Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Testofen & Healthy Inflammatory Response Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by GNC AMP Advanced Muscle Performance

Testofen & Healthy Inflammatory Response label
See full label image
Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Testofen & Healthy Inflammatory Response against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Testofen & Healthy Inflammatory Response is a dietary supplement by GNC AMP Advanced Muscle Performance with 2 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for blood sugar control, boosting breast milk supply, high cholesterol.Based on those ingredients, 389 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Testofen. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Testofen & Healthy Inflammatory Response by GNC AMP Advanced Muscle Performance

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Testofen & Healthy Inflammatory Response by GNC AMP Advanced Muscle Performance — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
Prefer a human? Send your question to our licensed pharmacists — free, answered by email within 24 hours.

HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Testofen & Healthy Inflammatory Response by GNC AMP Advanced Muscle Performance

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 2 of its 2 active ingredients.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

This product has 2 active ingredients. Testofen is a fenugreek extract used for sexual function and general wellness.

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a compound studied for its role in supporting a healthy inflammatory response and joint comfort. The capsule also contains inactive ingredients: gelatin, microcrystalline cellulose, stearic acid, and silica.

Does it work?

Not established
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Not established

The graded evidence we hold for these ingredients covers different conditions than the ones this product is marketed for, so there's no established rating for its stated use.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: build muscle and support healthy inflammatory response.
  • We looked for evidence on: Athletic performance, Exercise-induced muscle damage, Exercise-induced muscle soreness, Muscle strength, muscle recovery, post-exercise inflammation — and 2 related terms.
  • The closest evidence on file: Fenugreek is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Athletic performance (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Fenugreek is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Muscle strength.
  • Also on file: Palmitoylethanolamide (pea) is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Exercise-induced muscle soreness, Exercise-induced muscle damage.

Fenugreek (Testofen) is possibly effective for sexual dysfunction and sexual arousal, and also possibly effective for diabetes and menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea). Palmitoylethanolamide is possibly effective for osteoarthritis.

For other uses listed in the research—spinal cord injury, cannabis use disorder, autism spectrum disorder, carpal tunnel syndrome, and migraine—the evidence we hold is either insufficient to rate or shows it may be ineffective.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Fenugreek Palmitoylethanolamide (pea)

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 2 of the 2 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 2 of 2.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 2 of 2.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Fenugreek is generally well tolerated when used as a food, but supplement doses may cause side effects. The most common ones are abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, indigestion, gas, nausea, and low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).

Rare but serious allergic reactions—including severe swelling, breathing problems, and shock—have been reported. Fenugreek may affect the uterus, so medicinal use during pregnancy isn't advised; if taken before delivery, it can cause an unusual body odor in newborns.

It's often used to increase milk supply, but evidence is limited and you should discuss it with your provider first. Palmitoylethanolamide is generally well tolerated in studies, though long-term safety data are limited.

Nausea is the most common side effect. There isn't enough safety data for palmitoylethanolamide during pregnancy or breastfeeding, so those uses should be avoided.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Fenugreek Palmitoylethanolamide (pea)

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 1 of the 2 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Fenugreek.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; diabetes medications.
  • For scale: 389 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before you take this, check if you're on blood thinners (anticoagulants) or antiplatelet drugs like clopidogrel—fenugreek may increase bleeding risk. If you take diabetes medications, heart drugs like metoprolol, asthma or breathing medications like theophylline, anti-seizure drugs like phenytoin, Viagra (sildenafil), or warfarin (Coumadin), run them through the search tool on this page first.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with no established evidence rating for its marketed use. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product may help with sexual function and joint comfort in some people. If you take any blood thinners, diabetes drugs, heart medications, anti-seizure drugs, or other prescription medications, check with your pharmacist first—fenugreek interacts with quite a few.

Avoid medicinal amounts during pregnancy. Talk to your pharmacist about whether it's right for you.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 2 of 2 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Aug 22, 2024.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Testofen & Healthy Inflammatory Response, straight from the product label.

Brand GNC AMP Advanced Muscle Performance
Net contents 14 Pack(s); 14 Green Filled Capsule(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Aug 22, 2024
DSLD ID 317609
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free, Dairy Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Testofen & Healthy Inflammatory Response by GNC AMP Advanced Muscle Performance, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 Green Filled Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
1 Green Filled Capsule(s)
Servings per container
14
IngredientAmount% DV
Testofen300 mg--
Palmitoylethanolamide100 mg--

Other ingredients: Gelatin, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Stearic Acid, Silica

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Formulation

3 products in 1 pack GNC AMP Strength Vitapak Program delivers the power of three science-based formulas to help you achieve your daily nutritional goals as you build muscles and get stronger. When used in conjunction with regular resistance training Increase athletic performance & support the body's health inflammatory response. Also features high-quality Testofen combined with support for your body's inflammatory response.

Vitapak program for performance + muscle support Helps build muscle & supports your body's healthy inflammatory response For exercise-induced inflammation

No artificial flavors, gluten free, no dairy GF Gluten free

Our quality commitment to you Since 1935, our mission as the industry leader has been to provide you with the highest-quality nutritional supplements. We continue to stand behind this mission. If you're not 100% satisfied with your purchase, return the unused portion of the product with your receipt within 30 days and we'll either refund your money or find a replacement product that is right for you.

General Statements

If it's on our packages, then it's in our boxes. Clinically studied ingredients backed by real science. Get vitamins. Fuel muscles. Get stronger.

14-day supply

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Directions: As a dietary supplement, take the contents of one pack daily with food. Consume ample amounts of water while taking this product.

Precautions

Warning: Cancer and reproductive harm - www.P65Warnings.ca.gov.

Consult your physician prior to using this product if you are pregnant, nursing, taking medication, under 18 years of age or have a medical condition.

Consult your physician prior to using this product if you are pregnant, nursing, taking medication, under 18 years of age or have a medical condition. Keep out of reach of children.

Discontinue use two weeks prior to surgery.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place.

Formula

Palmitoylethanolamide targets multiple mechanisms involved in the body's natural anti-inflammatory response.

Brand IP Statement(s)

Testofen Testofen is a registered trademark of Gencor.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Testofen & Healthy Inflammatory Response by GNC AMP Advanced Muscle Performance label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Testofen & Healthy Inflammatory Response label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Testofen & Healthy Inflammatory Response by GNC AMP Advanced Muscle Performance

These are the 2 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 Green Filled Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container14 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Testofen

Interacts with
389 drugs
300 mg per serving Form: Fenugreek Seed Extract

Fenugreek is a common kitchen spice that is also taken as a supplement, mainly for blood sugar, cholesterol, and to support breast milk production. So...

Testofen monograph & interactions

Palmitoylethanolamide

No known
interactions
100 mg per serving

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a fat-like molecule made naturally in the body and studied mainly for pain and inflammation. Some research suggests it...

Palmitoylethanolamide monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Gelatin, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Stearic Acid, Silica. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Testofen & Healthy Inflammatory Response by GNC AMP Advanced Muscle Performance Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Testofen & Healthy Inflammatory Response?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
389Drugs
224 Moderate 165 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Testofen 389

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Testofen & Healthy Inflammatory Response interact with 389 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

1 of the 2 ingredients in Testofen & Healthy Inflammatory Response interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Testofen

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Testofen & Healthy Inflammatory Response with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Testofen9 drug types · 389 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, fenugreek might have additive effects when used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Some of the constituents in fenugreek have antiplatelet effects in animal and in vitro research. However, common fenugreek products might not contain sufficient concentrations of these constituents for clinical effects. A clinical study in patients with coronary artery disease or diabetes shows that taking fenugreek seed powder 2.5 grams twice daily for 3 months does not affect platelet aggregation, fibrinolytic activity, or fibrinogen levels .

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, fenugreek seed might have additive hypoglycemic effects when used with antidiabetes drugs.
Clinical research shows that fenugreek seed can reduce fasting blood glucose and 2-hour postprandial glucose levels in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Clopidogrel (Plavix)

Theoretically, fenugreek seed might alter the clinical effects of clopidogrel by inhibiting its conversion to the active form.
Animal research shows that fenugreek seed 200 mg/kg daily for 14 days increases the maximum serum concentration of clopidogrel by 21%. It is unclear how this affects the pharmacokinetics of the active metabolite of clopidogrel; however, this study found that concomitant use of fenugreek seed and clopidogrel prolonged bleeding time by an additional 11%.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Metoprolol (Toprol)

Theoretically, fenugreek seed might have additive hypotensive effects when used with metoprolol.
Animal research shows that fenugreek seed 300 mg/kg daily for 2 weeks decreases systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 9% and 11%, respectively, when administered alone, and by 15% and 22%, respectively, when given with metoprolol 10 mg/kg.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Phenytoin (Dilantin)

Theoretically, fenugreek might decrease plasma levels of phenytoin.
Animal research shows that taking fenugreek seeds for 1 week decreases maximum concentrations and the area under the curve of a single dose of phenytoin by 44% and 72%, respectively. This seems to be related to increased clearance. So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Sildenafil (Viagra)

Theoretically, concurrent use of sildenafil and fenugreek might reduce levels and therapeutic effects of sildenafil.
Animal research shows that taking fenugreek seeds for 1 week reduces maximum concentrations and the area under the curve of a single dose of sildenafil by 27% and 48%, respectively. So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Theophylline

Theoretically, fenugreek may reduce the levels and clinical effects of theophylline.
Animal research shows that fenugreek 50 grams daily for 7 days reduces the maximum serum concentration (Cmax) of theophylline by 28% and the area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve (AUC) by 22%.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, fenugreek might have additive effects with warfarin and increase the international normalized ratio (INR).
Some fenugreek constituents have antiplatelet effects, although these might not be present in concentrations that are clinically significant. In one case report, a patient taking warfarin experienced an increased INR when starting to take fenugreek in combination with boldo.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antihypertensive Drugs

Fenugreek may also have an additive effect on blood pressure-lowering medications. Studies on animals have shown that fenugreek seed can decrease both systolic and diastolic blood pressure by up to 22% when combined with metoprolol. Therefore, it is essential to monitor your blood pressure regularly if you are taking fenugreek and metoprolol together or any other antihypertensive drugs.

Likelihood Possible Evidence C
Testofen full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Testofen & Healthy Inflammatory Response, from the product label.

GNC AMP Advanced Muscle Performance

See all GNC AMP Advanced Muscle Performance products
Name
GNC Holdings, LLC
City
Pittsburgh
State
PA
ZipCode
15222
Phone Number
1-888-462-2548
Web Address
GNC.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Testofen & Healthy Inflammatory Response by GNC AMP Advanced Muscle Performance: Common Questions

Does Testofen & Healthy Inflammatory Response by GNC AMP Advanced Muscle Performance interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Testofen & Healthy Inflammatory Response has a known interaction with 389 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Testofen & Healthy Inflammatory Response contains 2 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Will this help with sexual performance?
Fenugreek is possibly effective for sexual dysfunction and sexual arousal based on the research we hold. Results vary from person to person, so talk to your pharmacist about what to expect.
Is it safe if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
No. Fenugreek shouldn't be used medicinally during pregnancy because it may affect the uterus, and it's been known to cause an unusual body odor in newborns if taken before delivery. There isn't enough safety data for palmitoylethanolamide during pregnancy or breastfeeding, so you should avoid it. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist for personalized advice.
What side effects might I get?
The most common side effects from fenugreek are abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, indigestion, gas, nausea, and low blood sugar. Palmitoylethanolamide most commonly causes nausea. Serious allergic reactions are rare but can occur with fenugreek.
Is it safe to use while breastfeeding?
Fenugreek is often used to boost milk supply, but the evidence is limited and you should talk with your provider first. Palmitoylethanolamide doesn't have enough safety data for breastfeeding, so it's best to avoid it.
Can this help with joint pain?
Palmitoylethanolamide is possibly effective for osteoarthritis. The fenugreek in this product isn't rated for joint pain in our data.
Can this help with diabetes?
Fenugreek is possibly effective for diabetes—it can lower blood sugar levels. If you already take diabetes medications, though, you'll need to check with your pharmacist first because fenugreek may add to their effects.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Testofen & Healthy Inflammatory Response is safe with your meds?

Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.

Ask a pharmacist

Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Testofen & Healthy Inflammatory Response label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Testofen & Healthy Inflammatory Response’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Fenugreek

Interacts with 389 drugs

Fenugreek is a common kitchen spice that is also taken as a supplement, mainly for blood sugar, cholesterol, and to support breast milk production. Some early research is encouraging for blo...

Read the full Fenugreek monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Palmitoylethanolamide (pea)

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a fat-like molecule made naturally in the body and studied mainly for pain and inflammation. Some research suggests it may help certain types of chronic and ne...

Read the full Palmitoylethanolamide (pea) monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Testofen & Healthy Inflammatory Response's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 34 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Fenugreek 30 references
  1. Madar Z, Thorne R. Dietary fiber. Prog Food Nutr Sci 1987;11:153-74.
  2. Sharma RD, Raghuram TC, Rao NS. Effect of fenugreek seeds on blood glucose and serum lipids in type I diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr 1990;44:301-6.
  3. Patil SP, Niphadkar PV, Bapat MM. Allergy to fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum). Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997;78:297-300. PubMed
  4. Lambert J, Cormier J. Potential interaction between warfarin and boldo-fenugreek. Pharmacotherapy 2001;21:509-12. PubMed
  5. Bordia A, Verma SK, Srivastava KC. Effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum L.) on blood lipids, blood sugar and platelet aggregation in patients with coronary artery disease. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty PubMed
  6. Yalcin SS, Tekinalp G, Ozalp I. Peculiar odor of traditional food and maple syrup urine disease. Pediatr Int 1999;41:108-9. PubMed
  7. Sewell AC, Mosandl A, Bohles H. False diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease owing to ingestion of herbal tea. N Engl J Med 1999;341:769.. PubMed
  8. Abdo MS, al-Kafawi AA. Experimental studies on the effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum (abstract). Planta Med 1969;17:14-8.
  9. Gupta A, Gupta R, Lal B. Effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seeds on glycaemic control and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a double blind placebo controlled study. J Assoc Physicians India 2001;49:1057-61.
  10. Gabay MP. Galactogogues: medications that induce lactation. J Hum Lact 2002;18:274-9. PubMed
  11. Chevassus H, Gaillard JB, Farret A, et al. A fenugreek seed extract selectively reduces spontaneous fat intake in overweight subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2010;66(5):449-55. PubMed
  12. Turkyilmaz C, Onal E, Hirfanoglu IM, et al. The effect of galactagogue herbal tea on breast milk production and short-term catch-up of birth weight in the first week of life. J Altern Complement Med 2011;17(2):139-42. PubMed
  13. Swafford S, Berens P. Effect of fenugreek on breast milk volume. Abstract presented at: 5th International Meeting of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine; September 11-13,2000, Tucson, Arizona.
  14. Abdel-Barry, J. A., Abdel-Hassan, I. A., Jawad, A. M., and al Hakiem, M. H. Hypoglycaemic effect of aqueous extract of the leaves of Trigonella foenum-graecum in healthy volunteers. East Mediterr.Health J 2000;6(1):83-88. DOI
  15. Parvizpur, A., Ahmadiani, A., and Kamalinejad, M. Probable role of spinal purinoceptors in the analgesic effect of Trigonella foenum (TFG) leaves extract. J Ethnopharmacol 3-8-2006;104(1-2):108-112. PubMed
  16. Mora, A., Herrrera, A., Lopez, C., Dahbi, G., Mamani, R., Pita, J. M., Alonso, M. P., Llovo, J., Bernardez, M. I., Blanco, J. E., Blanco, M., and Blanco, J. Characteristics of the Shiga-toxin-producing enteroaggregative Escherichia coli O104:H4 German ou
  17. Blanco, J. [Stx2a-producing enteroaggregative Escherichia coli O104:H4-ST678. Microbiological diagnostic already, for this and other STEC/VTEC serotypes!]. Enferm.Infecc.Microbiol.Clin. 2012;30(2):84-89.
  18. Beutin, L. and Martin, A. Outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O104:H4 infection in Germany causes a paradigm shift with regard to human pathogenicity of STEC strains. J Food Prot. 2012;75(2):408-418. PubMed
  19. King LA, Nogareda F, Weill FX, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Loukiadis E, Gault G, Jourdan-DaSilva N, Bingen E, Macé M, Thevenot D, Ong N, Castor C, Noël H, Van Cauteren D, Charron M, Vaillant V, Aldabe B, Goulet V, Delmas G, Couturier E, Le Strat Y, Combe C, Delm
  20. Reeder C, Legrand A, O'Connor-Von SK. The Effect of Fenugreek on Milk Production and Prolactin Levels in Mothers of Preterm Infants. Clinical Lactation 2013;4(4):159-165. DOI
  21. Al-Jenoobi FI, Ahad A, Mahrous GM, Al-Mohizea AM, AlKharfy KM, Al-Suwayeh SA. Effects of fenugreek, garden cress, and black seed on theophylline pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs. Pharm Biol 2015;53(2):296-300. PubMed
  22. Rao A, Steels E, Inder WJ, Abraham S, Vitetta L. Testofen, a specialised Trigonella foenum-graecum seed extract reduces age-related symptoms of androgen decrease, increases testosterone levels and improves sexual function in healthy aging males in a doubl
  23. Steels E, Rao A, Vitetta L. Physiological aspects of male libido enhanced by standardized Trigonella foenum-graecum extract and mineral formulation. Phytother Res. 2011 Sep;25(9):1294-300.
  24. Gong J, Fang K, Dong H, Wang D, Hu M, Lu F. Effect of fenugreek on hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidemia in diabetes and prediabetes: A meta-analysis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016 Dec 24;194:260-268. PubMed
  25. Ouzir M, El Bairi K, Amzazi S. Toxicological properties of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum). Food Chem Toxicol. 2016 Oct;96:145-54. PubMed
  26. Khodamoradi K, Khosropanah MH, Ayati Z, et al. The Effects of Fenugreek on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med. 2020;52:102416. PubMed
  27. Alkharfy K, Jan B, Alotaibi K, et al. Clopidogrel-herb Interactions: A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Assessment in a Rat Model. Curr Drug Metab 2021;22(12):969-977. PubMed
  28. Bin Jardan YA, Ahad A, Raish M, Alam MA, Al-Mohizea AM, Al-Jenoobi FI. Effects of garden cress, fenugreek and black seed on the pharmacodynamics of metoprolol: an herb-drug interaction study in rats with hypertension. Pharm Biol 2021;59(1):1088-1097. PubMed
  29. Al-Mohizea AM, Ahad A, El-Maghraby GM, et al. Effects of Nigella sativa, Lepidium sativum and Trigonella foenum-graecum on sildenafil disposition in beagle dogs. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2015;40(2):219-24. PubMed
  30. Alkharfy KM, Al-Jenoobi FI, Al-Mohizea AM, et al. Effects of Lepidium sativum, Nigella sativa and Trigonella foenum-graceum on phenytoin pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs. Phytother Res. 2013;27(12):1800-4.

See these in context on the Fenugreek monograph →

Palmitoylethanolamide (pea) 4 references
  1. Indraccolo U, Barbieri F. Effect of palmitoylethanolamide-polydatin combination on chronic pelvic pain associated with endometriosis: preliminary observations. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2010 May;150(1):76-9. PubMed
  2. Murina F, Graziottin A, Felice R, Radici G, Tognocchi C. Vestibulodynia: synergy between palmitoylethanolamide + transpolydatin and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2013 Apr;17(2):111-6.
  3. Papetti L, Sforza G, Tullo G, et al. Tolerability of palmitoylethanolamide in a pediatric population suffering from migraine: A pilot study. Pain Res Manag 2020;2020:3938640. PubMed
  4. Visse K, Blome C, Phan NQ, Augustin M, Ständer S. Efficacy of body lotion containing N-palmitoylethanolamine in subjects with chronic pruritus due to dry skin: A dermatocosmetic study. Acta Derm Venereol. 2017;97(5):639-641. PubMed

See these in context on the Palmitoylethanolamide (pea) monograph →

Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

Keep exploring
Supplement interaction checker › Check any supplement or product against your medications Drug–drug interactions › Check two or more of your medications against each other Browse medications A–Z › Every drug we've checked against herbs & supplements NDC & pricing lookup › Find a drug’s NDCs, packaging and costs Ask a pharmacist › Free, personal answer from our licensed team