Flumazenil .1 mg/mL Injection — NDC 0404-9860-05 (Billing 00404-9860-05)
This is a package of Flumazenil .1 mg/mL Injection from Henry Schein, Inc, no longer marketed (first marketed Jan 2022), no longer in the FDA NDC Directory, this package's marketing ended Jul 2026. It is this product's only package size.
Identity & classification
Regulatory identifiers FDA, NLM and CMS codes for this package
- RxCUI (RxNorm): 204508
Where does this data come from?
- FDA openFDA NDC Directory · synced Oct 1, 2026
- FDA label on DailyMed · label index refreshed Oct 1, 2026
- RxNorm (NLM RxNav) · catalog refreshed Oct 1, 2026
- Medi-Span GPI (licensed)
- First Databank (licensed) · refreshed Oct 1, 2026
RxNorm drug class
This medicine belongs to the Benzodiazepine Antagonist class.
Where does this data come from?
- RxClass (NLM) · catalog refreshed Oct 1, 2026
Clinical
Patient education
Supplement & herbal interactions
Some supplements/herbs that may interact with Flumazenil — tap one for details:
Where does this data come from?
- MedlinePlus (NLM) · refreshed Oct 1, 2026
- FDA label on DailyMed · label index refreshed Oct 1, 2026
Ask a licensed pharmacist directly — free, answered by our team.
Pricing
A drug doesn't have one price. Each row is a different public payment system, and none is what you'd pay at the counter — that depends on your insurance. The ⓘ on each row explains what it measures.
| Price system | Per each | Per package |
|---|---|---|
| Retail pharmacies payNADAC · weekly | Not in the retail survey — common for institutional, discontinued, or low-volume packs. | |
| Medicaid paysCMS SDUD · 12 mo | No recent Medicaid claims on file for this NDC — rare and low-volume NDCs are suppressed in the public data. | |
| Medicare drug plans payPart D · quarterly | No Part D plan price is available for this NDC in our data. | |
Where does this data come from?
- CMS NADAC weekly file
- CMS ASP pricing files · refreshed Sep 20, 2026
- CMS Medicaid State Drug Utilization Data · refreshed Oct 2, 2026
- CMS Part D plan pricing files · refreshed Sep 24, 2026
- VA National Acquisition Center price file
Packaging — all sizes for this product
| Package NDC | Description | Marketing start | Marketing end | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 00404-9860-05 You're viewing this Main listing | 1 VIAL, MULTI-DOSE in 1 BAG / 5 mL in 1 VIAL, MULTI-DOSE | 2022-01-10 | Jul 31, 2026 | Discontinued by firm |
Therapeutic equivalents
| Product | Labeler | Pack | NADAC/unit | TE | Status | Price vs. this |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flumazenil .1 mg/mL 00143-9684-10 | Hikma | 10 vials | $1.179 | AP | Availability likely | — |
| Flumazenil .1 mg/mL 00143-9784-10 | Hikma | 10 vials | $1.179 | AP | Availability likely | — |
| Flumazenil .1 mg/mL 36000-0148-10 | Baxter | 10 vials | $1.179 | AP | Availability likely | — |
| Flumazenil .1 mg/mL 63323-0424-05 | Fresenius | 10 vials | $1.179 | AP | Availability likely | — |
| Flumazenil .1 mg/mL 00143-9683-10 | Hikma | 10 vials | — | AP | FDA listed | — |
| Flumazenil .1 mg/mL 00143-9783-10 | Hikma | 10 vials | — | AP | FDA listed | — |
| Flumazenil .1 mg/mL 00404-9793-05 | Henry | 1 vial | — | AP | FDA listed | — |
| Flumazenil .1 mg/mL 00404-9794-10 | Henry | 1 vial | — | AP | FDA listed | — |
| Flumazenil .1 mg/mLthis 00404-9860-05 | Henry | 1 vial | — | AP | Discontinued | — |
| Flumazenil .1 mg/mL 36000-0149-10 | Baxter | 10 vials | — | AP | FDA listed | — |
| Flumazenil .1 mg/mL 50090-1337-00 | A-S | 1 vial | — | AP | FDA listed | — |
| Flumazenil .1 mg/mL 51662-1253-01 | HF | 10 ml | — | AP | FDA listed | — |
| Flumazenil .1 mg/mL 51662-1254-01 | HF | 5 ml | — | AP | FDA listed | — |
| Flumazenil .1 mg/mL 51662-1579-01 | HF | 5 ml | — | AP | FDA listed | — |
| Flumazenil .1 mg/mL 71872-7008-01 | Medical | 1 vial | — | AP | FDA listed | — |
| Flumazenil .1 mg/mL 71872-7038-01 | Medical | 1 vial | — | AP | FDA listed | — |
| Flumazenil .1 mg/mL 71872-7206-01 | Medical | 1 vial | — | AP | FDA listed | — |
| Flumazenil .1 mg/mL 71872-7321-01 | Medical | 1 vial | — | AP | FDA listed | — |
| Flumazenil .1 mg/mL 71872-7375-01 | Medical | 1 vial | — | AP | FDA listed | — |
| Flumazenil .1 mg/mL 84549-0783-10 | ProPharma | 10 ml | — | AP | FDA listed | — |
| Flumazenil .1 mg/mL 84549-0784-10 | ProPharma | 5 ml | — | AP | FDA listed | — |
| Flumazenil .1 mg/mL 51662-1699-03 | HF | 10 pouches | — | AP | FDA listed | — |
Where does this data come from?
- FDA openFDA NDC Directory · synced Oct 1, 2026
- FDA Orange Book · refreshed Sep 3, 2026
- CMS NADAC weekly file
Availability & generic status
This product is an FDA-approved generic. Other versions of the same drug are listed under Therapeutic equivalents, least expensive first.
Where does this data come from?
- FDA Orange Book · refreshed Sep 3, 2026
Inactive Ingredients / Excipients
Inactive ingredients, also called excipients, are components of the drug product other than the active ingredient. They may include fillers, dyes, coatings, preservatives, flavors, or other formulation ingredients.
Where does this data come from?
IACT rows and label-wide narrative are kept separate; availability and product-level specificity depend on the submitted label.- FDA label on DailyMed · label index refreshed Oct 1, 2026
- FDA openFDA NDC Directory · synced Oct 1, 2026
Inactive ingredient FAQ
Are inactive ingredients the same for every manufacturer?
Why might an inactive ingredient be missing?
Can inactive ingredients matter?
Manufacturer & labeler
Where does this data come from?
- FDA openFDA NDC Directory · synced Oct 1, 2026
- Drugs@FDA
Full prescribing information FDA SPL
🎯 Indications and Usage ▾
INDICATIONS AND USAGE Adult Patients: Flumazenil injection is indicated for the complete or partial reversal of the sedative effects of benzodiazepines in cases where general anesthesia has been induced and/or maintained with benzodiazepines, where sedation has been produced with benzodiazepines for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and for the management of benzodiazepine overdose. Pediatric Patients (aged 1 to 17): Flumazenil injection is indicated for the reversal of conscious sedation induced with benzodiazepines (see PRECAUTIONS: PEDIATRIC USE).
CLOSE CONTRAINDICATIONS Flumazenil injection is contraindicated: •in patients with a known hypersensitivity to flumazenil or benzodiazepines. •in patients who have been given a benzodiazepine for control of a potentially life-threatening condition (e.g., control of intracranial pressure or status epilepticus). •in patients who are showing signs of serious cyclic antidepressant overdose (see WARNINGS).
⏱️ Dosage and Administration ▾
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Flumazenil injection, USP is recommended for intravenous use only. It is compatible with 5% dextrose in water, lactated Ringer’s and normal saline solutions. If flumazenil injection is drawn into a syringe or mixed with any of these solutions, it should be discarded after 24 hours.
For optimum sterility, flumazenil injection should remain in the vial until just before use. As with all parenteral drug products, flumazenil injection should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. To minimize the likelihood of pain at the injection site, flumazenil injection should be administered through a freely running intravenous infusion into a large vein.
Reversal of Conscious Sedation: Adult Patients For the reversal of the sedative effects of benzodiazepines administered for conscious sedation, the recommended initial dose of flumazenil is 0.2 mg (2 mL) administered intravenously over 15 seconds. If the desired level of consciousness is not obtained after waiting an additional 45 seconds, a second dose of 0.2 mg (2 mL) can be injected and repeated at 60-second intervals where necessary (up to a maximum of 4 additional times) to a maximum total dose of 1 mg (10 mL).
The dosage should be individualized based on the patient’s response, with most patients responding to doses of 0.6 mg to 1 mg (see INDIVIDUALIZATION OF DOSAGE). In the event of resedation, repeated doses may be administered at 20-minute intervals as needed. For repeat treatment, no more than 1 mg (given as 0.2 mg/min) should be administered at any one time, and no more than 3 mg should be given in any one hour.
It is recommended that flumazenil be administered as the series of small injections described (not as a single bolus injection) to allow the practitioner to control the reversal of sedation to the approximate endpoint desired and to minimize the possibility of adverse effects (see INDIVIDUALIZATION OF DOSAGE). Pediatric Patients For the reversal of the sedative effects of benzodiazepines administered for conscious sedation in pediatric patients greater than 1 year of age, the recommended initial dose is 0.01 mg/kg (up to 0.2 mg) administered intravenously over 15 seconds.
If the desired level of consciousness is not obtained after waiting an additional 45 seconds, further injections of 0.01 mg/kg (up to 0.2 mg) can be administered and repeated at 60-second intervals where necessary (up to a maximum of 4 additional times) to a maximum total dose of 0.05 mg/kg or 1 mg, whichever is lower. The dose should be individualized based on the patient’s response. The mean total dose administered in the pediatric clinical trial of flumazenil was 0.65 mg (range: 0.08 mg to 1.00 mg).
Approximately one-half of patients required the maximum of five injections. Resedation occurred in 7 of 60 pediatric patients who were fully alert 10 minutes after the start of flumazenil administration (see PRECAUTIONS: PEDIATRIC USE). The safety and efficacy of repeated flumazenil administration in pediatric patients experiencing resedation have not been established.
It is recommended that flumazenil be administered as the series of small injections described (not as a single bolus injection) to allow the practitioner to control the reversal of sedation to the approximate endpoint desired and to minimize the possibility of adverse effects (see INDIVIDUALIZATION OF DOSAGE). The safety and efficacy of flumazenil in the reversal of conscious sedation in pediatric patients below the age of 1 year have not been established. Reversal of General Anesthesia in Adult Patients: For the reversal of the sedative effects of benzodiazepines administered for general anesthesia, the recommended initial dose of flumazenil is 0.2 mg (2 mL) administered intravenously over 15 seconds.
If the desired level of consciousness is not obtained after waiting an additional 45 seconds, a further dose of 0.2 mg (2 mL) can… [Excerpted — this section continues on DailyMed.]
⛔ Contraindications ▾
CONTRAINDICATIONS Flumazenil injection is contraindicated: •in patients with a known hypersensitivity to flumazenil or benzodiazepines. •in patients who have been given a benzodiazepine for control of a potentially life-threatening condition (e.g., control of intracranial pressure or status epilepticus). •in patients who are showing signs of serious cyclic antidepressant overdose (see WARNINGS).
⚠️ Warnings ▾
WARNINGS Risk of Seizures: The reversal of benzodiazepine effects may be associated with the onset of seizures in certain high-risk populations. Possible risk factors for seizures include: concurrent major sedative-hypnotic drug withdrawal, recent therapy with repeated doses of parenteral benzodiazepines, myoclonic jerking or seizure activity prior to flumazenil administration in overdose cases, or concurrent cyclic antidepressant poisoning. Flumazenil is not recommended in cases of serious cyclic antidepressant poisoning, as manifested by motor abnormalities (twitching, rigidity, focal seizure), dysrhythmia (wide QRS, ventricular dysrhythmia, heart block), anticholinergic signs (mydriasis, dry mucosa, hypoperistalsis), and cardiovascular collapse at presentation.
In such cases flumazenil should be withheld and the patient should be allowed to remain sedated (with ventilatory and circulatory support as needed) until the signs of antidepressant toxicity have subsided. Treatment with flumazenil has no known benefit to the seriously ill mixed-overdose patient other than reversing sedation and should not be used in cases where seizures (from any cause) are likely. Most convulsions associated with flumazenil administration require treatment and have been successfully managed with benzodiazepines, phenytoin or barbiturates.
Because of the presence of flumazenil, higher than usual doses of benzodiazepines may be required. Hypoventilation: Patients who have received flumazenil for the reversal of benzodiazepine effects (after conscious sedation or general anesthesia) should be monitored for resedation, respiratory depression, or other residual benzodiazepine effects for an appropriate period (up to 120 minutes) based on the dose and duration of effect of the benzodiazepine employed. This is because flumazenil has not been established in patients as an effective treatment for hypoventilation due to benzodiazepine administration.
In healthy male volunteers, flumazenil is capable of reversing benzodiazepine-induced depression of the ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia after a benzodiazepine alone. However, such depression may recur because the ventilatory effects of typical doses of flumazenil (1 mg or less) may wear off before the effects of many benzodiazepines. The effects of flumazenil on ventilatory response following sedation with a benzodiazepine in combination with an opioid are inconsistent and have not been adequately studied.
The availability of flumazenil does not diminish the need for prompt detection of hypoventilation and the ability to effectively intervene by establishing an airway and assisting ventilation. Overdose cases should always be monitored for resedation until the patients are stable and resedation is unlikely. Image3.jpg
🤒 Adverse Reactions ▾
ADVERSE REACTIONS Serious Adverse Reactions: Deaths have occurred in patients who received flumazenil in a variety of clinical settings. The majority of deaths occurred in patients with serious underlying disease or in patients who had ingested large amounts of non-benzodiazepine drugs (usually cyclic antidepressants), as part of an overdose. Serious adverse events have occurred in all clinical settings, and convulsions are the most common serious adverse events reported.
Flumazenil administration has been associated with the onset of convulsions in patients with severe hepatic impairment and in patients who are relying on benzodiazepine effects to control seizures, are physically dependent on benzodiazepines, or who have ingested large doses of other drugs (mixed-drug overdose) (see WARNINGS). Two of the 446 patients who received flumazenil in controlled clinical trials for the management of a benzodiazepine overdose had cardiac dysrhythmias (1 ventricular tachycardia, 1 junctional tachycardia).
Adverse Events in Clinical Studies: The following adverse reactions were considered to be related to flumazenil administration (both alone and for the reversal of benzodiazepine effects) and were reported in studies involving 1875 individuals who received flumazenil in controlled trials. Adverse events most frequently associated with flumazenil alone were limited to dizziness, injection site pain, increased sweating, headache, and abnormal or blurred vision (3% to 9%). Body as a Whole: fatigue (asthenia, malaise), headache, injection site pain*, injection site reaction (thrombophlebitis, skin abnormality, rash) Cardiovascular System: cutaneous vasodilation (sweating, flushing, hot flushes) Digestive System: nausea, vomiting (11%) Nervous System: agitation (anxiety, nervousness, dry mouth, tremor, palpitations, insomnia, dyspnea, hyperventilation)*, dizziness (vertigo, ataxia) (10%), emotional lability (crying abnormal, depersonalization, euphoria, increased tears, depression, dysphoria, paranoia) Special Senses: abnormal vision (visual field defect, diplopia), paresthesia (sensation abnormal, hypoesthesia) All adverse reactions occurred in 1% to 3% of cases unless otherwise marked. *indicates reaction in 3% to 9% of cases.
Observed percentage reported if greater than 9%. The following adverse events were observed infrequently (less than 1%) in the clinical studies, but were judged as probably related to flumazenil administration and/or reversal of benzodiazepine effects: Nervous System: Confusion (difficulty concentrating, delirium), convulsions (see WARNINGS), somnolence (stupor) Special Senses: Abnormal hearing (transient hearing impairment, hyperacusis, tinnitus) The following adverse events occurred with frequencies less than 1% in the clinical trials.
Their relationship to flumazenil administration is unknown, but they are included as alerting information for the physician. Body as a Whole: Rigors, shivering Cardiovascular System: Arrhythmia (atrial, nodal, ventricular extrasystoles), bradycardia, tachycardia, hypertension, chest pain. Digestive System: Hiccup Nervous System: Speech disorder (dysphonia, thick tongue) Not included in this list is operative site pain that occurred with the same frequency in patients receiving placebo as in patients receiving flumazenil for reversal of sedation following a surgical procedure.
Additional Adverse Reactions Reported During Postmarketing Experience: The following events have been reported during post-approval use of flumazenil. Nervous System: Fear, panic attacks in patients with a history of panic disorders. Withdrawal symptoms may occur following rapid injection of flumazenil in patients with long-term exposure to benzodiazepines.
🆘 Overdosage ▾
OVERDOSAGE There is limited experience of acute overdose with flumazenil. There is no specific antidote for overdose with flumazenil. Treatment of an overdose with flumazenil should consist of general supportive measures including monitoring of vital signs and observation of the clinical status of the patient.
Intravenous bolus administration of doses ranging from 2.5 to 100 mg (exceeding those recommended) of flumazenil, when administered to healthy normal volunteers in the absence of a benzodiazepine agonist, produced no serious adverse reactions, severe signs or symptoms, or clinically significant laboratory test abnormalities. In clinical studies, most adverse reactions to flumazenil were an extension of the pharmacologic effects of the drug in reversing benzodiazepine effects. Reversal with an excessively high dose of flumazenil may produce anxiety, agitation, increased muscle tone, hyperesthesia and possibly convulsions.
Convulsions have been treated with barbiturates, benzodiazepines and phenytoin, generally with prompt resolution of the seizures (see WARNINGS).
🧬 Clinical Pharmacology ▾
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Flumazenil, an imidazobenzodiazepine derivative, antagonizes the actions of benzodiazepines on the central nervous system. Flumazenil competitively inhibits the activity at the benzodiazepine recognition site on the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex. Flumazenil is a weak partial agonist in some animal models of activity, but has little or no agonist activity in man.
Flumazenil does not antagonize the central nervous system effects of drugs affecting GABA-ergic neurons by means other than the benzodiazepine receptor (including ethanol, barbiturates, or general anesthetics) and does not reverse the effects of opioids. In animals pretreated with high doses of benzodiazepines over several weeks, flumazenil elicited symptoms of benzodiazepine withdrawal, including seizures. A similar effect was seen in adult human subjects.
Pharmacodynamics: Intravenous flumazenil has been shown to antagonize sedation, impairment of recall, psychomotor impairment and ventilatory depression produced by benzodiazepines in healthy human volunteers. The duration and degree of reversal of sedative benzodiazepine effects are related to the dose and plasma concentrations of flumazenil as shown in the following data from a study in normal volunteers. Generally, doses of approximately 0.1 mg to 0.2 mg (corresponding to peak plasma levels of 3 to 6 ng/mL) produce partial antagonism, whereas higher doses of 0.4 to 1 mg (peak plasma levels of 12 to 28 ng/mL) usually produce complete antagonism in patients who have received the usual sedating doses of benzodiazepines.
The onset of reversal is usually evident within 1 to 2 minutes after the injection is completed. Eighty percent response will be reached within 3 minutes, with the peak effect occurring at 6 to 10 minutes. The duration and degree of reversal are related to the plasma concentration of the sedating benzodiazepine as well as the dose of flumazenil given.
In healthy volunteers, flumazenil did not alter intraocular pressure when given alone and reversed the decrease in intraocular pressure seen after administration of midazolam. Pharmacokinetics: After IV administration, plasma concentrations of flumazenil follow a two-exponential decay model. The pharmacokinetics of flumazenil are dose-proportional up to 100 mg.
Distribution Flumazenil is extensively distributed in the extravascular space with an initial distribution half-life of 4 to 11 minutes and a terminal half-life of 40 to 80 minutes. Peak concentrations of flumazenil are proportional to dose, with an apparent initial volume of distribution of
0.5L/kg. The volume of distribution at steady-state is 0.9 to
1.1L/kg. Flumazenil is a weak lipophilic base. Protein binding is approximately 50% and the drug shows no preferential partitioning into red blood cells.
Albumin accounts for two thirds of plasma protein binding. Metabolism Flumazenil is completely (99%) metabolized. Very little unchanged flumazenil (<1%) is found in the urine.
The major metabolites of flumazenil identified in urine are the de-ethylated free acid and its glucuronide conjugate. In preclinical studies there was no evidence of pharmacologic activity exhibited by the de-ethylated free acid. Elimination Elimination of radiolabeled drug is essentially complete within 72 hours, with 90% to 95% of the radioactivity appearing in urine and 5% to 10% in the feces.
Clearance of flumazenil occurs primarily by hepatic metabolism and is dependent on hepatic blood flow. In pharmacokinetic studies of normal volunteers, total clearance ranged from 0.8 to
1.0L/hr/kg. Pharmacokinetic parameters following a 5 minute infusion of a total of 1 mg of flumazenil mean (coefficient of variation, range): Food Effects Ingestion of food during an intravenous infusion of the drug results in a 50% increase in clearance, most likely due to the increased hepatic blood flow that accompanies a meal. Special Populations The Elderly: The pharmacokinetics of flumazenil are not significantly… [Excerpted — this section continues on DailyMed.]
📦 How Supplied / Storage and Handling ▾
HOW SUPPLIED Flumazenil Injection, USP, for Intravenous use is supplied in: For Intravenous Multiple-Dose Use: AIN00213 NDC 36000-148-10, 0.1 mg/mL, 5 mL vial; Pack of 10 Vials For Intravenous Multiple-Dose Use: AIN00212 NDC 36000-149-10, 0.1 mg/mL, 10 mL vial; Pack of 10 Vials Sterile, Nonpyrogenic. The container closure is not made with natural rubber latex. Storage Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature.] PROTECT FROM LIGHT.
DO NOT FREEZE. Manufactured for: Baxter Healthcare Corporation Deerfield, IL 60015 USA Manufactured by: Baxter Pharmaceuticals India Private Ltd Ahmedabad 382213, India 1400006464 2018/08/09 Product repackaged by: Henry Schein, Inc., Bastian, VA 24314 From Original Manufacturer/Distributor's NDC and Unit of Sale To Henry Schein Repackaged Product NDC and Unit of Sale Total Strength/Total Volume (Concentration) per unit NDC 36000-149-10 Pack of 10 10 mL Multiple-Dose Vials NDC 0404-9859-10 1 10 mL Multiple-Dose Vial in a bag (Vial bears NDC 36000-149-10) 0.1 mg/mL NDC 36000-148-10 Pack of 10 5 mL Multiple-Dose Vials NDC 0404-9860-05 1 5 mL Multiple-Dose Vial in a bag (Vial bears NDC 36000-148-10) 0.1 mg/mL
📋 Description ▾
DESCRIPTION Flumazenil Injection, USP is a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Chemically, flumazenil is ethyl 8-fluoro-5,6-dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazo [1,5-a](1,4) benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate. Flumazenil has an imidazobenzodiazepine structure a calculated molecular weight of 303.3 and the following structural formula: Flumazenil is a white to off-white crystalline compound with an octanol:buffer partition coefficient of 14 to 1 at pH 7.4.
It is insoluble in water but slightly soluble in acidic aqueous solutions. Flumazenil is available as a sterile parenteral dosage form for intravenous administration. Each mL contains 0.1 mg of Flumazenil compounded with 1.8 mg of Methylparaben , 0.2 mg of Propylparaben , 0.9% mg Sodium Chloride , 0.01% Edetate Disodium Dihydrate , and 0.1 mg Glacial Acetic Acid ; the pH is adjusted to 3.4 to 4.6 with Hydrochloric Acid and/or, if necessary, Sodium Hydroxide and Water for Injection q.s. to 1 mL.
Formula1.jpg
⚠️ Precautions ▾
PRECAUTIONS Return of Sedation: Flumazenil may be expected to improve the alertness of patients recovering from a procedure involving sedation or anesthesia with benzodiazepines, but should not be substituted for an adequate period of postprocedure monitoring. The availability of flumazenil does not reduce the risks associated with the use of large doses of benzodiazepines for sedation. Patients should be monitored for resedation, respiratory depression (see WARNINGS) or other persistent or recurrent agonist effects for an adequate period of time after administration of flumazenil.
Resedation is least likely in cases where flumazenil is administered to reverse a low dose of a short-acting benzodiazepine (<10 mg midazolam). It is most likely in cases where a large single or cumulative dose of a benzodiazepine has been given in the course of a long procedure along with neuromuscular blocking agents and multiple anesthetic agents. Profound resedation was observed in 1% to 3% of adult patients in the clinical studies.
In clinical situations where resedation must be prevented in adult patients, physicians may wish to repeat the initial dose (up to 1 mg of flumazenil given at 0.2 mg/min) at 30 minutes and possibly again at 60 minutes. This dosage schedule, although not studied in clinical trials, was effective in preventing resedation in a pharmacologic study in normal volunteers. The use of flumazenil to reverse the effects of benzodiazepines used for conscious sedation has been evaluated in one open-label clinical trial involving 107 pediatric patients between the ages of 1 and 17 years.
This study suggested that pediatric patients who have become fully awake following treatment with flumazenil may experience a recurrence of sedation, especially younger patients (ages 1 to 5). Resedation was experienced in 7 of 60 patients who were fully alert 10 minutes after the start of flumazenil administration. No patient experienced a return to the baseline level of sedation.
Mean time to resedation was 25 minutes (range: 19 to 50 minutes) (see PRECAUTIONS: PEDIATRIC USE). The safety and effectiveness of repeated flumazenil administration in pediatric patients experiencing resedation have not been established. Use in the ICU: Flumazenil should be used with caution in the ICU because of the increased risk of unrecognized benzodiazepine dependence in such settings.
Flumazenil may produce convulsions in patients physically dependent on benzodiazepines (see INDIVIDUALIZATION OF DOSAGE and WARNINGS). Administration of flumazenil to diagnose benzodiazepine-induced sedation in the ICU is not recommended due to the risk of adverse events as described above. In addition, the prognostic significance of a patient’s failure to respond to flumazenil in cases confounded by metabolic disorder, traumatic injury, drugs other than benzodiazepines, or any other reasons not associated with benzodiazepine receptor occupancy is unknown.
Use in Benzodiazepine Overdosage: Flumazenil is intended as an adjunct to, not as a substitute for, proper management of airway, assisted breathing, circulatory access and support, internal decontamination by lavage and charcoal, and adequate clinical evaluation. Necessary measures should be instituted to secure airway, ventilation and intravenous access prior to administering flumazenil. Upon arousal, patients may attempt to withdraw endotracheal tubes and/or intravenous lines as the result of confusion and agitation following awakening.
Head Injury: Flumazenil should be used with caution in patients with head injury as it may be capable of precipitating convulsions or altering cerebral blood flow in patients receiving benzodiazepines. It should be used only by practitioners prepared to manage such complications should they occur. Use With Neuromuscular Blocking Agents: Flumazenil should not be used until the effects of neuromuscular blockade have been fully reversed.
Use in Psychiatric Patients: Flumazenil has been reported to p… [Excerpted — this section continues on DailyMed.]
🔬 Clinical Studies ▾
CLINICAL TRIALS Flumazenil injection has been administered in adults to reverse the effects of benzodiazepines in conscious sedation, general anesthesia, and the management of suspected benzodiazepine overdose. Limited information from uncontrolled studies in pediatric patients is available regarding the use of flumazenil to reverse the effects of benzodiazepines in conscious sedation only. Conscious Sedation in Adults: Flumazenil was studied in four trials in 970 patients who received an average of 30 mg diazepam or 10 mg midazolam for sedation (with or without a narcotic) in conjunction with both inpatient and outpatient diagnostic or surgical procedures.
Flumazenil was effective in reversing the sedating and psychomotor effects of the benzodiazepine; however, amnesia was less completely and less consistently reversed. In these studies, flumazenil was administered as an initial dose of 0.4 mg IV (two doses of 0.2 mg) with additional 0.2 mg doses as needed to achieve complete awakening, up to a maximum total dose of 1 mg. Seventy-eight percent of patients receiving flumazenil responded by becoming completely alert.
Of those patients, approximately half responded to doses of 0.4 mg to 0.6 mg, while the other half responded to doses of 0.8 mg to 1 mg. Adverse effects were infrequent in patients who received 1 mg of flumazenil or less, although injection site pain, agitation and anxiety did occur. Reversal of sedation was not associated with any increase in the frequency of inadequate analgesia or increase in narcotic demand in these studies.
While most patients remained alert throughout the 3-hour postprocedure observation period, resedation was observed to occur in 3% to 9% of the patients, and was most common in patients who had received high doses of benzodiazepines (see PRECAUTIONS). General Anesthesia in Adults: Flumazenil was studied in four trials in 644 patients who received midazolam as an induction and/or maintenance agent in both balanced and inhalational anesthesia. Midazolam was generally administered in doses ranging from 5 mg to 80 mg, alone and/or in conjunction with muscle relaxants, nitrous oxide, regional or local anesthetics, narcotics and/or inhalational anesthetics.
Flumazenil was given as an initial dose of 0.2 mg IV, with additional 0.2 mg doses as needed to reach a complete response, up to a maximum total dose of 1 mg. These doses were effective in reversing sedation and restoring psychomotor function, but did not completely restore memory as tested by picture recall. Flumazenil was not as effective in the reversal of sedation in patients who had received multiple anesthetic agents in addition to benzodiazepines.
Eighty-one percent of patients sedated with midazolam responded to flumazenil by becoming completely alert or just slightly drowsy. Of those patients, 36% responded to doses of 0.4 mg to 0.6 mg, while 64% responded to doses of 0.8 mg to 1 mg. Resedation in patients who responded to flumazenil occurred in 10% to 15% of patients studied and was more common with larger doses of midazolam (>20 mg), long procedures (>60 minutes) and use of neuromuscular blocking agents (see PRECAUTIONS).
Management of Suspected Benzodiazepine Overdose in Adults: Flumazenil was studied in two trials in 497 patients who were presumed to have taken an overdose of a benzodiazepine, either alone or in combination with a variety of other agents. In these trials, 299 patients were proven to have taken a benzodiazepine as part of the overdose, and 80% of the 148 who received flumazenil responded by an improvement in level of consciousness. Of the patients who responded to flumazenil, 75% responded to a total dose of 1 mg to 3 mg.
Reversal of sedation was associated with an increased frequency of symptoms of CNS excitation. Of the patients treated with flumazenil, 1% to 3% were treated for agitation or anxiety. Serious side effects were uncommon, but six seizures were observed in 446 patients treated with flumazenil in these… [Excerpted — this section continues on DailyMed.]
🔒 Drug Abuse and Dependence ▾
DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE Flumazenil acts as a benzodiazepine antagonist, blocks the effects of benzodiazepines in animals and man, antagonizes benzodiazepine reinforcement in animal models, produces dysphoria in normal subjects, and has had no reported abuse in foreign marketing. Although flumazenil has a benzodiazepine-like structure it does not act as a benzodiazepine agonist in man and is not a controlled substance.
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