Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 5 of 13 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Super Digestive Enzymes Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by GNC Women's Ultra Mega

Super Digestive Enzymes label
See full label image
Capsule Category: Non-nutrient/non-botanical
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 23, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Super Digestive Enzymes against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Super Digestive Enzymes is a dietary supplement by GNC Women's Ultra Mega with 13 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for digestive support for protein digestion, wound cleaning (debridement of dead tissue), sore throat and inflammation.Based on those ingredients, 141 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Bromelain, Papain. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Super Digestive Enzymes by GNC Women's Ultra Mega

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Super Digestive Enzymes by GNC Women's Ultra Mega — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Super Digestive Enzymes by GNC Women's Ultra Mega

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Sep 17, 2026

What’s inside

Partial disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Partial

Most active ingredients list an amount, but at least one is hidden in a blend or missing.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 10 of its 13 active ingredients.
  • “n-zimes Proprietary Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (145 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.
  • “CereCalase Proprietary Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (5 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.

This product contains 13 active ingredients, all digestive enzymes. The main ones are papain (from papaya), bromelain (from pineapple), and lipase—each breaks down different food components to help digestion.

You'll also find amylase, protease varieties (3, 4.5, and 6), cellulase, glucoamylase, diastase, beta-glucanase, phytase, and hemicellulase. These enzymes work together to help your body process carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

The inactive ingredients—dicalcium phosphate, cellulose, and gelatin—are the capsule and filler materials that hold the active enzymes together.

Does it work?

Not established
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Not established

The graded evidence we hold for these ingredients covers different conditions than the ones this product is marketed for, so there's no established rating for its stated use.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: digestive enzyme support.
  • We looked for evidence on: Dyspepsia, Exercise-induced muscle soreness, Postoperative pain, Postoperative swelling, Rhinosinusitis, Sprains — and 4 related terms.
  • The closest evidence on file: Papain is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Exercise-induced muscle soreness (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Papain is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Wound healing.
  • Also on file: Lipase is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Dyspepsia.

The evidence on how well these enzymes work isn't established in the data we hold. Papain, bromelain, and most of the other ingredients have been studied for various digestive and health conditions, but the data we have shows insufficient reliable evidence to rate their effectiveness for any specific use.

That doesn't mean they don't work—it means the studies so far haven't been strong enough to make a clear call either way. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist about whether this product makes sense for what you're hoping to treat.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Papain Bromelain Lipase Proteolytic Enzymes (proteases) Phytase

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 5 of the 5 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 5 of 5.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 5 of 5.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Most of these enzymes are generally well tolerated at standard doses, though some people may experience mild digestive upset like diarrhea, gas, or stomach discomfort. Allergic reactions are possible—especially to papain and bromelain—and can range from itchy eyes and sneezing to throat irritation or asthma in sensitive individuals.

High doses of papain may be unsafe and could cause serious stomach problems. Papain is rated possibly unsafe in pregnancy and should be avoided—concentrated forms carry particular concern.

Bromelain is also best avoided during pregnancy; safety data don't exist. For both ingredients, there isn't enough safety information to recommend them during breastfeeding either.

Lipase and phytase have very limited pregnancy and breastfeeding data; talk with your doctor or pharmacist about whether they're right for you if you're pregnant or nursing. The protease enzymes haven't had safety established in pregnancy, so they're best avoided unless your doctor prescribes them.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Papain Bromelain Lipase Proteolytic Enzymes (proteases) Phytase

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 2 of the 5 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Papain, Bromelain.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs.
  • For scale: 141 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before you take this product, double-check with your doctor or pharmacist if you're on warfarin (Coumadin) or any other blood thinner—papain can increase warfarin's effects and bleeding risk. Also flag any antiplatelet drugs (like aspirin or clopidogrel) or other anticoagulants you take, since bromelain may raise bleeding risk with these too.

If you take tetracycline antibiotics, bromelain may change how your body absorbs them, though the clinical effect isn't clear.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glancePartially disclosed formula with no established evidence rating for its marketed use. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product is a multi-enzyme blend aimed at supporting digestion. If you take warfarin or other blood thinners or antiplatelet drugs, or if you take tetracycline antibiotics, check your exact medications with your doctor or pharmacist before starting—the interaction risk is real.

If you're pregnant, nursing, or have a serious digestive condition, talk it over with your healthcare provider first. Most healthy adults without these concerns generally tolerate it well, but allergies do happen.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 7 of 13 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Feb 25, 2015.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Super Digestive Enzymes, straight from the product label.

Brand GNC Women's Ultra Mega
Net contents 30 Pack(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Feb 25, 2015
DSLD ID 42260
Product type Non-nutrient/non-botanical
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses Nutrient, All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult Female (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Super Digestive Enzymes by GNC Women's Ultra Mega, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 White Filled Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
1 White Filled Capsule(s)
IngredientAmount% DV
Amylase3500 DU--
Papain140000 FCCPU--
Bromelain150000 FCCPU--
Lipase125 FIP--
Cellulase50 CU--
Glucoamylase5.5 AGU--
Diastase62.5 DP--
Beta-Glucanase0 NP--
Phytase0 NP--
Hemicellulase0 NP--
n-zimes Proprietary Blend145 mg--
Protease 4.57500 HUT--
Protease 37.5 SAPU--
Protease 61000 HUT--
CereCalase Proprietary Blend5 mg--

Other ingredients: Dicalcium Phosphate, Cellulose, Gelatin

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General

CODE 330311 BPG

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Directions: As a dietary supplement, take the contents of one pack daily with food.

General Statements

Each pack contains:

Super Digestive Enzymes

Conforms to USP <2091> for weight. Meets USP <2040> disintegration.

ACTUAL SIZE

To ensure a complete nutritional program, take daily with these GNC products: ~ Ultra Probiotic Complex ~ SuperFoods Whole Foods Blend ~ Hair, Skin & Nails Formula ~ Protein

GNC QUALITY COMMITMENT For more than 79 years, GNC has been the leader in the development of superior nutritional supplements. Our products are produced using only fresh, high-quality ingredients and are manufactured under the strictest quality controls.

GNC GUARANTEE If you are not 100% completely satisfied, return the unused portion of the product with your receipt to a GNC store within 30 days. Our trained sales staff will either refund your purchase price or, if you prefer, assist you in finding a replacement product to help you LIVE WELL.

~ Clinically studied^ multivitamin

Fish Oil Fish oil provides heart healthy omega-3s, which are essential long chain fatty acids that play a critical role in everyday body functions.

The omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oil are necessary for heart, joint, skin and eye health. They help maintain healthy cholesterol levels and are necessary in the maintenance of normal blood pressure.*

These important bone-strengthening components are essential for bone health and teeth.*

L-theanine is naturally found in green tea, and has been used since ancient times for its calming and relaxing benefits.*

^In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 112 healthy volunteers, subjects taking the GNC vitamin and mineral blend in this product for six weeks experienced statistically significant improvements in markers of B vitamin and antioxidant status, as well as improvements in SF-36 Vitality and Mental Health scores compared to those taking a placebo.

#This product is endorsed by the GNC Medical Advisory Board. This team of esteemed physicians utilizes their extensive medical knowledge and experience to aid in the creation of GNC premium products, helping you to achieve optimal health through comprehensive nutritional support so you can live your best life!

Formula

CONTAINS: Milk, Soybeans and Wheat.

~ Strengthens bones with 1,100 mg calcium and 2,000 IU vitamin D-3* ~ Supports heart health with omega-3s*

Women's Ultra Mega(R) contains 1,600 IU of vitamin D-3 for breast and bone health and immune support, as well as B vitamins that are important for cardiovascular health and energy production. It's enhanced with 500 mg of bone-strengthening calcium a beauty blend, and features a broad spectrum of cell-protecting antioxidant nutrients that also support immune health.*

Super Digestive Enzymes Enhanced with n-zimes(R), a proprietary blend of digestive enzymes, with proven bioactivity.

Each daily serving provides 300 mg of omega-3 fatty acids.

Calcium 600 Contains 400 IU of vitamin D-3 and 600 mg of calcium per serving.*

Balanced Mood Support Features an exclusive blend of herbs, such as passion flower, rhodiola and L-theanine.

The Women's Ultra Mega(R) Wellness Vitapak(R) Program provides 1,100 mg of calcium and 2,000 IU of vitamin D-3.

Precautions

CONTAINS: Milk, Soybeans and Wheat.

WARNING: Consult your physician prior to using this product if you are pregnant, nursing, taking medication, or have a medical condition.

Discontinue use two weeks prior to surgery.

KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN.

Formulation

No Artificial Flavors.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place.

Seals/Symbols

n-zimes(R)

PHYSICIAN ENDORSED#

Brand IP Statement(s)

n-zimes(R) and CereCalase(R) are trademarks of National Enzyme Company.

WOMEN'S ULTRA MEGA(R) WELLNESS GNC Women's Ultra Mega(R) Wellness Vitapak(R) Program conveniently combines nutrients that support a woman's overall nutritional needs with focused ingredients to promote bone health, digestive support, cardiovascular health and mood.*

Women's Ultra Mega(R) without Iron and Iodine Our premium, timed-release, clinically studied^ formula includes vitamins and minerals to supplement key nutrients that may be missing in your daily diet.

n-zimes(R) are active in both acidic environments of the stomach and the alkaline environment of the small intestine. Lab tests show that n-zimes(R) work throughout the digestive tract, contributing to a more complete digestion of nutrients.* This superior formula helps promote protein, carbohydrate and fat digestion.*

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

FDA Disclaimer Statement

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Super Digestive Enzymes by GNC Women's Ultra Mega label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Super Digestive Enzymes label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Super Digestive Enzymes by GNC Women's Ultra Mega

These are the 13 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 White Filled Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

N-zimes Proprietary Blend

145 mg per serving

CereCalase Proprietary Blend

5 mg per serving
  • › Beta-Glucanase
  • › Phytase
  • › Hemicellulase

Other (inactive) ingredients: Dicalcium Phosphate, Cellulose, Gelatin. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Super Digestive Enzymes by GNC Women's Ultra Mega Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Super Digestive Enzymes?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
141Drugs
122 Moderate 19 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Bromelain 141
Papain 2

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Super Digestive Enzymes interact with 141 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

2 of the 13 ingredients in Super Digestive Enzymes interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Bromelain Papain

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Super Digestive Enzymes with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Bromelain2 drug types · 141 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Bromelain may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
There is one case report of a patient experiencing minor bruising while taking bromelain with naproxen. Bromelain is thought to have antiplatelet activity. Whether this interaction is of concern with topical bromelain is unclear. Interference with coagulation of burn wounds has been reported in a patient receiving bromelain-based enzymatic debridement. However, observational research has found that topical bromelain debridement is not associated with increases or decreases in laboratory markers of coagulation when compared with surgical debridement.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tetracycline Antibiotics

Theoretically, bromelain might increase levels of tetracycline antibiotics.
Laboratory research suggests that bromelain might increase the absorption of tetracycline antibiotics. However, a study in healthy adults reported no difference in tetracycline plasma levels when a 500 mg dose was taken with or without bromelain 80 mg.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Bromelain full monograph & interactions

Papain1 drug type · 2 drugs

Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, papain might increase the effects and side effects of warfarin.
In one case report, a patient previously stable on warfarin was found to have an international normalization ratio (INR) of 7.4, which was attributed to ingestion of a supplement containing papain from papaya extract.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Papain full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Super Digestive Enzymes, from the product label.

GNC Women's Ultra Mega

See all GNC Women's Ultra Mega products
Phone Number
1-888-462-2548
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Super Digestive Enzymes by GNC Women's Ultra Mega: Common Questions

Does Super Digestive Enzymes by GNC Women's Ultra Mega interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Super Digestive Enzymes has a known interaction with 141 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Super Digestive Enzymes contains 13 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Will this help my digestion?
These enzymes are designed to aid digestion by breaking down carbs, fats, and proteins. However, we don't have strong enough evidence to say how well they actually work for any specific digestive problem. If you have concerns about your digestion or a diagnosed condition, talk with your doctor about whether this product is right for you.
Can I take this if I'm pregnant?
Two of the main ingredients—papain and bromelain—should not be used during pregnancy. Papain is rated possibly unsafe, and bromelain safety data in pregnancy don't exist. Check with your doctor or pharmacist before taking this product if you're pregnant or planning to be.
What side effects might I notice?
Most people tolerate digestive enzymes well, but some experience mild stomach upset, diarrhea, gas, or headache. Allergic reactions are possible—symptoms can include itchy watery eyes, sneezing, runny nose, throat itching, or in rare cases asthma or difficulty swallowing. If you have a known enzyme allergy, be especially careful.
Is this safe if I'm breastfeeding?
There isn't enough reliable safety data on papain or bromelain during breastfeeding—both are best avoided unless your doctor advises otherwise. Lipase and phytase also have very limited breastfeeding data. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist about what's safe for you and your baby.
What's the difference between all these enzymes?
Each enzyme breaks down a different type of food component. Amylase, glucoamylase, and diastase work on carbohydrates. Lipase handles fats. Proteases and papain break down proteins. Bromelain does both. Together, they're meant to help your digestive system process a full meal.
Can I take this long-term?
The data we have shows that these enzymes are generally well tolerated short-term, but long-term safety evidence is limited—especially for bromelain. If you want to take this regularly for an extended period, talk with your doctor or pharmacist first.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Super Digestive Enzymes is safe with your meds?

Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.

Ask a pharmacist

Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Super Digestive Enzymes label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Super Digestive Enzymes’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Papain

Interacts with 2 drugs

Papain is a protein-digesting enzyme from the papaya plant that is used in digestive supplements and some topical products. While it has clear food and laboratory uses, strong human evidence...

Read the full Papain monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Bromelain

Interacts with 141 drugs

Bromelain is a group of protein-digesting enzymes from pineapple that people take mainly for inflammation, swelling, and sinus problems. Some early studies are promising, but the overall evi...

Read the full Bromelain monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Lipase

Lipase is a digestive enzyme that helps your body break down dietary fats. It is well established as part of prescription pancreatic enzyme therapy for people who cannot make enough of their...

Read the full Lipase monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Proteolytic Enzymes (proteases)

Proteolytic enzymes are proteins that help break down other proteins, and common examples include bromelain (from pineapple), papain (from papaya), trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pancreatin. Peo...

Read the full Proteolytic Enzymes (proteases) monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Phytase

Phytase is an enzyme that breaks down phytic acid (phytate) found in grains, beans, nuts, and seeds, which can free up minerals like iron, zinc, and calcium for absorption. It is widely used...

Read the full Phytase monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Super Digestive Enzymes's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 41 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Papain 11 references
  1. The Review of Natural Products by Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.
  2. Shaw D, Leon C, Kolev S, Murray V. Traditional remedies and food supplements: a 5-year toxicological study (1991-1995). Drug Saf 1997;17:342-56.
  3. Shuttleworth D, Hill S, Marks R, Connelly DM. Relief of experimentally induced pruritus with a novel eutectic mixture of local anaesthetic agents. Br J Dermatol 1988;119:535-40.
  4. Mansfield LE, Ting S, Haverly RW, Yoo TJ. The incidence and clinical implications of hypersensitivity to papain in an allergic population, confirmed by blinded oral challenge. Ann Allergy 1985;55:541-3.
  5. Martin, T., Uhder, K., Kurek, R., Roeddiger, S., Schneider, L., Vogt, H. G., Heyd, R., and Zamboglou, N. Does prophylactic treatment with proteolytic enzymes reduce acute toxicity of adjuvant pelvic irradiation? Results of a double-blind randomized trial PubMed
  6. Walker-Renard, P. Update on the medicinal management of phytobezoars. Am J Gastroenterol. 1993;88(10):1663-1666.
  7. Tymoszuk D, Wiszniewska M, Walusiak-Skorupa J. Papain-induced occupational rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma - A case report. Med Pr 2016;67(1):109-12. PubMed
  8. Soto-Mera MT, López-Rico MR, Filgueira JF, et al. Occupational allergy to papain. Allergy 2000;55(10):983-4. PubMed
  9. Tarlo SM, Shaikh W, Bell B, et al. Papain-induced allergic reactions. Clin Allergy 1978;8(3):207-15. PubMed
  10. Baur X, König G, Bencze K, Fruhmann G. Clinical symptoms and results of skin test, RAST and bronchial provocation test in thirty-three papain workers: Evidence for strong immunogenic potency and clinically relevant proteolytic e?ects of airborne papain. C
  11. Novey HS, Keenan WJ, Fairshter RD, Wells ID, Wilson AF, Culver BD. Pulmonary disease in workers exposed to papain: clinico-physiological and immunological studies. Clin Allergy 1980;10(6):721-31. PubMed

See these in context on the Papain monograph →

Bromelain 19 references
  1. Nettis E, Napoli G, Ferrannini A, Tursi A. IgE-mediated allergy to bromelain. Allergy 2001;56:257-8. PubMed
  2. Taussig SJ, Batkin S. Bromelain, the enzyme complex of pineapple (Ananas comosus) and its clinical application. An update. J Ethnopharmacol 1988;22:191-203.. PubMed
  3. Bradbrook ID, Morrison PJ, Rogers HJ. The effect of bromelain on the absorption of orally administered tetracycline. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1978;6:552-4. PubMed
  4. Bush TM, Rayburn KS, Holloway SW, et al. Adverse interactions between herbal and dietary substances and prescription medications: a clinical survey. Altern Ther Health Med 2007;13:30-5.
  5. Brien S, Lewith G, Walker AF, et al. Bromelain as an adjunctive treatment for moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. QJM 2006;99:841-50. PubMed
  6. Mori S, Ojima Y, Hirose T, et al. The clinical effect of proteolytic enzyme containing bromelain and trypsin on urinary tract infection evaluated by double blind method. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Jpn 1972;19:147-53.
  7. Glaser D, Hilberg T. The influence of bromelain on platelet count and platelet activity in vitro. Platelets 2006;17:37-41. PubMed
  8. Heinicke R M, van der Wal L, Yokoyama M. Effect of bromelain (Ananase) on human platelet aggregation. Experientia 1972;28:844-5. PubMed
  9. Gailhofer, G., Wilders-Truschnig, M., Smolle, J., and Ludvan, M. Asthma caused by bromelain: an occupational allergy. Clin Allergy 1988;18(5):445-450. PubMed
  10. Mattei, O., Fabri, G., and Farina, G. [Occupational health experience regarding four cases of asthma due to bromelain (author's transl)]. Medicina del Lavoro 1979;70(5):404-409.
  11. Galleguillos, F. and Rodriguez, J. C. Asthma caused by bromelin inhalation. Clin Allergy 1978;8(1):21-24. PubMed
  12. Perez-Camo I, Quirce S, Duran MA, and et al. Latex allergy: evidence of cross-reactivity with papain and bromelain [abstract]. Allergy 1996;51(suppl 31):48.
  13. Martin GJ, Ehrenreich J, and Asbell N. Bromelain: pineapple proteases with anti-edema activity. Exp Med Surg 1962;20:227-247.
  14. Kasemsuk T, Saengpetch N, Sibmooh N, Unchern S. Improved WOMAC score following 16-week treatment with bromelain for knee osteoarthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2016 Oct;35(10):2531-40. PubMed
  15. Kutlu Ö, DemirbaS A, Elmas ÖF, Güvenç U, Metin A. Fixed drug eruption: a new side effect of bromelain. Contact Dermatitis 2020. Online ahead of print. PubMed
  16. Shoham Y, Shapira E, Haik J, et al. Bromelain-based enzymatic debridement of chronic wounds: Results of a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Wound Repair Regen 2021;29(6):899-907. PubMed
  17. Pfister P, Garcia Wendel PD, Kim BS, et al. Coagulation side effects of enzymatic debridement in burned patients. Burns 2022. PubMed
  18. Hasham S, Riyat H, Fletcher A, O'Boyle CP, Alexander S. To bleed or not to bleed? Case series and discussion of haemorrhage risk with enzymatic debridement in burn injuries. Scars Burn Heal 2023;9:20595131231168333. PubMed
  19. Leelakanok N, Petchsomrit A, Janurai T, Saechan C, Sunsandee N. Efficacy and safety of bromelain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Health 2023. PubMed

See these in context on the Bromelain monograph →

Lipase 1 reference
  1. Casper C, Hascoet JM, Ertl T, et al. Recombinant bile salt-stimulated lipase in preterm infant feeding: A randomized phase 3 study. PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0156071. PubMed

See these in context on the Lipase monograph →

Phytase 7 references
  1. Lei XG, Weaver JD, Mullaney E, Ullah AH, Azain MJ. Phytase, a new life for an "old" enzyme. Annu Rev Anim Biosci. 2013;1:283-309. PubMed
  2. Smuts CM, Matsungo TM, Malan L, et al. Effect of small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements on growth, psychomotor development, iron status, and morbidity among 6- to 12-mo-old infants in South Africa: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2 PubMed
  3. van Heemst RC, Sander I, Rooyackers J, et al. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by occupational exposure to phytase. Eur Respir J. 2009;33(6):1507-9. PubMed
  4. Baur X, Melching-Kollmuss S, Koops F, Strassburger K, Zober A. IgE-mediated allergy to phytase -- a new animal feed additive. Allergy. 2002;57(10):943-5. PubMed
  5. Doekes G, Kamminga N, Helwegen L, Heederik D. Occupational IgE sensitisation to phytase, a phosphatase derived from Aspergillus niger. Occup Environ Med. 1999;56(7):454-9. PubMed
  6. Brnic M, Hurrell RF, Songré-Ouattara LT, et al. Effect of phytase on zinc absorption from a millet-based porridge fed to young Burkinabe children. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017;71(1):137-141. PubMed
  7. Koshy JC, Sharabi SE, Feldman EM, Hollier LH Jr, Patrinely JR, Soparkar CN. Effect of dietary zinc and phytase supplementation on botulinum toxin treatments. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(4):507-12.

See these in context on the Phytase monograph →

Proteolytic Enzymes (proteases) 3 references
  1. Weeks JA, Harper RA, Simon RA, Burdick JD. Assessment of sensitization risk of a laundry pre-spotter containing protease. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2011;30(4):272-9. PubMed
  2. Marquès LI, Lara S, Abós T, Bartolomé B. Occupational rhinitis due to pepsin. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2006;16(2):136-7. DOI
  3. Cartier A, Malo JL, Pineau L, Dolovich J. Occupational asthma due to pepsin. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1984;73(5 Pt 1):574-7. PubMed

See these in context on the Proteolytic Enzymes (proteases) monograph →

Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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