Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Olive Leaf Extract + Echinacea Root Extract Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Natural Grocers by Vitamin Cottage

Olive Leaf Extract + Echinacea Root Extract label
See full label image
Capsule Category: Botanical
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Olive Leaf Extract + Echinacea Root Extract against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Olive Leaf Extract + Echinacea Root Extract is a dietary supplement by Natural Grocers by Vitamin Cottage with 2 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for heart health, high blood pressure, high cholesterol.Based on those ingredients, 816 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Echinacea extract. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Olive Leaf Extract + Echinacea Root Extract by Natural Grocers by Vitamin Cottage

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Olive Leaf Extract + Echinacea Root Extract by Natural Grocers by Vitamin Cottage — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Olive Leaf Extract + Echinacea Root Extract by Natural Grocers by Vitamin Cottage

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Aug 27, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 2 of its 2 active ingredients.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

This product contains 2 active ingredients: olive extract and echinacea root extract. Olive extract comes from the olive plant and is used traditionally for various conditions.

Echinacea extract is derived from the echinacea root and is commonly taken to support immune function and wellness. The capsule also contains inactive ingredients including microcrystalline cellulose (a binder), silica, and rice bran.

Does it work?

Not established
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Not established

The graded evidence we hold for these ingredients covers different conditions than the ones this product is marketed for, so there's no established rating for its stated use.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: Immune support.
  • We looked for evidence on: Exercise-induced respiratory infections, Influenza, Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), Common cold, Respiratory health.
  • The closest evidence on file: Olive is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Exercise-induced respiratory infections (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Olive is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Influenza.
  • Also on file: Echinacea is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), Influenza.

The evidence we hold does not establish that olive extract works for osteoporosis, dyspepsia (indigestion), exercise-induced respiratory infections, shingles, influenza, or osteoarthritis — the data shows insufficient reliable evidence to rate it for any of these. For echinacea, we similarly have insufficient reliable evidence to rate its effectiveness for anxiety, athletic performance, ADHD, burns, chronic fatigue syndrome, or migraine headaches.

Neither ingredient's effectiveness is established in the data we hold for the conditions listed.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Olive Echinacea

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 2 of the 2 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 2 of 2.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 2 of 2.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Olive extract is generally well tolerated in typical food amounts, but concentrated supplements are less studied. The most common side effects reported from olive leaf extract are headache and stomach discomfort; one person in a trial reported skin problems and acne.

Echinacea is generally well tolerated short-term, with the most common side effects being abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, rashes, and stomach upset. Rare serious effects include severe allergic reactions (including anaphylaxis) and hepatitis, particularly in people sensitive to ragweed and related plants in the daisy family.

Because evidence is limited on both ingredients, caution is advised — talk with your doctor or pharmacist before starting.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Olive Echinacea

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 1 of the 2 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Echinacea.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs.
  • For scale: 817 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking this product, double-check with your doctor or pharmacist if you take any medications metabolized by your liver's CYP1A2 or CYP3A4 enzymes — a very common group that includes many blood pressure drugs, statins, antihistamines, and others. If you take caffeine regularly (in coffee, tea, energy drinks, or tablets), echinacea can boost its effects by around 30%.

Also flag this product if you take immunosuppressants, the cancer drug etoposide, blood thinners like warfarin, or HIV medications. No interactions are documented for the olive extract component we could check.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with no established evidence rating for its marketed use. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product may appeal to someone interested in immune support or traditional herbal wellness, but because echinacea interacts with many common medications and both ingredients have limited safety data on concentrated supplements, it's not for everyone. If you take any prescription medication, caffeine regularly, or have a weakened immune system or history of liver problems, check with your doctor or pharmacist before using it.

Neither ingredient's effectiveness is established in our data, so weigh that against any potential risks with your own healthcare provider.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 2 of 2 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Oct 22, 2021.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Olive Leaf Extract + Echinacea Root Extract, straight from the product label.

Brand Natural Grocers by Vitamin Cottage
Barcode (UPC) 849327003413
Net contents 90 Vegetarian Capsule(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Oct 22, 2021
DSLD ID 256683
Product type Botanical
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Vegetarian, Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free, Dairy Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Olive Leaf Extract + Echinacea Root Extract by Natural Grocers by Vitamin Cottage, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 Vegetarian Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
1 Vegetarian Capsule(s)
Servings per container
90
UPC/BARCODE
849327003413
IngredientAmount% DV
Olive extract400 mg--
Echinacea extract100 mg--

Other ingredients: Capsule, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Silica, Rice Bran

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested use: As a dietary supplement, adults take one (1) vegetarian capsule daily, or as directed by a health care professional.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place and away from direct light.

Formulation

We only put our name on formulas that meet our unrivaled quality standards, and we continue raising the bar on these standards without raising the bar on your budget. Our supplements are GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) certified, ingredient verified, screened for heavy metals, and formulated without questionable fillers, artificial colors, sweeteners, flavors, and other problematic ingredients. We scrutinize every detail, so you don't have to, because we are, and always have been, your Original good4u Grocers. To your health, - The Isely Family

Our supplements are GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) certified, ingredient verified, screened for heavy metals, and formulated without questionable fillers, artificial colors, sweeteners, flavors, and other problematic ingredients.

Immune support

Gluten free

Vegetarian

Made in USA

BPA Free

Contains no: Sugar, salt, dairy, yeast, wheat, gluten, corn, soy, preservatives, magnesium stearate, artificial colors or flavors.

Seals/Symbols

GMP Good Manufacturing Practice

FDA Disclaimer Statement

Dietary Supplement

This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Precautions

Caution: As with any supplement, consult your healthcare practitioner before using this product, especially if you are pregnant, nursing, or are under medical supervision for any reason.

Keep out of reach of children.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Olive Leaf Extract + Echinacea Root Extract by Natural Grocers by Vitamin Cottage label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Olive Leaf Extract + Echinacea Root Extract label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Olive Leaf Extract + Echinacea Root Extract by Natural Grocers by Vitamin Cottage

These are the 2 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 Vegetarian Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container90 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Olive extract

No known
interactions
400 mg per serving Form: Oleuropein

Olive comes from the same tree that gives us olives and olive oil, and its leaf and fruit contain antioxidant compounds like oleuropein and hydroxytyr...

Olive extract monograph & interactions

Echinacea extract

Interacts with
816 drugs
100 mg per serving

Echinacea is a popular herb taken to help prevent or shorten the common cold, but study results are mixed and the overall benefit appears small at bes...

Echinacea extract monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Capsule, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Silica, Rice Bran. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Olive Leaf Extract + Echinacea Root Extract by Natural Grocers by Vitamin Cottage Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Olive Leaf Extract + Echinacea Root Extract?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
816Drugs
815 Moderate 1 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Echinacea extract 816

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Olive Leaf Extract + Echinacea Root Extract interact with 816 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

1 of the 2 ingredients in Olive Leaf Extract + Echinacea Root Extract interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Echinacea extract

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Olive Leaf Extract + Echinacea Root Extract with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Echinacea extract12 drug types · 816 drugs

Caffeine

Echinacea can increase plasma levels of caffeine by inhibiting its metabolism.
Echinacea seems to increase plasma concentrations of caffeine by around 30%. This is likely due to inhibition of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) by echinacea.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Echinacea appears to inhibit CYP1A2 enzymes in humans. Additionally, echinacea seems to increase plasma concentrations of caffeine, a CYP1A2 substrate, by around 30%. Theoretically, echinacea might increase levels of other drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Echinacea may induce hepatic CYP3A4 and inhibit intestinal CYP3A4. This may increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Several clinical trials have shown that taking echinacea for up to one month does not significantly affect the metabolism of various CYP3A4 substrates, including midazolam, docetaxel, etravirine, lopinavir-ritonavir, and darunavir-ritonavir. However, other clinical research shows that echinacea may increase the clearance of midazolam, suggesting that echinacea might induce CYP3A4. The discrepancy is thought to be due to differing effects of echinacea on intestinal versus hepatic CYP3A4 enzymes. Echinacea appears to induce hepatic CYP3A4 but inhibit intestinal CYP3A4. In some cases, these effects might cancel each other out, but in others, drug levels may be increased or decreased depending on the level of effect at hepatic and intestinal sites. The effect of echinacea on CYP3A4 activity may differ depending on the CYP3A4 substrate.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Etoposide (Vepesid)

Echinacea may increase levels of etoposide.
In one report, concomitant use of etoposide and echinacea was associated with more severe thrombocytopenia than the use of etoposide alone, suggesting inhibition of etoposide metabolism. Etoposide is a cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrate. Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but some studies have reported inhibition of the enzyme.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Immunosuppressants

Echinacea has immunostimulant activity which may interfere with immunosuppressant therapy.
Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with immunosuppressant therapy because of its immunostimulant activity.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Darunavir (Prezista)

Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with the metabolism of darunavir; however, a small clinical study found no effect.
Darunavir is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and is administered with the CYP3A4 inhibitor ritonavir to increase its plasma concentrations. Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but administration of an E. purpurea root extract (Arkocapsulas Echinacea, Arkopharma) 500 mg four times daily for 14 days did not affect darunavir/ritonavir pharmacokinetics in 15 HIV-infected patients.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Dayquil Severe

Echinacea is reported to have varying effects on a number of Cytochrome P450 metabolizing enzymes in the liver, including CYP1A2 and CYP3A4, which play a role in acetaminophen and dextromethorphan metabolism (both contained in DayQuil Severe), respectively. Studies have reported both enzyme inhibition and induction, making it difficult to predict clinically significant drug interactions with reliability. Specific drug interaction studies reporting definitive results are rare, and potential drug interactions involving echinacea should likely be taken on a case-by-case basis. Based on what we know about how acetaminophen and dextromethorphan are metabolized, the risk of a clinically significant interaction between echinacea and DayQuil Severe is low.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence A
Docetaxel (Taxotere)

Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with the metabolism of docetaxel; however, a small clinical study found no effect.
Docetaxel is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but taking E. purpurea whole plant extract (Echinaforce, A. Vogel Biopharma AG) 20 drops three times daily for 2 weeks did not alter the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel in one clinical study.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Etravirine (Intelence)

Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with the metabolism of etravirine; however, a small clinical study found no effect.
Etravirine is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but taking E. purpurea root extract (Arkocapsulas Echinacea, Arkopharma) 500 mg three times daily for 14 days did not alter the pharmacokinetics of etravirine in HIV-infected patients.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Lopinavir/Ritonavir (Kaletra)

Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with the metabolism of lopinavir; however, a small clinical study found no effect.
Lopinavir is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and is administered with the CYP3A4 inhibitor ritonavir to increase its plasma concentrations. Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but taking E. purpurea (Echinamide, Natural Factors Nutritional Products, Inc.) 500 mg three times daily for 14 days did not alter the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir in healthy volunteers.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Midazolam (Versed)

Theoretically, echinacea may increase the metabolism of intravenous midazolam.
Echinacea induces hepatic CYP3A4 and might decrease plasma levels of midazolam by about 20%, reducing the effectiveness of intravenous midazolam. Echinacea also appears to inhibit intestinal CYP3A4, which could theoretically increase the bioavailability of oral midazolam. This may cancel out the decrease in availability caused by induction of hepatic CYP3A4, such that overall plasma levels after oral administration of midazolam are not affected by echinacea.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Echinacea seems to increase the clearance of warfarin, although the effect may not be clinically significant.
Preliminary clinical research in healthy male volunteers suggests that taking echinacea increases the clearance of the active S-isomer of warfarin after a single dose of warfarin, but there was not a clinically significant effect on the INR.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Echinacea extract full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Olive Leaf Extract + Echinacea Root Extract, from the product label.

Natural Grocers by Vitamin Cottage

See all Natural Grocers by Vitamin Cottage products
Name
Vitamin Cottage Natural Food Markets, Inc.
City
Lakewood
State
CO
ZipCode
80228
Phone Number
877-455-2826
Web Address
www.naturalgrocers.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Olive Leaf Extract + Echinacea Root Extract by Natural Grocers by Vitamin Cottage: Common Questions

Does Olive Leaf Extract + Echinacea Root Extract by Natural Grocers by Vitamin Cottage interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Olive Leaf Extract + Echinacea Root Extract has a known interaction with 816 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Olive Leaf Extract + Echinacea Root Extract contains 2 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
What are the most common side effects?
Echinacea users most often report stomach upset, diarrhea, nausea, rashes, and heartburn. Olive extract can cause headache and stomach discomfort. Rare but serious reactions include severe allergies and liver inflammation, mainly in people sensitive to ragweed and related plants.
Can I take this if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
Echinacea is rated possibly safe in pregnancy, but safety data during lactation is not on file. For olive extract, pregnancy and lactation data isn't on file. Because concentrated supplements are less studied than whole foods, talk with your doctor or pharmacist before using this product if you're pregnant or breastfeeding to get personalized advice.
Does this product actually work?
The evidence we hold does not establish that either ingredient is effective for the conditions typically associated with them — we have insufficient reliable evidence for both. This doesn't mean it doesn't work; it means large, rigorous studies backing its use aren't in our data.
Is this safe for people with ragweed allergies?
Echinacea belongs to the daisy family, and people sensitive to ragweed or other daisy-family plants (chrysanthemums, marigolds) are at higher risk for allergic reactions — including severe ones. If you have those sensitivities, talk with your doctor or pharmacist before taking it.
Can I take this with my caffeine?
Echinacea can increase caffeine levels by around 30%, which might amplify jitteriness, anxiety, or sleep problems. If you drink coffee, tea, or take caffeine tablets regularly, mention this product to your pharmacist before starting.
What's the difference between olive oil and this olive extract supplement?
Olive oil and whole olives as foods are very safe, but this is a concentrated supplement — and the safety data on concentrated olive supplements is much thinner. That's why caution is advised unless your doctor approves.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Olive Leaf Extract + Echinacea Root Extract is safe with your meds?

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Olive Leaf Extract + Echinacea Root Extract label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Olive Leaf Extract + Echinacea Root Extract’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Olive

Olive comes from the same tree that gives us olives and olive oil, and its leaf and fruit contain antioxidant compounds like oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol. Olive oil as part of a Mediterrane...

Read the full Olive monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Echinacea

Interacts with 816 drugs

Echinacea is a popular herb taken to help prevent or shorten the common cold, but study results are mixed and the overall benefit appears small at best. It is generally well tolerated for sh...

Read the full Echinacea monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Olive Leaf Extract + Echinacea Root Extract's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 53 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Olive 2 references
  1. Liccardi G, D'Amato M, D'Amato G. Oleaceae pollinosis: a review. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1996;111:210-7. PubMed
  2. Somerville V, Moore R, Braakhuis A. The effect of olive leaf extract on upper respiratory illness in high school athletes: A randomised control trial. Nutrients. 2019;11(2). pii: E358. PubMed

See these in context on the Olive monograph →

Echinacea 51 references
  1. Mullins RJ. Echinacea-associated anaphylaxis. Med J Aust 1998;168:170-1. PubMed
  2. Mullins RJ. Allergic reactions to Echinacea. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;104:S340-341 (Abstract 1003).
  3. Chavez ML, Chavez PI. Echinacea. Hosp Pharm 1998;33:180-8.
  4. Grimm W, Muller HH. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of fluid extract of Echinacea purpurea on the incidence and severity of colds and respiratory infections. Am J Med 1999;106:138-43. PubMed
  5. Taylor JA, Weber W, Standish L, et al. Efficacy and safety of echinacea in treating upper respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290:2824-30.. PubMed
  6. Luettig B, Steinmuller C, Gifford GE, et al. Macrophage activation by the polysaccharide arabinogalactan isolated from plant cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989;81:669-75. PubMed
  7. Stimpel M, Proksch A, Wagner H, et al. Macrophage activation and induction of macrophage cytotoxicity by purified polysaccharide fractions from the plant Echinacea purpurea. Infect Immun 1984;46:845-9. PubMed
  8. Budzinski JW, Foster BC, Vandenhoek S, Arnason JT. An in vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition by selected commercial herbal extracts and tinctures. Phytomedicine 2000;7:273-82. PubMed
  9. Gallo M, Sarkar M, Au W, et al. Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to echinacea: A prospective controlled study. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:3141-3. PubMed
  10. Soon SL, Crawford RI. Recurrent erythema nodosum associated with echinacea herbal therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:298-9. PubMed
  11. Mullins RJ, Heddle R. Adverse reactions associated with echinacea: the Australian experience. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002;88:42-51. PubMed
  12. Logan JL, Ahmed J. Critical hypokalemic renal tubular acidosis due to Sjogren's syndrome: association with the purported immune stimulant echinacea. Clin Rheumatol 2003;22:158-9.
  13. Schulten B, Bulitta M, Ballering-Bruhl B, et al. Efficacy of Echinacea purpurea in patients with a common cold. A placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind clinical trial. Arzneimittelforschung 2001;51:563-8.. PubMed
  14. Yale SH, Glurich I. Analysis of the inhibitory potential of Ginkgo biloba, Echinacea purpurea, and Serenoa repens on the metabolic activity of cytochrome P450 3A4, 2D6, and 2C9. J Altern Complement Med 2005;11:433-9.
  15. Yale SH, Liu K. Echinacea purpurea therapy for the treatment of the common cold: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1237-41. PubMed
  16. Gorski JC, Huang S, Zaheer NA, et al. The effect of echinacea (Echinacea purpurea root) on cytochrome P450 activity in vivo.Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;73 (Abstract PDII-A-8):P94. PubMed
  17. Lee AN, Werth VP. Activation of autoimmunity following use of immunostimulatory herbal supplements. Arch Dermatol 2004;140:723-7. PubMed
  18. Goel V, Lovlin R, Barton R, et al. Efficacy of a standardized echinacea preparation (Echinilin) for the treatment of the common cold: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Pharm Ther 2004;29:75-83.
  19. Barrett B. Medicinal properties of Echinacea: a critical review. Phytomedicine 2003;10:66-86. PubMed
  20. Huntley AL, Thompson Coon J, Ernst E. The safety of herbal medicinal products derived from Echinacea species: a systematic review. Drug Saf 2005;28:387-400. PubMed
  21. Turner RB, Bauer R, Woelkart K, et al. An evaluation of Echinacea angustifolia in experimental rhinovirus infections. N Engl J Med 2005;353:341-8.
  22. Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA, et al. In vivo assessment of botanical supplementation on human cytochrome P450 phenotypes: Citrus aurantium, Echinacea purpurea, milk thistle, and saw palmetto. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;76:428-40. .
  23. Perri D, Dugoua JJ, Mills E, Koren G. Safety and efficacy of echinacea (Echinacea augustafolia, e. purpurea and e. pallida) during pregnancy and lactation. Can J Clin Pharmacol 2006;13:e262-7.
  24. Kocaman O, Hulagu S, Senturk O. Echinacea-induced severe acute hepatitis with features of cholestatic autoimmune hepatitis. Eur J Intern Med 2008;19:148. PubMed
  25. Barrett B, Brown R, Rakel D. et al. Echinacea for treating the common cold: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2010;153:769-77. PubMed
  26. Press Release: Echinacea herbal products should not be used in children under 12 years old. Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (UK). August 20, 2012. Available at: www.mhra.gov.uk/NewsCentre/Pressreleases/CON180627. (Accessed 21 October
  27. Barrett B, Brown R, Rakel D, Rabago D, et al. Placebo effects and the common cold: a randomized controlled trial. Ann.Fam.Med 2011;9:312-22. PubMed
  28. Haller J, Freund, TF, Pelczer, KG, et al. The anxiolytic potential and psychotropic side effects of an echinacea preparation in laboratory animals and healthy volunteers. Phytother.Res. 2013;27:54-61.
  29. Grbic J, Wexler I, Celenti R, et al. A phase II trial of a transmucosal herbal patch for the treatment of gingivitis. J Am Dent.Assoc. 2011;142:1168-75. PubMed
  30. Schapowal A, Berger D, Klein P, et al. Echinacea/sage or chlorhexidine/lidocaine for treating acute sore throats: a randomized double-blind trial. Eur.J Med Res 9-1-2009;14:406-12. PubMed
  31. Bossaer JB and Odle BL. Probable etoposide interaction with Echinacea. J.Diet.Suppl 2012;9:90-5.
  32. Abdul MI, Jiang X, Williams KM, et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of echinacea and policosanol with warfarin in healthy subjects. Br J Clin.Pharmacol. 2010;69:508-15. PubMed
  33. Kemp, D. E. and Franco, K. N. Possible leukopenia associated with long-term use of echinacea. J Am Board Fam.Pract. 2002;15(5):417-419.
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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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