Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits Ingredients & Drug Interactions
What is this page for?
First and foremost: checking Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.
Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy
Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits is a dietary supplement by ProCaps Laboratories with 2 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for high cholesterol, liver health, brain and memory support.Based on those ingredients, 16 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated minor. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.
Check Your Meds Against Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits by ProCaps Laboratories
Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits by ProCaps Laboratories — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.
AI summaries are generated from our interaction database for education only — always confirm with your pharmacist. How we use AI
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits by ProCaps Laboratories
Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.
What’s inside
Full disclosure
This softgel contains 5 active ingredients that support liver and brain function. Phosphatidylcholine and choline work together as nutrient compounds — choline is a building block for cell membranes and brain chemicals, while phosphatidylcholine is a phospholipid form that may help deliver choline throughout your body.
The product also includes alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid), phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and phosphatidyl inositol; soy lecithin oil serves as a source of these lipids rather than a separate active ingredient.
Does it work?
Not established
The evidence is mixed. Phosphatidylcholine is possibly effective for ulcerative colitis (inflammatory bowel disease), but for other uses — including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcohol-related liver disease, Alzheimer disease, and anxiety — we don't have enough reliable data to rate whether it works.
Choline shows possibly ineffective evidence for athletic performance; for other conditions like age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer disease, the evidence isn't established in the data we hold.
How safe is it?
Well-documented data
Both phosphatidylcholine and choline are generally well tolerated at typical doses. High doses can cause digestive upset — phosphatidylcholine at 30 grams daily may cause diarrhea and bloating, and choline at 9 grams or more daily can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and a fishy body odor (from how your gut breaks it down).
Choline is needed during pregnancy and breastfeeding, but supplement doses beyond food are not well studied; talk with your doctor before taking this product if you're pregnant or nursing.
Meds to double-check
Minor interactions only
Check with your doctor or pharmacist before taking this product if you use atropine or any anticholinergic medication (drugs that block acetylcholine). This is a Minor interaction, but it's the one we have data for.
No other medication interactions are documented for the ingredients we could check.
The bottom line
Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with no established evidence rating for its marketed use. Only minor medication interactions are documented, and safety information is well characterized.
This product may help support liver and brain health if ulcerative colitis is your concern, though evidence for other uses isn't clear. If you take atropine or similar anticholinergic medications, check with your doctor or pharmacist before starting.
Most people tolerate it well at normal doses, but high doses can upset your stomach. Talk it over with your own healthcare provider to make sure it's right for you.
Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI
Assessment coverage: 2 of 5 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Mar 24, 2016.
This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed
General information
Key facts about Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits, straight from the product label.
| Brand | ProCaps Laboratories |
|---|---|
| Net contents | 360 Easy-To-Swallow Capsule(s) |
| Market status | On market |
| Date entered into DSLD | Mar 24, 2016 |
| DSLD ID | 57544 |
| Product type | Other Combinations |
| Supplement form | Softgel Capsule |
| Dietary claims / uses | Nutrient, All Other, Structure/Function |
| Intended target group(s) | Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free, Dairy Free, Sugar Free |
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.
Supplement Facts
The label details for Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits by ProCaps Laboratories, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.
Supplement Facts
| Ingredient | Amount | % DV |
|---|---|---|
| Calories | 10 {Calories} | -- |
| Calories from Fat | 10 {Calories} | -- |
| Total Fat | 1 Gram(s) | 2% |
| Trans Fat | 0 Gram(s) | -- |
| Phosphatidyl Choline | 420 mg | -- |
| Choline | 60 mg | -- |
| Alpha-Linolenic Acid | 35 mg | -- |
| Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine | 60 mg | -- |
| Phosphatidyl Inositol | 36 mg | -- |
| Soy Lecithin Oil | 1200 mg | -- |
Other ingredients: Soft-Gelatin Capsule
Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General Statements
THIS PRODUCT IS ONLY AVAILABLE FROM HSN 800.944.9999 www.HSN.com ProCaps LABORATORIES 800.800.1200 ProCapsLabs.com
Andrew Lessman’s Phosphatidyl Choline Liver and Brain Benefits provides a concentrated, stable source of the most important phospholipids essential for healthy brain and liver function.
PC is essential for the creation of all brain and liver cells, as well as the production of our most important neurotransmitter – Acetylcholine. PC is also required to produce the protective sheath for our brain and nerve cells. The human brain is extraordinary; yet, as we age, we all experience significant changes in memory and brain function. PC is a first line of defense to help support the retention of our brain’s remarkable abilities and combat those normal, age-related changes in memory, concentration and mental acuity. As vital as the brain is, the liver is arguably our hardest working organ and PC makes up two-thirds of its enormous surface area (almost 8 acres!) where it performs protein, fat and cholesterol metabolism, as well as processing all waste products (alcohol, medicines, etc) and almost single-handedly doing all the “dirty” work required to maintain a healthy internal environment. Not surprisingly, the regenerative powers of the liver are unique among all internal organs and PC empowers the liver to rebuild and regenerate its hard-working tissues. In short, there is no more important building block to support and promote the health of our brain and liver than Phosphatidyl Choline (PC).
This product is most effective as part of a healthy diet and active lifestyle, along with one of Andrew Lessman’s multi-vitamin-mineral formulas. For answers to questions about the use of this product, call 800.808.7311.
Brand IP Statement(s)
2015 ProCaps Labs
UNSURPASSED. Purity. Quality. Integrity. Effectiveness. {signature} Andrew Lessman Founder of ProCaps Labs
General
600901-02U
Formula
Ultra-Concentrate Liquid “PC” Phosphatidyl Choline
We focus on Phosphatidyl Choline (PC), since it is the predominant phospholipid in both the brain and liver and is now recognized by the FDA as an essential nutrient because of its important role and scarcity in our diet.
FDA Statement of Identity
Dietary Supplement
Seals/Symbols
All-Solar MANUFACTURING
Formulation
CONTAINS NO Milk, yeast, corn, wheat, gluten, sodium, salt, sugar, cholesterol, color, preservative or manufacturing additive.
CONTAINS NO Milk, yeast, corn, wheat, gluten, sodium, salt, sugar, cholesterol, color, preservative or manufacturing additives. CONTAINS NO ADDITIVES OF ANY KIND.
FDA Disclaimer Statement
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions
SUGGESTED USE Consume two or more capsules daily or as recommended by a health care professional. For best results take this product with food, preferably a complete meal.
Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.
Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits by ProCaps Laboratories label
The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.
Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.
View the full label (PDF)The Ingredients in Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits by ProCaps Laboratories
These are the 2 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.
Serving size2 Softgel(s) Dosage formSoftgel Capsule Servings per container180 Amounts shown are per serving.
Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.
Alpha-Linolenic Acid
Soy Lecithin Oil
No knowninteractions
Lecithin is a natural fatty substance found in foods and made by the body that is widely used as a supplement and food emulsifier. Evidence supporting...
Soy Lecithin Oil monograph & interactions- › Phosphatidyl Choline
- › Choline
- › Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine
- › Phosphatidyl Inositol
Other (inactive) ingredients: Soft-Gelatin Capsule. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.
Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits by ProCaps Laboratories Drug Interactions
HelloPharmacist Interaction Report
Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits by ProCaps Laboratories does interact with medications, primarily through its choline and phosphatidylcholine content.
The most serious documented interaction involves choline and atropine (a medication used for certain heart and breathing conditions), where choline may theoretically decrease atropine's effects in the brain — a Minor interaction affecting multiple medications in this class.
Read the full breakdown — every affected drug type, severity by severity
Additionally, we don't have interaction data for alpha-linolenic acid, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, or phosphatidyl inositol — we couldn't check these ingredients. Altogether, these interactions span 16 individual medications.
If you take atropine or any anticholinergic medication (drugs that block acetylcholine), check your exact medications with the tool below before starting this product.
Check your own medications below · Editorial policy · How we use AI
Want to check YOUR meds against Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits?
Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.
Go to the checkerIngredients driving the most interactions
Individual Drug Interactions
The ingredients in Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits interact with 16 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.
0 of the 2 ingredients in Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible.
AtropineSal-Tropine
How Atropine interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Atropine interactionAtropine SulfateAtropine Sulfate, Isopto Atropine
How Atropine Sulfate interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Atropine Sulfate interactionAtropine, Benzoic Acid, Hyoscyamine, Methenamine, Methylene Blue, PhenylAtrosept
How Atropine, Benzoic Acid, Hyoscyamine, Methenamine, Methylene Blue, Phenyl interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Atropine, Benzoic Acid, Hyoscyamine, Methenamine, Methylene Blue, Phenyl interactionAtropine, Benzoic Acid, Hyoscyamine, Methenamine, Methylene Blue, Phenyl SalicylateUrinary Antiseptic 2, Urised
How Atropine, Benzoic Acid, Hyoscyamine, Methenamine, Methylene Blue, Phenyl Salicylate interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Atropine, Benzoic Acid, Hyoscyamine, Methenamine, Methylene Blue, Phenyl Salicylate interactionAtropine, Chlorpheniramine, Hyoscyamine, Phenylephrine, Phenylpropanolamine, ScopolamineAtrohist Plus, Pro Tuss, Ru-tuss, Stahist
How Atropine, Chlorpheniramine, Hyoscyamine, Phenylephrine, Phenylpropanolamine, Scopolamine interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Atropine, Chlorpheniramine, Hyoscyamine, Phenylephrine, Phenylpropanolamine, Scopolamine interactionAtropine, DifenoxinMotofen
How Atropine, Difenoxin interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Atropine, Difenoxin interactionAtropine, DiphenoxylateLofene, Lomotil
How Atropine, Diphenoxylate interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Atropine, Diphenoxylate interactionAtropine, Hyoscyamine, PhenobarbitalHypnaldyne
How Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Phenobarbital interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Phenobarbital interactionAtropine, Hyoscyamine, Phenobarbital, ScopolamineBarbidonna No. 2, Belladonna Phenobarbital
How Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Phenobarbital, Scopolamine interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Phenobarbital, Scopolamine interactionAtropine, Hyoscyamine, ScopolamineColytrol
How Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Scopolamine interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Scopolamine interactionAtropine, Hyoscyamine, Scopolamine, PhenobarbitalBarbeloid, Donnatal #2, Donphen
How Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Scopolamine, Phenobarbital interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Scopolamine, Phenobarbital interactionAtropine, PhenobarbitalAnthrocol
How Atropine, Phenobarbital interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Atropine, Phenobarbital interactionAtropine, MeperidineAtropine, Meperidine
How Atropine, Meperidine interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Atropine, Meperidine interactionAtropine, Morphine SulfateAtropine, Morphine Sulfate
How Atropine, Morphine Sulfate interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Atropine, Morphine Sulfate interactionBelladonna Alkaloids, PhenobarbitalBarbidonna, Donnatal
How Belladonna Alkaloids, Phenobarbital interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Belladonna Alkaloids, Phenobarbital interactionEdrophonium, AtropineEnlon-Plus
How Edrophonium, Atropine interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Edrophonium, Atropine interactionEach ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects
For each ingredient in Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.
Brand information
Manufacturer and brand details for Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits, from the product label.
ProCaps Laboratories
See all ProCaps Laboratories products- Name
- ProCaps Labs
- City
- Henderson
- State
- NV
- ZipCode
- 89011
- Phone Number
- 800-800-1200
- Web Address
- ProCapsLabs.com
Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits by ProCaps Laboratories: Common Questions
Does Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits by ProCaps Laboratories interact with any medications?
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Where does this information come from?
Can I take this if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
What side effects might I notice?
Does this actually help with brain function?
What does phosphatidylcholine do?
Does this product contain any fillers?
I take atropine for my heart. Can I use this?
Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy
Not sure if Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits is safe with your meds?
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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.
The Full Monographs Behind Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits’s Ingredients
Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.
Lecithin
Lecithin is a natural fatty substance found in foods and made by the body that is widely used as a supplement and food emulsifier. Evidence supporting most of its health claims is limited, t...
Read the full Lecithin monograph → Herb & supplement monographPhosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylcholine is a phospholipid that is part of every cell membrane and a source of choline. People take it for liver, brain, and gut health, but solid human evidence is limited for mo...
Read the full Phosphatidylcholine monograph → Herb & supplement monographCholine
Interacts with 16 drugsCholine is an essential nutrient your body needs for liver function, brain health, and nerve signaling, and many people get enough from foods like eggs, meat, and fish. Supplements may help...
Read the full Choline monograph →Sources & How We Checked
Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.
- NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) — The official product label on file for this supplement.
- Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center) — Evidence-graded clinical reference behind the ingredient interaction data.
Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.
The 38 references behind this product’s interaction data
Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.
Phosphatidylcholine 15 references
- Domino EF, May WW, Demetriou S, et al. Lack of clinically significant improvement of patients with tardive dyskinesia following phosphatidylcholine therapy. Biol Psychiatry 1985;20:1189-96. PubMed
- Aronson PJ, Lorincz AL. Promotion of palmar sweating with oral phosphatidylcholine. Acta Derm Venereol 1985;65:19-24. DOI
- Hexsel DM, Serra M, de Oliveira Dal'Forno T, et al. Cosmetic uses of injectable phosphatidylcholine on the face. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2005;38:1119-29. PubMed
- Kopera D, Binder B, Toplak H, et al. Histopathologic changes after intralesional application of phosphatidylcholine for lipoma reduction: report of a case. Am J Dermatopathol 2006;28:331-3. PubMed
- Rittes PG. The use of phosphatidylcholine for correction of lower lid bulging due to prominent fat pads. Dermatol Surg 2001;27:391-2. PubMed
- Rotunda AM, Kolodney MS. Mesotherapy and phosphatidylcholine injections: historical clarification and review. Dermatol Surg 2006;32:465-80. PubMed
- Hexsel D, Serra M, Mazzuco R, et al. Phosphatidylcholine in the treatment of localized fat. J Drugs Dermatol 2003;2:511-8.
- Hasengschwandtner F. Phosphatidylcholine treatment to induce lipolysis. Cosmet Dermatol 2005;4:308-13. PubMed
- Rittes PG. The use of phosphatidylcholine for correction of localized fat deposits. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2003;27:315-8. PubMed
- Ablon G, Rotunda AM. Treatment of lower eyelid fat pads using phosphatidylcholine: clinical trial and review. Dermatol Surg 2004;30:422-7. PubMed
- Loguercio C, Andreone P, Brisc C, et al. Silybin combined with phosphatidylcholine and vitamin E in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial. Free Radic Biol Med 2012;52(9):1658-65. PubMed
- Panos, J. M., Palson, R., Johnson, R., Portmann, B., and Williams, R. Polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine for acute alcoholic hepatitis: a double blind randomized placebo controlled trial. Eur.J.Gastroenterol 1990;2:351-355.
- Stremmel W, Braun A, Hanemann A, Ehehalt R, Autschbach F, Karner M. Delayed release phosphatidylcholine in chronic-active ulcerative colitis: a randomized, double-blinded, dose finding study. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010;44(5):e101-7. PubMed
- Stremmel W, Ehehalt R, Autschbach F, Karner M. Phosphatidylcholine for steroid-refractory chronic ulcerative colitis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(9):603-10. PubMed
- Stremmel W, Vural H, Evliyaoglu O, Weiskirchen R. Delayed Release Phosphatidylcholine is Effective for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis: A Meta-Analysis. Dig Dis 2021;39(5):508-515. PubMed
Choline 14 references
- Yates AA, Schlicker SA, Suitor CW. Dietary reference intakes: The new basis for recommendations for calcium and related nutrients, B vitamins, and choline. J Am Diet Assoc 1998;98:699-706. PubMed
- Cho E, Willett WC, Colditz GA, et al. Dietary choline and betaine and the risk of distal colorectal adenoma in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:1224-31. PubMed
- Schmidt, C., Abicht, A., Krampfl, K., Voss, W., Stucka, R., Mildner, G., Petrova, S., Schara, U., Mortier, W., Bufler, J., Huebner, A., and Lochmuller, H. Congenital myasthenic syndrome due to a novel missense mutation in the gene encoding choline acetyl
- Tamminga, C., Smith, R. C., Chang, S., Haraszti, J. S., and Davis, J. M. Depression associated with oral choline. Lancet 10-23-1976;2(7991):905. PubMed
- Wood, J. L. and Allison, R. G. Effects of consumption of choline and lecithin on neurological and cardiovascular systems. Fed.Proc. 1982;41(14):3015-3021.
- Growdon, J. H. and Gelenberg, A. J. Choline and lecithin administration to patients with tardive dyskinesia. Trans.Am.Neurol.Assoc. 1978;103:95-99.
- Smith, C. M., Swash, M., Exton-Smith, A. N., Phillips, M. J., Overstall, P. W., Piper, M. E., and Bailey, M. R. Choline therapy in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 8-5-1978;2(8084):318. PubMed
- Morrison, L. M. and W. F. Gonzales. Choline in coronary atherosclerosis. Amer.Heart J. 1950;39:729.
- Christie, J. G. Blackburn 1. M. Glen A. I. M. Zeisel S. Shering A. & Yates C. M. Effects of choline and lecithin on CSF choline levels and on cognitive functioning in patients with presenile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Nutrition and the brain 1979;5
- Sidhu N, Davies S, Nadarajah A, et al. Oral choline supplementation for postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 2013;111(2):249-55. PubMed
- Wozniak JR, Fuglestad AJ, Eckerle JK, et al. Choline supplementation in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders has high feasibility and tolerability. Nutr Res. 2013;33(11):897-904. PubMed
- Wozniak JR, Fuglestad AJ, Eckerle JK, et al. Choline supplementation in children with fetal alcohol disorders: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(5): 1113-25.
- Ross RG, Hunter SK, McCarthy L, et al. Perinatal choline effects on neonatal pathophysiology related to later schizophrenia risk. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(3):290-8. PubMed
- Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Choline. Dietary Reference Intakes: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B-6, Vitamin B-12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press; 1998:390-422.
Lecithin 9 references
- Buchman AL, Dubin M, Jenden D, et al. Lecithin increases plasma free choline and decreases hepatic steatosis in long-term total parenteral nutrition patients. Gastroenterology 1992;102:1363-70.
- Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (2000). Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Available at: http://b
- Chatellier G, Lacomblez L. Tacrine (tetrahydroaminoacridine; THA) and lecithin in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type: a multicentre trial. Groupe Francais d'Etude de la Tetrahydroaminoacridine. BMJ 1990;300:495-9.
- Gelenberg AJ, Dorer DJ, Wojcik JD, et al. A crossover study of lecithin treatment of tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry 1990;51:149-53.
- Little A, Levy R, Chuaqui-Kidd P, Hand D. A double-blind, placebo controlled trial of high-dose lecithin in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985;48:736-42. PubMed
- Palm M, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Kanny G, et al. Food allergy to egg and soy lecithins. Allergy 1999;54:1116-7. PubMed
- Drachman DA, Glosser G, Fleming P, et al. Memory decline in the aged: treatment with lecithin and physostigmine. Neurology 1982;32:944-50. PubMed
- Gelenberg, A. J., Doller-Wojcik, J. C., and Growdon, J. H. Choline and lecithin in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: preliminary results from a pilot study. Am J Psychiatry 1979;136(6):772-776. PubMed
- Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21, Chapter 1, Subchapter B, Part 184: Direct food substances affirmed as Generally Recognized as Safe. Subpart B - listing of specific substances affirmed as GRAS. Sec. 184.1400 Lecithin. Available at: https:
Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.
DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.
© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC