetron after middle ear surgery: [La prevention des NVPO par acustimulation avec un emplatre de Capsicum est comparable a ce PubMed
  37. Milke, P., Diaz, A., Valdovinos, M. A., and Moran, S. Gastroesophageal reflux in healthy subjects induced by two different species of chilli (Capsicum annum). Dig.Dis. 2006;24(1-2):184-188.
  38. de Jong, N. W., van der Steen, J. J., Smeekens, C. C., Blacquiere, T., Mulder, P. G., van Wijk, R. G., and de Groot, H. Honeybee interference as a novel aid to reduce pollen exposure and nasal symptoms among greenhouse workers allergic to sweet bell pepp
  39. Final report on the safety assessment of capsicum annuum extract, capsicum annuum fruit extract, capsicum annuum resin, capsicum annuum fruit powder, capsicum frutescens fruit, capsicum frutescens fruit extract, capsicum frutescens resin, and capsaicin.
  40. Tandan, R., Lewis, G. A., Krusinski, P. B., Badger, G. B., and Fries, T. J. Topical capsaicin in painful diabetic neuropathy. Controlled study with long-term follow-up. Diabetes Care 1992;15(1):8-14. PubMed
  41. Gupta, P. J. Red hot chilli consumption is harmful in patients operated for anal fissure - a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Dig.Surg. 2007;24(5):354-357. PubMed
  42. Patane, S., Marte, F., Di Bella, G., Cerrito, M., and Coglitore, S. Capsaicin, arterial hypertensive crisis and acute myocardial infarction associated with high levels of thyroid stimulating hormone. Int.J Cardiol. 5-1-2009;134(1):130-132. PubMed
  43. Gupta, P. J. Consumption of red-hot chili pepper increases symptoms in patients with acute anal fissures. A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind, crossover trial. Arq Gastroenterol. 2008;45(2):124-127. PubMed
  44. Gupta, P. J. Consumption of red-hot chili pepper increases symptoms in patients with acute anal fissures. Ann.Ital.Chir 2008;79(5):347-351.
  45. Patane, S., Marte, F., La Rosa, F. C., and La, Rocca R. Capsaicin and arterial hypertensive crisis. Int J Cardiol. 10-8-2010;144(2):e26-e27. PubMed
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Spearmint 20 references
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