Conjugated / Estrogens
Conjugated estrogens are a mixture of estrogen hormones taken by mouth to treat menopause symptoms, low estrogen from certain conditions, and, for palliation only, certain breast and prostate cancers, and to help prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis.
🧬 Where this information comes from
The clinical label records used on this page are FDA-filed Structured Product Labeling (SPL) retrieved through openFDA. We identified 6 clinical label sets within the page’s selected clinical scope after exact ingredient or ingredient-combination matching and applicable route/form matching. Forms, routes, brands, labelers, strengths, and NDC product-record counts are built separately from matching FDA National Drug Code Directory records. The linked DailyMed document is a representative official source for verification, not the page’s only clinical source. View the linked label on DailyMed →
Conjugated estrogens (Premarin) are a mix of estrogen hormones that replace what the body stops making after menopause, used mainly for hot flashes and vaginal dryness and also for low estrogen and preventing bone loss; it is a decades-old standby, available as a generic. Most people tolerate it reasonably well, noticing mainly breast tenderness, headache, nausea or some spotting. Its boxed warning covers uterine cancer, stroke, blood clots and probable dementia, plus breast cancer and heart attack with a progestin, so report unusual vaginal bleeding right away. Aim for the lowest dose for the shortest time, rechecking regularly with your prescriber whether you still need it.
Clinical pearls
- If you still have a uterus, you generally need a progestin alongside it to protect the uterine lining.
- Skip grapefruit juice, which can raise estrogen levels, and know that St. John’s Wort, carbamazepine and rifampin can weaken it.
- Tell your surgeon early, since estrogens should ideally be stopped four to six weeks before surgery that raises clot risk.
- If you take thyroid replacement such as levothyroxine, your thyroid levels should be rechecked after starting estrogen.
⚠️ FDA Boxed Warning — the FDA’s strongest safety alert ▾
Estrogens can increase the risk of uterine cancer, stroke, blood clots, and dementia. Estrogen combined with a progestin can also raise the risk of heart attack and breast cancer.
- Uterine cancer: Estrogen alone raises this risk in women with a uterus. Adding a progestin lowers the risk of the uterine lining overgrowth that can lead to it. Report unusual vaginal bleeding right away.
- Heart and blood vessels: Estrogen alone raised the risk of stroke and deep vein blood clots. Estrogen plus progestin raised the risk of clots in the leg and lung, stroke and heart attack.
- Dementia: In women 65 and older, both types of therapy raised the risk of probable dementia. It is unknown whether this applies to younger women.
- Breast cancer: Estrogen plus progestin raised the risk of invasive breast cancer.
Do not use estrogens to prevent heart disease or dementia. Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest time, and talk regularly with your provider about whether you still need it.
Patient Information Guide A plain-language walkthrough of Conjugated / Estrogens, written from its FDA label.
What Conjugated / Estrogens Is Used For
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Conjugated estrogens tablets, including Premarin and other conjugated estrogens tablets, are a mixture of estrogens used for:
- Moderate to severe hot flashes and night sweats due to menopause
- Moderate to severe vulvar and vaginal atrophy due to menopause
- Hypoestrogenism (low estrogen) due to hypogonadism, castration or primary ovarian failure
- Palliation only of breast cancer in appropriately selected women and men with metastatic disease
- Palliation only of advanced androgen-dependent prostate cancer
- Prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis
How Conjugated / Estrogens Works
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Estrogens attach to estrogen receptors in estrogen-responsive tissues. After menopause, the ovaries stop making most estrogen, and the body relies on small amounts made from other hormones in fat and other tissues. This medicine adds estrogen back. Estrogens also lower the high levels of the pituitary hormones LH and FSH seen after menopause.
Conjugated / Estrogens Dosage
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Conjugated estrogens tablets are taken by mouth and may be taken with or without food. Your prescriber may have you take them daily without a break or in cycles, such as some weeks on followed by a short break.
- You will usually start low, and your dose may be adjusted based on how you respond.
- Women with a uterus will often also be prescribed a progestin.
- Your need for treatment should be rechecked periodically.
Follow your prescriber and the label for your specific schedule.
Dosing details from the FDA-approved label
From the Conjugated / Estrogens prescribing information (“Dosage and Administration”). Doses are set by your prescriber for your product, condition, kidney function and age — never change a dose on your own.
- Treatment of Moderate to Severe Vasomotor Symptoms due to Menopause
- Generally, women should be started at 0.3 mg daily
- Subsequent dosage adjustment may be made based upon the individual patient response
- May be given continuously, with no interruption in therapy, or in cyclical regimens (such as 25 days on drug followed by 5 days off drug)
- Treat with the lowest effective dose; the dose should be periodically reassessed by the healthcare provider. May be taken without regard to meals.
- Treatment of Moderate to Severe Symptoms of Vulvar and Vaginal Atrophy due to Menopause
- Generally, women should be started at 0.3 mg daily
- Subsequent dosage adjustment may be made based upon the individual patient response
- May be given continuously, with no interruption in therapy, or in cyclical regimens (such as 25 days on drug followed by 5 days off drug)
- Treat with the lowest effective dose; the dose should be periodically reassessed by the healthcare provider. May be taken without regard to meals.
- Female hypogonadism (Treatment of Hypoestrogenism due to Hypogonadism, Castration, or Primary Ovarian Failure)
- 0.3 mg or 0.625 mg daily, administered cyclically (e.g., three weeks on and one week off)
- Doses are adjusted depending on the severity of symptoms and responsiveness of the endometrium
- Initiate and maintain with the lowest effective dose to achieve clinical goals.
- Female castration or primary ovarian failure (Treatment of Hypoestrogenism)
- 1.25 mg daily, cyclically
- Adjust dosage, upward or downward, according to severity of symptoms and response of the patient
- For maintenance, adjust dosage to lowest level that will provide effective control
- Treatment of Breast Cancer (for Palliation Only) in Appropriately Selected Women and Men with Metastatic Disease
- Suggested dosage is 10 mg three times daily, for a period of at least three months
- Treatment of Advanced Androgen-Dependent Carcinoma of the Prostate (for Palliation Only)
- 1.25 mg to 2 × 1.25 mg three times daily (one label version states 2x0.625 mg to 4x0.625 mg three times daily)
- Effectiveness of therapy can be judged by phosphatase determinations as well as by symptomatic improvement of the patient.
- Prevention of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
- Generally, women should be started at 0.3 mg daily
- Subsequent dosage adjustment may be made based upon the individual clinical and bone mineral density responses
- May be given continuously, with no interruption in therapy, or in cyclical regimens (such as 25 days on drug followed by 5 days off drug)
- Treat with the lowest effective dose; the dose should be periodically reassessed by the healthcare provider.
Read the label’s full dosing text
2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Generally, when estrogen therapy is prescribed for a postmenopausal woman with a uterus, a progestin should be considered to reduce the risk of endometrial cancer [see Boxed Warning ]. A woman without a uterus does not need progestin. In some cases, however, hysterectomized women with a history of endometriosis may need a progestin [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2, 5.16) ] . Use of estrogen-alone, or in combination with a progestin, should be with the lowest effective dose and for the shortest duration consistent with treatment goals and risks for the individual woman. Postmenopausal women should be re-evaluated periodically as clinically appropriate to determine if treatment is still necessary. Conjugated Estrogens Tablets may be taken without regard to meals. • Daily administration of 0.3, 0.45, 0.625, 0.9, and 1.25 mg ( 2.1 , 2.2 , 2.3 , 2.5 , 2.6 ) • Cyclic administration of 0.3, 0.625, and 1.25 mg ( 2.1 , 2.2 , 2.3 ) 2.1 Treatment of Moderate to Severe Vasomotor Symptoms due to Menopause Patients should be treated with the lowest effective dose. Generally, women should be started at 0.3 mg Conjugated Estrogens Tablets daily. Subsequent dosage adjustment may be made based upon the individual patient response. This dose should be periodically reassessed by the healthcare provider. Conjugated Estrogens Tablets therapy may be given continuously, with no interruption in therapy, or in cyclical regimens (regimens such as 25 days on drug followed by 5 days off drug), as is medically appropriate on an individual basis. 2.2 Treatment of Moderate to Severe Symptoms of Vulvar and Vaginal Atrophy due to Menopause Patients should be treated with the lowest effective dose. Generally, women should be started at 0.3 mg Conjugated Estrogens Tablets daily. Subsequent dosage adjustment may be made based upon the individual patient response. This dose should be periodically reassessed by the healthcare provider. Conjugated Estrogens Tablets therapy may be given continuously, with no interruption in therapy, or in cyclical regimens (regimens such as 25 days on drug followed by 5 days off drug), as is medically appropriate on an individual basis.
Excerpted — the section continues on the label. Read the full Dosage and Administration section on DailyMed →
Conjugated / Estrogens Side Effects
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The most common side effects reported include:
Common side effects
- Headache
- Abdominal pain
- Breast pain
- Nausea
- Back pain
- Vaginal bleeding
- Vaginal discharge (leucorrhea) or vaginitis
- Gas (flatulence), depression and trouble sleeping
When to get medical help
- Call your doctor right away about any unusual vaginal bleeding. After menopause it can be a warning sign of cancer of the uterus.
- Get emergency help for signs of a stroke or a blood clot, such as sudden weakness, trouble speaking, leg swelling or pain, or sudden shortness of breath.
- Get help for chest pain or other signs of a heart attack.
- Seek help for sudden partial or complete loss of vision, bulging of the eyes, double vision or migraine. Stop the medicine until you are examined.
- Seek emergency care for signs of a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) or angioedema (swelling), which have occurred within minutes to hours of a dose.
- Tell your doctor about yellowing of the skin or eyes (cholestatic jaundice).
- Report breast lumps and keep up with breast exams and mammograms.
Conjugated / Estrogens Warnings and Precautions
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- Boxed warning: Estrogens raise the risk of uterine cancer, stroke, blood clots and probable dementia. Estrogen plus progestin also raises the risk of heart attack and breast cancer.
- They should not be used to prevent heart disease or dementia.
- Gallbladder disease needing surgery is 2 to 4 times more likely.
- Severe high calcium can occur in people with breast cancer that has spread to bone.
- Stop and seek care for sudden vision changes or signs of retinal clots.
- Anaphylaxis and angioedema have been reported.
- Yearly breast exams and regular mammograms are important.
Conjugated / Estrogens Interactions
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Some medicines and foods change estrogen levels because estrogens are partly broken down by the CYP3A4 enzyme.
- St. John’s Wort, phenobarbital, carbamazepine and rifampin may lower estrogen levels and weaken its effect.
- Erythromycin, clarithromycin, ketoconazole, itraconazole, ritonavir and grapefruit juice may raise levels and cause more side effects.
- Thyroid replacement doses may need monitoring.
Interactions listed in the FDA-approved label
From the Conjugated / Estrogens prescribing information (“Drug Interactions”): what the manufacturer studied or reported to the FDA.
- Medroxyprogesterone acetate: A single-dose study indicates the pharmacokinetic disposition of both drugs is not altered when coadministered.
- CYP3A4 inducers (St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) preparations, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, rifampin): May reduce plasma concentrations of estrogens, possibly resulting in a decrease in therapeutic effects and/or changes in the uterine bleeding profile.
- CYP3A4 inhibitors (erythromycin, clarithromycin, ketoconazole, itraconazole, ritonavir, grapefruit juice): May increase plasma concentrations of estrogens and may result in side effects.
Read the label’s full interactions text
7 DRUG INTERACTIONS Data from a single-dose drug-drug interaction study involving conjugated estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate indicate that the pharmacokinetic disposition of both drugs is not altered when the drugs are coadministered. No other clinical drug-drug interaction studies have been conducted with conjugated estrogens. • Inducers and/or inhibitors of CYP3A4 may affect estrogen drug metabolism ( 7.1 ) 7.1 Metabolic Interactions In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that estrogens are metabolized partially by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Therefore, inducers or inhibitors of CYP3A4 may affect estrogen drug metabolism. Inducers of CYP3A4, such as St. John's Wort ( Hypericum perforatum ) preparations, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and rifampin, may reduce plasma concentrations of estrogens, possibly resulting in a decrease in therapeutic effects and/or changes in the uterine bleeding profile. Inhibitors of CYP3A4, such as erythromycin, clarithromycin, ketoconazole, itraconazole, ritonavir and grapefruit juice, may increase plasma concentrations of estrogens and may result in side effects.
Not a complete list. The label covers the interactions the manufacturer studied or reported, and our own interaction database does not cover every medicine either. Bring your full medication list, including vitamins and herbal products, to your pharmacist.
Before Taking Conjugated / Estrogens
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- Do not use with undiagnosed abnormal vaginal bleeding.
- Do not use with breast cancer or a history of it (except when treating metastatic disease), or estrogen-dependent tumors.
- Do not use with current or past blood clots, stroke or heart attack.
- Do not use with liver disease or clotting disorders.
- Not for use in pregnancy.
- It can reduce breast milk.
- Children: safety is not otherwise established, and it can speed the end of bone growth.
- Older adults: women 65 and older had higher risks of dementia and stroke.
- The effect of kidney or liver impairment has not been studied.
Conjugated / Estrogens Overdose
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Too much estrogen may cause nausea, vomiting, breast tenderness, abdominal pain, drowsiness and fatigue. Women may have withdrawal bleeding. Treatment is to stop the medicine and give symptom-based care.
How Your Body Processes Conjugated / Estrogens
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Conjugated estrogens are absorbed from the gut, and the tablet releases them slowly over several hours. Food does not meaningfully change absorption. Estrogens travel in the blood bound to proteins and are processed mainly in the liver. They are cleared in the urine. Kidney and liver impairment have not been studied.
How to Store Conjugated / Estrogens
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Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F) . Dispense in a well-closed container, as defined in the USP.
Written from the FDA-approved label with AI and reviewed by our pharmacy team. How we use AI →
Conjugated / Estrogens: Pharmacist Answers to Common Questions
Quick, plain-English answers to the questions patients ask most about Conjugated / Estrogens — the kind of thing our pharmacy team would talk through with you at the counter.
What is this medicine for?
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How should I take it?
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Do I need a progestin too?
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What side effects are normal, and when should I call?
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Can I take it with other medicines or grapefruit juice?
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Is it safe in pregnancy or while breastfeeding?
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Is Conjugated / Estrogens available over the counter?
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When was Conjugated / Estrogens first available?
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Who makes Conjugated / Estrogens?
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Answers drafted from the FDA-approved label with AI and reviewed by our pharmacy team. How we use AI →
More About Conjugated / Estrogens on HelloPharmacist
Conjugated / Estrogens Forms and Strengths (How It Comes)
Conjugated / Estrogens is available in 1 form. Different forms and brands can have different approved uses, doses, schedules, and directions. Follow the instructions for your exact product, and do not switch forms without guidance from your prescriber or pharmacist.
Need a version that does not list lactose, a gluten source, a dye or gelatin? Inactive ingredients differ by manufacturer: see Conjugated / Estrogens inactive ingredients by manufacturer.
Tablet
How this form is used
- Premarin is used for menopause hot flashes, menopausal vulvar and vaginal atrophy, and low estrogen from hypogonadism, castration or primary ovarian failure.
- Premarin is also used for palliation of metastatic breast cancer and advanced androgen-dependent prostate cancer, and to prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis.
- Conjugated Estrogens tablets are labeled for the same set of uses.
- Premarin may be taken without regard to meals.
- Premarin may be given continuously or in cycles, as medically appropriate for the individual.
- Conjugated Estrogens tablets may be taken without regard to meals.
- Conjugated Estrogens tablets may also be given continuously or in cycles, per the prescriber.
Conjugated / Estrogens on the U.S. Market: Products, Makers and Brands
How Conjugated / Estrogens appears in the FDA’s National Drug Code Directory — including its dosage forms, strengths, brand names, manufacturers, and FDA-listed product records. These are directory records, not sales or prescription volume.
4 companies list 17 Conjugated / Estrogens product records with the FDA, mostly as tablet; the earliest marketing or approval year on record is 1995. Brand names on the directory include Premarin; the rest are generics.
Also listed with the FDA, not a patient dose form: Powder (5) — bulk drug substance and unfinished product sold to compounders and other manufacturers to finish, and multi-item kits. These aren’t counted in the dose-form total above.
Share of FDA-listed product records by manufacturer — FDA National Drug Code Directory. Record counts are not sales or prescription volume.
How Widely Conjugated / Estrogens Is Used (Medicaid Data)
A general measure of how commonly Conjugated / Estrogens is prescribed, based on Medicaid — one of the largest public drug programs. The figure below is prescriptions filled in Q1 2025 – Q1 2026, summed across every form and brand of the drug.
Think of this as a proxy for how widely Conjugated / Estrogens is used, drawn from freely available public data. Medicaid is just one program — these numbers don’t include Medicare, other government coverage, or commercial and cash-pay prescriptions, so real-world use is higher than what’s shown here.
How commonly is Conjugated / Estrogens prescribed? Of the 1,603 medications we measure, Conjugated / Estrogens ranks #606 by Medicaid prescriptions — more than 62% of them.
Source: Medicaid State Drug Utilization Data (CMS), aggregated by generic ingredient — summed across every NDC (all brands, strengths, salt forms and dosage forms) of Conjugated / Estrogens, and across all states and both fee-for-service and managed-care claims. A general popularity signal; it excludes Medicare, commercial insurance and cash prescriptions, so it is not total U.S. use. Based on the 12 of 33 listed Conjugated / Estrogens NDCs with Medicaid activity.
Compare Conjugated / Estrogens Products
A representative set of FDA-listed product records for Conjugated / Estrogens — across manufacturers, strengths, and dosage forms, grouped by form with each product’s manufacturer and how the FDA approved it. The same medicine may be made and packaged by different companies, so a single drug can have many directory entries. (It’s also why a refill can look different — a new shape, color, or box — even though it contains the same medication.)
| Strength | Route | Manufacturer / Labeler | Category ⓘ | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 💊Tablet | ||||
| 0.3 mg | Oral | A-S Medication Solutions | NDA | View NDC → |
| 0.625 mg | Oral | A-S Medication Solutions | NDA | View NDC → |
| 0.3 mg | Oral | Ingenus Pharmaceuticals, LLC | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 0.45 mg | Oral | Ingenus Pharmaceuticals, LLC | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 0.625 mg | Oral | Ingenus Pharmaceuticals, LLC | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 0.9 mg | Oral | Ingenus Pharmaceuticals, LLC | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 1.25 mg | Oral | Ingenus Pharmaceuticals, LLC | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 0.3 mg | Oral | Prasco Laboratories | NDA AUTHORIZED GENERIC | View NDC → |
| 0.45 mg | Oral | Prasco Laboratories | NDA AUTHORIZED GENERIC | View NDC → |
| 0.625 mg | Oral | Prasco Laboratories | NDA AUTHORIZED GENERIC | View NDC → |
| 0.9 mg | Oral | Prasco Laboratories | NDA AUTHORIZED GENERIC | View NDC → |
| 1.25 mg | Oral | Prasco Laboratories | NDA AUTHORIZED GENERIC | View NDC → |
| 0.3 mg | Oral | Wyeth Pharmaceuticals LLC, a subsidiary of Pfizer Inc. | NDA | View NDC → |
| 0.45 mg | Oral | Wyeth Pharmaceuticals LLC, a subsidiary of Pfizer Inc. | NDA | View NDC → |
| 0.625 mg | Oral | Wyeth Pharmaceuticals LLC, a subsidiary of Pfizer Inc. | NDA | View NDC → |
| 0.9 mg | Oral | Wyeth Pharmaceuticals LLC, a subsidiary of Pfizer Inc. | NDA | View NDC → |
| 1.25 mg | Oral | Wyeth Pharmaceuticals LLC, a subsidiary of Pfizer Inc. | NDA | View NDC → |
Showing 17 of 17 products — FDA National Drug Code Directory. See every product, package size and price: browse all 17 Conjugated / Estrogens NDCs →
Conjugated / Estrogens Side Effects Reported to the FDA (FAERS)
After a medicine reaches the market, patients, doctors and drugmakers can send the FDA reports of problems they think may be linked to it. Here’s what’s been reported for Conjugated / Estrogens — a signal of what to watch for, not proof the drug caused it.
Source: openFDA, from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). These are voluntary reports — they don’t prove the drug caused the effect, and counts reflect how often something was reported, not how often it actually happens. Reports also often name the very problem the medicine is taken for — a common reason to file one is that the drug didn’t help — so for a pain reliever you may see “pain” high on the list; that points to why the report was filed, not to the drug causing the symptom. This counts every report that lists Conjugated / Estrogens in any role, so the total runs higher than the FDA’s official dashboard, which counts only cases where the drug is the suspect. For the authoritative figures, see the FDA FAERS Public Dashboard. Always talk to your pharmacist or doctor.
Conjugated / Estrogens FDA Approval History
How Conjugated / Estrogens went from FDA review to the pharmacy shelf — the key milestones in its regulatory journey.
Source: Drugs@FDA.
Conjugated / Estrogens Recall History
A recall is when a specific batch of a medicine is pulled from the market — usually a manufacturing issue, not a problem with the drug itself. Class I is most serious, Class III least.
The FDA’s enforcement reports list no Conjugated / Estrogens recalls since July 2021.
✅No Conjugated / Estrogens recalls on record since July 2021Source: FDA enforcement (recall) reports, via openFDA; our copy was last updated Oct 8, 2026.
Conjugated / Estrogens Supply and Shortage Status
Whether Conjugated / Estrogens is in short supply in the U.S. right now, plus any shortage history the FDA has on record. A shortage usually reflects a manufacturing or demand issue — not a safety problem with the drug.
Source: openFDA, from the FDA Drug Shortages database.
💵 What Conjugated / Estrogens Costs Pharmacies (NADAC Benchmark)
The national average invoice price pharmacies pay for the drug itself, from CMS's NADAC survey (data as of Oct 7, 2026). This is a supply-cost benchmark — not a retail price and not what you'd pay at the counter.
| Form | Strength | Pharmacy acquisition benchmark | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tablet, Film Coated · Oral | 0.625 mg | $6.94 per tablet | NDC details & price history |
| Tablet, Film Coated · Oral | 0.3 mg | $6.95 per tablet | NDC details & price history |
| Tablet, Film Coated · Oral | 1.25 mg | $6.95 per tablet | NDC details & price history |
| Tablet, Film Coated · Oral | 0.9 mg | $6.93 per tablet | NDC details & price history |
| Tablet, Film Coated · Oral | 0.45 mg | $6.96 per tablet | NDC details & price history |
Source: CMS National Average Drug Acquisition Cost (NADAC), a survey of retail pharmacy invoice prices. Benchmarks shown are the range across package sizes of a representative product for each form and strength — other manufacturers' products may differ.
Conjugated / Estrogens Brand Names
Conjugated / Estrogens is sold under one brand name in the FDA directory — Premarin. A brand and its generic contain the same active ingredient; the brand name belongs to one company's product.
Who Makes Conjugated / Estrogens: Manufacturers and Labelers
4 companies list Conjugated / Estrogens products with the FDA. By number of product records, the largest are Ingenus Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Prasco Laboratories, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals LLC, a subsidiary of Pfizer Inc.. Labelers include manufacturers and repackagers; the product in your bottle depends on which one your pharmacy stocks.
Conjugated / Estrogens Drug Class (RxNorm)
Conjugated / Estrogens belongs to the Estrogen class.
Classified by RxNorm RxClass — the U.S. National Library of Medicine's standardized drug-classification service (Established Pharmacologic Class from the FDA, the ATC drug family from the WHO, and mechanism of action). Reference only, not medical advice.
Sources for This Conjugated / Estrogens Page
Core label, product, RxNorm, safety, and utilization data on this page come from the sources identified below. AI-written, editorial, and licensed sections are labeled separately.
How this page is built
HelloPharmacist combines public FDA and NLM records and does not author the underlying clinical facts. The plain-language sections are written with AI from the FDA-approved label text and reviewed by our pharmacy team before publication. Prasco Laboratories is the representative DailyMed label linked for verification and dates. This is general education, not medical advice: always talk to your doctor or pharmacist about your own medicines. How we build and review drug pages →