Drug-induced nutrient depletion

Medications That May Deplete NIACIN

Niacin supports energy metabolism, skin health, and nervous system function. See which medications carry a reported association, how strong the evidence is, and what to discuss with your pharmacist.

22Medications
22Depletion records
About NIACIN

Niacin supports energy metabolism, skin health, and nervous system function.

Common food sources: Poultry, beef, and fish; Peanuts and legumes; Fortified grains.

Deficiency is rare in a typical diet. Discuss with your provider before using niacin as a supplement — at pharmacologic doses it behaves like a medication.

Caution: Treat high-dose niacin as a medication decision, not a nutrition one.

HelloPharmacist pharmacist-reviewed education. The medication records below are licensed clinical data, shown as published.

Deep dive: Niacin — uses, safety & drug interactions

The evidence

Medications associated with NIACIN depletion

Each record is shown as published in our licensed clinical database. Open a medication for its full nutrient report.

6-Mercaptopurine

Moderate Depletion

Brand names include Purinethol

Mercaptopurine might reduce levels of niacin and precipitate niacin deficiency.

High doses of mercaptopurine can cause pellagra, especially after prolonged therapy (e.g., 250 mg daily for 4 years). It has structural similarities to adenine and interferes with synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.
Taking 6-Mercaptopurine? Monitor for depletion; a supplement is needed for some patients. ⓘ
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Niacin is a B vitamin your body uses to produce energy and keep your skin, nerves, and digestive system working properly. Here is what makes 6-mercaptopurine unusual: its chemical shape is close enough to a building block of NAD (a key molecule your cells need to make energy) that it can interfere with how the body manufactures niacin-dependent compounds, rather than simply blocking absorption in the gut. At the doses and durations used for some conditions, this interference can meaningfully reduce niacin activity, and in rare cases involving high, prolonged doses, a deficiency state called pellagra has been reported. If you have been on this medication long-term, it is worth asking your pharmacist or doctor whether your niacin status should be checked.

References (2)
  1. Stratigos JD, Katsambas A. Pellagra: a still existing disease. Br J Dermatol 1977;96:99-106. PubMed
  2. Ludwig GD, White DC. Pellagra induced by 6-mercaptopurine. Clin Res 1960;8:212.

Full nutrient report for 6-Mercaptopurine →

Azamune

Moderate Depletion

Brand names include Immunoprin

Azathioprine might reduce levels of niacin and precipitate niacin deficiency.

Azathioprine is metabolized to 6-mercaptopurine, which is thought to inhibit nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide synthesis. In 2 cases, a pellagrous rash responded to niacinamide 150 mg daily, with or without the discontinuation of azathioprine.
Taking Azamune? Monitor for depletion; a supplement is needed for some patients. ⓘ
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Niacin is a B vitamin your body uses to produce energy and keep your skin, nerves, and digestion working properly. Azamune is broken down in the body into a compound called 6-mercaptopurine, and that byproduct appears to interfere with the way your cells make an important niacin-related molecule, which can gradually reduce your niacin levels. This is rated as a moderate concern, meaning most people will be fine but some long-term users may need attention, especially if a skin rash or other unusual symptoms develop. It is worth bringing up with your pharmacist or doctor, particularly if you have been on Azamune for a while.

References (1)
  1. Jarrett P, Duffill M, Oakley A, Smith A. Pellagra, azathioprine and inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Dermatol 1997;22:44-5. PubMed

Full nutrient report for Azamune →

Azathioprine

Moderate Depletion

Brand names include Imuran, Azamune

Azathioprine might reduce levels of niacin and precipitate niacin deficiency.

Azathioprine is metabolized to 6-mercaptopurine, which is thought to inhibit nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide synthesis. In 2 cases, a pellagrous rash responded to niacinamide 150 mg daily, with or without the discontinuation of azathioprine.
Taking Azathioprine? Monitor for depletion; a supplement is needed for some patients. ⓘ
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Niacin is a B vitamin your body uses for energy production, skin health, and keeping your nervous system working properly. Azathioprine gets converted in the body to a compound called 6-mercaptopurine, and that byproduct appears to interfere with a key step in how your body makes and uses niacin at the cellular level. Because this is rated as a moderate depletion, it is something worth keeping on your radar, especially with long-term use. A conversation with your pharmacist or doctor about your niacin status is a reasonable step, particularly if you notice any unusual skin changes or fatigue.

References (1)
  1. Jarrett P, Duffill M, Oakley A, Smith A. Pellagra, azathioprine and inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Dermatol 1997;22:44-5. PubMed

Full nutrient report for Azathioprine →

Benserazide, Levodopa

Moderate Depletion

Brand names include Prolopa, Madopar

Carbidopa might indirectly reduce levels of niacin.

Dopa decarboxylase inhibitors such as carbidopa inhibit an enzyme involved in conversion of tryptophan to niacin. Evidence of subclinical niacin deficiency was found in people treated with levodopa/carbidopa, but pellagra has not been reported.
Taking Benserazide, Levodopa? Monitor for depletion; a supplement is needed for some patients. ⓘ
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Niacin is a B vitamin your body uses for energy production and keeping your skin, nerves, and digestion working properly. Here is the interesting part: your body can actually make some of its own niacin by converting the amino acid tryptophan, but benserazide works by blocking the enzyme that drives that conversion, which means less tryptophan gets turned into niacin over time. Studies in people taking levodopa combinations have found early, below-the-radar signs of lower niacin levels, though full-blown deficiency has not been reported. Because the rating here is moderate, it is worth bringing up with your doctor or pharmacist if you have been on this medication long-term, so they can decide whether monitoring or a supplement makes sense for you.

References (1)
  1. Bender DA, Earl CJ, Lees AJ. Niacin depletion in Parkinsonian patients treated with L-dopa, benserazide and carbidopa. Clinical Sci 1979;56:89-93. . PubMed

Full nutrient report for Benserazide, Levodopa →

Carbidopa

Moderate Depletion

Brand names include Lodosyn

Carbidopa might indirectly reduce levels of niacin.

Dopa decarboxylase inhibitors such as carbidopa inhibit an enzyme involved in conversion of tryptophan to niacin. Evidence of subclinical niacin deficiency was found in people treated with levodopa/carbidopa, but pellagra has not been reported.
Taking Carbidopa? Monitor for depletion; a supplement is needed for some patients. ⓘ
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Niacin is a B vitamin your body uses for energy production and keeping your skin, nerves, and digestion working properly. Carbidopa works by blocking an enzyme called dopa decarboxylase, and that same enzyme also helps convert tryptophan (an amino acid from food) into niacin, so blocking it can quietly reduce how much niacin your body makes. Research has shown some people on levodopa/carbidopa have low niacin levels without obvious symptoms, and this is rated a moderate depletion, meaning it is worth paying attention to. If you have been on this medication long-term, it is a reasonable thing to bring up with your pharmacist or doctor.

References (1)
  1. Bender DA, Earl CJ, Lees AJ. Niacin depletion in Parkinsonian patients treated with L-dopa, benserazide and carbidopa. Clinical Sci 1979;56:89-93. . PubMed

Full nutrient report for Carbidopa →

Carbidopa, Levodopa

Moderate Depletion

Brand names include Sinemet CR, Sinemet, Rytary

Carbidopa might indirectly reduce levels of niacin.

Dopa decarboxylase inhibitors such as carbidopa inhibit an enzyme involved in conversion of tryptophan to niacin. Evidence of subclinical niacin deficiency was found in people treated with levodopa/carbidopa, but pellagra has not been reported.
Taking Carbidopa, Levodopa? Monitor for depletion; a supplement is needed for some patients. ⓘ
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Niacin is a B vitamin your body uses for energy production and keeping skin, nerves, and digestion working properly. Here is the interesting wrinkle with carbidopa: your body can make its own niacin by converting the amino acid tryptophan, but carbidopa blocks a key enzyme in that conversion pathway, so less tryptophan gets turned into niacin. Research has found signs of below-normal niacin levels in people on levodopa/carbidopa, though serious deficiency has not been reported. Because this is rated moderate depletion, long-term users may want to ask their doctor or pharmacist whether monitoring or a supplement makes sense for them.

References (1)
  1. Bender DA, Earl CJ, Lees AJ. Niacin depletion in Parkinsonian patients treated with L-dopa, benserazide and carbidopa. Clinical Sci 1979;56:89-93. . PubMed

Full nutrient report for Carbidopa, Levodopa →

Carbidopa, Levodopa, Entacapone

Moderate Depletion

Brand names include Stalevo

Carbidopa might indirectly reduce levels of niacin.

Dopa decarboxylase inhibitors such as carbidopa inhibit an enzyme involved in conversion of tryptophan to niacin. Evidence of subclinical niacin deficiency was found in people treated with levodopa/carbidopa, but pellagra has not been reported.
Taking Carbidopa, Levodopa, Entacapone? Monitor for depletion; a supplement is needed for some patients. ⓘ
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Niacin is a B vitamin your body uses for energy production and keeping skin, nerves, and digestion working properly. Here is the interesting part: your body can actually make some of its own niacin by converting tryptophan, an amino acid from food, but carbidopa blocks the enzyme that drives that conversion. Research has found signs of low niacin levels in people taking levodopa/carbidopa, though serious deficiency has not been widely reported. Because this is rated as moderate depletion, long-term users are worth monitoring, so it is reasonable to bring this up with your pharmacist or doctor at your next visit.

References (1)
  1. Bender DA, Earl CJ, Lees AJ. Niacin depletion in Parkinsonian patients treated with L-dopa, benserazide and carbidopa. Clinical Sci 1979;56:89-93. . PubMed

Full nutrient report for Carbidopa, Levodopa, Entacapone →

Chloramphenicol

Moderate Depletion

Brand names include Chloromycetin, Chloromycetin Ophthalmic, Chloromycetin Injection

Chloramphenicol might reduce levels of niacin and precipitate niacin deficiency.

Chloramphenicol may interfere with the activity of NAD and has been reported to cause pellagra. Details of cases are lacking, but pellagra is probably unlikely to occur unless therapy with chloramphenicol is prolonged.
Taking Chloramphenicol? Monitor for depletion; a supplement is needed for some patients. ⓘ
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Niacin is a B vitamin your body uses to produce energy from food and keep your skin, nerves, and digestion working properly. Chloramphenicol appears to interfere with how your body activates and uses niacin at the cellular level, which in rare cases has been linked to pellagra, a condition caused by severe niacin deficiency. That said, this seems most relevant for people on prolonged courses of the antibiotic, not short-term use. If you are taking chloramphenicol for an extended period, it is worth bringing up with your pharmacist or doctor to see whether any monitoring or support makes sense for you.

References (5)
  1. Stratigos JD, Katsambas A. Pellagra: a still existing disease. Br J Dermatol 1977;96:99-106. PubMed
  2. Nahata MC. Chloramphenicol. In: Evans WE, Schentag JJ, Jusko WJ (eds). Applied Pharmacokinetics: Principles of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 3rd ed., Vancouver, WA: Applied Therapeutics, Inc., 1992.
  3. Bingham LG, Verma SB. A photodistributed rash. (Self-Assessment examination of the American Academy of Dermatology). J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;52:929-32. DOI
  4. Hendricks WM. Pellagra and pellagralike dermatoses: etiology, differential diagnosis, dermatopathology, and treatment. Semin Dermatol 1991;10:282-92.
  5. Karthikeyan K, Thappa DM. Pellagra and skin. Int J Dermatol 2002;41:476-81.

Full nutrient report for Chloramphenicol →

Cycloserine

Moderate Depletion

Brand names include Seromycin

Cycloserine might indirectly reduce levels of niacin and precipitate niacin deficiency.

Cycloserine can cause a deficiency of pyridoxine, which is needed for the conversion of tryptophan to niacin, resulting in a secondary niacin deficiency. Encephalopathy responsive to niacinamide has occurred occasionally in people taking cycloserine. This has usually occurred when cycloserine has been used in combination with other antituberculous drugs, such as isoniazid or ethionamide, which could interfere with niacin/niacinamide activity,.
Taking Cycloserine? Monitor for depletion; a supplement is needed for some patients. ⓘ
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Niacin is a B vitamin your body needs for energy, nerve function, and healthy skin. Here is the indirect chain with cycloserine: this antibiotic can deplete pyridoxine (vitamin B6), and your body actually relies on B6 to convert the amino acid tryptophan into niacin. When B6 runs low, that conversion stalls, and niacin levels can quietly fall as a result. Because this is a real, documented concern, people on long-term cycloserine, especially alongside other TB medications, are worth monitoring, so it is a good idea to bring this up with your pharmacist or doctor.

References (3)
  1. Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
  2. Brooks-Hill RW, Bishop ME, Vellend H. Pellagra-like encephalopathy complicating a multiple drug regimen for the treatment of pulmonary infection due to Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (letter). Am Rev Resp Dis 1985;131:476.
  3. Swash M, Roberts AH. Reversible pellagra-like encephalopathy with ethionamide and cycloserine. Tubercle 1972;53:132. PubMed

Full nutrient report for Cycloserine →

Fluorouracil

Moderate Depletion

Brand names include Efudex, Tolak

5-fluorouracil might indirectly reduce levels of niacin and precipitate niacin deficiency.

Fluorouracil inhibits conversion of tryptophan to niacin and might cause pellagra, especially in people with poor nutritional intake or malabsorption. Niacin supplements can rapidly reverse early symptoms of deficiency in people taking fluorouracil.
Taking Fluorouracil? Monitor for depletion; a supplement is needed for some patients. ⓘ
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Niacin is a B vitamin your body uses for energy production, healthy skin, and nerve function, and fluorouracil can interfere with it in an indirect way: your body normally makes some of its own niacin by converting the amino acid tryptophan, and fluorouracil appears to block that conversion. This is rated a moderate concern, meaning it does not affect every patient but is worth watching, particularly for people who already have poor nutritional intake or absorption issues. If you are on long-term fluorouracil therapy, it is worth asking your oncologist or pharmacist whether your niacin levels should be monitored.

References (2)
  1. Stratigos JD, Katsambas A. Pellagra: a still existing disease. Br J Dermatol 1977;96:99-106. PubMed
  2. Stevens H, Ostlere L, Begent R, et al. Pellagra secondary to 5-fluorouracil. Br J Dermatol 1993;128:578-80. PubMed

Full nutrient report for Fluorouracil →

Fluorouracil (IV)

Moderate Depletion

Brand names include Fluorouracil

5-fluorouracil might indirectly reduce levels of niacin and precipitate niacin deficiency.

Fluorouracil inhibits conversion of tryptophan to niacin and might cause pellagra, especially in people with poor nutritional intake or malabsorption. Niacin supplements can rapidly reverse early symptoms of deficiency in people taking fluorouracil.
Taking Fluorouracil (IV)? Monitor for depletion; a supplement is needed for some patients. ⓘ
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Niacin is a B vitamin your body uses for energy production, healthy skin, and nerve function. Fluorouracil can interfere with a key step in niacin chemistry: your body normally makes some niacin on its own by converting the amino acid tryptophan, and this drug can block that conversion, leaving you with less niacin than you might expect. Because this is rated moderate depletion, it is worth paying attention to, particularly for patients who are already eating poorly or have trouble absorbing nutrients. If you are on fluorouracil long-term, ask your oncology team or pharmacist whether your niacin level should be checked or whether a supplement makes sense for you.

References (2)
  1. Stratigos JD, Katsambas A. Pellagra: a still existing disease. Br J Dermatol 1977;96:99-106. PubMed
  2. Stevens H, Ostlere L, Begent R, et al. Pellagra secondary to 5-fluorouracil. Br J Dermatol 1993;128:578-80. PubMed

Full nutrient report for Fluorouracil (IV) →

Isoniazid

Moderate Depletion

Brand names include Laniazid, INH, Nydrazid

Isoniazid might indirectly reduce levels of niacin and precipitate niacin deficiency.

Isoniazid can cause a deficiency of pyridoxine, which is needed for conversion of tryptophan to niacin, resulting in a secondary niacin deficiency. Isoniazid also has structural similarities to niacin and might interfere with niacin's conversion to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Pellagra can occur in people taking isoniazid chronically, especially if dietary niacin intake is low. It can be prevented or reversed with niacin or niacinamide supplements.
Taking Isoniazid? Monitor for depletion; a supplement is needed for some patients. ⓘ
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Niacin is a B vitamin your body uses for energy production and keeping your skin, nerves, and digestive system healthy. Isoniazid can chip away at niacin levels through two routes: it depletes pyridoxine (vitamin B6), which your body normally uses to convert the amino acid tryptophan into niacin, and it may also interfere with how niacin is activated into its working form in the body. Because this is rated as moderate depletion, long-term users, especially those with low dietary niacin intake, have a real reason to ask their doctor or pharmacist whether monitoring or supplementation makes sense for them.

References (6)
  1. Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
  2. Ishii N, Nishihara Y. Pellagra encephalopathy among tuberculous patients: its relation to isoniazid therapy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985;48:628-34. PubMed
  3. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (2000). Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Available at: http://b
  4. Darvay A, Basarab T, McGregor JM, Russell-Jones R. Isoniazid induced pellagra despite pyridoxine supplementation. Clin Exp Dermatol 1999;24:167-9. PubMed
  5. Stratigos JD, Katsambas A. Pellagra: a still existing disease. Br J Dermatol 1977;96:99-106. PubMed
  6. Bender DA, Russell-Jones R. Isoniazid-induced pellagra despite vitamin B6 supplementation (letter). Lancet 1979;2:1125-6. PubMed

Full nutrient report for Isoniazid →

Brand names include Rifater

Isoniazid might indirectly reduce levels of niacin and precipitate niacin deficiency.

Isoniazid can cause a deficiency of pyridoxine, which is needed for conversion of tryptophan to niacin, resulting in a secondary niacin deficiency. Isoniazid also has structural similarities to niacin and might interfere with niacin's conversion to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Pellagra can occur in people taking isoniazid chronically, especially if dietary niacin intake is low. It can be prevented or reversed with niacin or niacinamide supplements.
Taking Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Rifampin? Monitor for depletion; a supplement is needed for some patients. ⓘ
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Niacin is a B vitamin your body uses to turn food into energy and keep your skin, nerves, and digestion working properly. Isoniazid is thought to reduce niacin in two ways: it can deplete pyridoxine (vitamin B6), which your body needs to convert the amino acid tryptophan into niacin, and it may also block niacin from being activated into its working form. This is a moderate concern, meaning some long-term users, especially those with low dietary niacin, have developed a deficiency condition called pellagra. If you are taking isoniazid for an extended period, it is worth asking your pharmacist or doctor whether a niacin or niacinamide supplement makes sense for you.

References (6)
  1. Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
  2. Ishii N, Nishihara Y. Pellagra encephalopathy among tuberculous patients: its relation to isoniazid therapy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985;48:628-34. PubMed
  3. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (2000). Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Available at: http://b
  4. Darvay A, Basarab T, McGregor JM, Russell-Jones R. Isoniazid induced pellagra despite pyridoxine supplementation. Clin Exp Dermatol 1999;24:167-9. PubMed
  5. Stratigos JD, Katsambas A. Pellagra: a still existing disease. Br J Dermatol 1977;96:99-106. PubMed
  6. Bender DA, Russell-Jones R. Isoniazid-induced pellagra despite vitamin B6 supplementation (letter). Lancet 1979;2:1125-6. PubMed

Full nutrient report for Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Rifampin →

Isoniazid, Rifampin

Moderate Depletion

Brand names include Rifamate

Isoniazid might indirectly reduce levels of niacin and precipitate niacin deficiency.

Isoniazid can cause a deficiency of pyridoxine, which is needed for conversion of tryptophan to niacin, resulting in a secondary niacin deficiency. Isoniazid also has structural similarities to niacin and might interfere with niacin's conversion to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Pellagra can occur in people taking isoniazid chronically, especially if dietary niacin intake is low. It can be prevented or reversed with niacin or niacinamide supplements.
Taking Isoniazid, Rifampin? Monitor for depletion; a supplement is needed for some patients. ⓘ
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Niacin is a B vitamin your body uses for energy, healthy skin, and nerve function, and isoniazid can chip away at your levels in a couple of ways. It depletes vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), and your body actually needs B6 to convert the amino acid tryptophan into niacin, so losing B6 sets off a chain reaction. Isoniazid may also interfere with how niacin gets activated inside your cells. This is rated a moderate concern, meaning some long-term users, especially those with low dietary niacin, can develop real symptoms, so it is worth asking your doctor or pharmacist whether a B vitamin supplement makes sense for you.

References (6)
  1. Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
  2. Ishii N, Nishihara Y. Pellagra encephalopathy among tuberculous patients: its relation to isoniazid therapy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985;48:628-34. PubMed
  3. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (2000). Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Available at: http://b
  4. Darvay A, Basarab T, McGregor JM, Russell-Jones R. Isoniazid induced pellagra despite pyridoxine supplementation. Clin Exp Dermatol 1999;24:167-9. PubMed
  5. Stratigos JD, Katsambas A. Pellagra: a still existing disease. Br J Dermatol 1977;96:99-106. PubMed
  6. Bender DA, Russell-Jones R. Isoniazid-induced pellagra despite vitamin B6 supplementation (letter). Lancet 1979;2:1125-6. PubMed

Full nutrient report for Isoniazid, Rifampin →

Levodopa

Moderate Depletion

Brand names include Larodopa, Inbrija

Carbidopa might indirectly reduce levels of niacin.

Dopa decarboxylase inhibitors such as carbidopa inhibit an enzyme involved in conversion of tryptophan to niacin. Evidence of subclinical niacin deficiency was found in people treated with levodopa/carbidopa, but pellagra has not been reported.
Taking Levodopa? Monitor for depletion; a supplement is needed for some patients. ⓘ
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Niacin is a B vitamin your body uses for energy production, skin health, and nerve function, and it gets some of its supply by converting the amino acid tryptophan. When levodopa is combined with carbidopa, carbidopa blocks an enzyme that is part of that tryptophan-to-niacin conversion pathway, which can gradually reduce niacin levels over time. Studies have found signs of low niacin in some long-term levodopa/carbidopa users, so this is worth taking seriously, though full-blown deficiency has not been reported. If you have been on this medication for a while, it is a reasonable thing to bring up with your pharmacist or doctor at your next visit.

References (1)
  1. Bender DA, Earl CJ, Lees AJ. Niacin depletion in Parkinsonian patients treated with L-dopa, benserazide and carbidopa. Clinical Sci 1979;56:89-93. . PubMed

Full nutrient report for Levodopa →

Levodopa, Carbidopa

Moderate Depletion

Brand names include Duodopa

Carbidopa might indirectly reduce levels of niacin.

Dopa decarboxylase inhibitors such as carbidopa inhibit an enzyme involved in conversion of tryptophan to niacin. Evidence of subclinical niacin deficiency was found in people treated with levodopa/carbidopa, but pellagra has not been reported.
Taking Levodopa, Carbidopa? Monitor for depletion; a supplement is needed for some patients. ⓘ
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Here is something worth knowing about carbidopa specifically: your body normally converts tryptophan, an amino acid from food, into niacin, the B vitamin that helps your cells produce energy and keeps your skin and nervous system healthy. Carbidopa blocks an enzyme involved in that conversion, so over time it can reduce how much niacin your body makes on its own. Studies have found signs of low niacin in some people on this combination, though serious deficiency has not been reported. Because the evidence is rated moderate, it is worth bringing up with your doctor or pharmacist, especially if you have been on this medication long term.

References (1)
  1. Bender DA, Earl CJ, Lees AJ. Niacin depletion in Parkinsonian patients treated with L-dopa, benserazide and carbidopa. Clinical Sci 1979;56:89-93. . PubMed

Full nutrient report for Levodopa, Carbidopa →

Mephenytoin

Moderate Depletion

Brand names include Mesantoin

Phenytoin might reduce levels of niacin and precipitate niacin deficiency.

Case reports describe symptoms consistent with pellagra in people taking phenytoin alone or in combination with other anticonvulsants; however, the mechanism is not known.
Taking Mephenytoin? Monitor for depletion; a supplement is needed for some patients. ⓘ
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Niacin is a B vitamin your body uses to convert food into energy and keep your skin, nerves, and digestive system working properly. Mephenytoin is closely related to phenytoin, and there are real case reports of people taking phenytoin-type anticonvulsants developing signs of pellagra, which is the condition that happens when niacin runs seriously low. The exact reason this happens is not yet fully understood, but the pattern is recognized enough that it falls under a moderate depletion rating. If you have been on this medication long-term, it is worth mentioning to your pharmacist or doctor so they can decide whether monitoring or a supplement makes sense for you.

References (2)
  1. Kaur S, Goraya JS, Thami GP, Kanwar AJ. Pellagrous dermatitis induced by phenytoin (letter). Pediatr Derm 2002;19:93. PubMed
  2. Lyon VB, Fairley JA. Anticonvulsant-induced pellagra. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:597-9. PubMed

Full nutrient report for Mephenytoin →

Mercaptopurine

Moderate Depletion

Brand names include Purixan

Mercaptopurine might reduce levels of niacin and precipitate niacin deficiency.

High doses of mercaptopurine can cause pellagra, especially after prolonged therapy (e.g., 250 mg daily for 4 years). It has structural similarities to adenine and interferes with synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.
Taking Mercaptopurine? Monitor for depletion; a supplement is needed for some patients. ⓘ
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Niacin is a B vitamin your body uses to produce energy at the cellular level and keep your skin, nerves, and digestion working properly. Mercaptopurine is chemically similar to a building block the body needs to make an active form of niacin, so the drug can interfere with that process and gradually reduce niacin levels over time. This is rated a moderate concern, meaning it matters most for people on higher doses or very long-term therapy, and a small number of patients do need to address it. If you have been on mercaptopurine for an extended period, it is worth bringing up with your pharmacist or doctor to see whether any monitoring or support makes sense for you.

References (2)
  1. Stratigos JD, Katsambas A. Pellagra: a still existing disease. Br J Dermatol 1977;96:99-106. PubMed
  2. Ludwig GD, White DC. Pellagra induced by 6-mercaptopurine. Clin Res 1960;8:212.

Full nutrient report for Mercaptopurine →

Phenobarbital, Phenytoin

Moderate Depletion

Brand names include Dilantin with PB

Phenytoin might reduce levels of niacin and precipitate niacin deficiency.

Case reports describe symptoms consistent with pellagra in people taking phenytoin alone or in combination with other anticonvulsants; however, the mechanism is not known.
Taking Phenobarbital, Phenytoin? Monitor for depletion; a supplement is needed for some patients. ⓘ
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Niacin is a B vitamin your body uses for energy production, healthy skin, and nerve function. People taking phenytoin, sometimes alongside other seizure medicines like phenobarbital, have been reported in medical literature to develop signs of niacin deficiency, though exactly why this happens is not yet fully understood. Because this is rated as a moderate concern, longer-term users have a real reason to bring it up with their pharmacist or doctor, who can check whether any monitoring or supplementation makes sense for them personally.

References (2)
  1. Kaur S, Goraya JS, Thami GP, Kanwar AJ. Pellagrous dermatitis induced by phenytoin (letter). Pediatr Derm 2002;19:93. PubMed
  2. Lyon VB, Fairley JA. Anticonvulsant-induced pellagra. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:597-9. PubMed

Full nutrient report for Phenobarbital, Phenytoin →

Phenytoin

Moderate Depletion

Brand names include Dilantin Kapseals, Dilantin, Di-Phen

Phenytoin might reduce levels of niacin and precipitate niacin deficiency.

Case reports describe symptoms consistent with pellagra in people taking phenytoin alone or in combination with other anticonvulsants; however, the mechanism is not known.
Taking Phenytoin? Monitor for depletion; a supplement is needed for some patients. ⓘ
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Niacin is a B vitamin your body uses for energy, healthy skin, and nerve function, and there are case reports of people on phenytoin developing pellagra, which is a classic niacin deficiency illness. Exactly how phenytoin interferes is not yet understood, but the pattern has shown up enough times to earn a moderate concern rating. If you have been on phenytoin long-term, it is worth bringing up with your pharmacist or doctor, since some patients do end up needing a supplement.

References (2)
  1. Kaur S, Goraya JS, Thami GP, Kanwar AJ. Pellagrous dermatitis induced by phenytoin (letter). Pediatr Derm 2002;19:93. PubMed
  2. Lyon VB, Fairley JA. Anticonvulsant-induced pellagra. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:597-9. PubMed

Full nutrient report for Phenytoin →

Sodium valproate

Moderate Depletion

Brand names include Epilim

Valproate might reduce levels of niacin.

Case reports describe symptomatic niacin deficiency in people taking valproic acid alone or in combination with other anticonvulsants; however, the mechanism is not known.
Taking Sodium valproate? Monitor for depletion; a supplement is needed for some patients. ⓘ
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Niacin is a B vitamin your body uses for energy production and keeping your skin, nerves, and digestion working properly. Real-world case reports have shown that some people taking sodium valproate developed signs of niacin deficiency, though researchers have not yet pinned down exactly why this happens. Because the evidence is rated moderate, this is not something to ignore if you have been on this medication long-term. It is worth bringing up with your pharmacist or doctor, especially if you notice symptoms like skin changes, fatigue, or digestive upset.

References (2)
  1. Gillman MA, Sandyk R. Nicotinic acid deficiency induced by sodium valproate (letter). S Afr Med J 1984;65:986.
  2. Lyon VB, Fairley JA. Anticonvulsant-induced pellagra. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:597-9. PubMed

Full nutrient report for Sodium valproate →

Valproic Acid

Moderate Depletion

Brand names include Depakene, Depacon, Valproate

Valproate might reduce levels of niacin.

Case reports describe symptomatic niacin deficiency in people taking valproic acid alone or in combination with other anticonvulsants; however, the mechanism is not known.
Taking Valproic Acid? Monitor for depletion; a supplement is needed for some patients. ⓘ
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Niacin (vitamin B3) helps your body turn food into energy and keeps your skin, nerves, and digestive system working properly. Valproic acid has been reported in case reports to lower niacin levels, though researchers have not yet pinned down exactly why this happens. Because this is rated as a moderate concern, it is worth keeping on your radar, especially if you have been on this medication long-term. Ask your pharmacist or doctor whether monitoring your niacin status makes sense for you.

References (2)
  1. Gillman MA, Sandyk R. Nicotinic acid deficiency induced by sodium valproate (letter). S Afr Med J 1984;65:986.
  2. Lyon VB, Fairley JA. Anticonvulsant-induced pellagra. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:597-9. PubMed

Full nutrient report for Valproic Acid →

Important

This tool is educational and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. An association is not a diagnosis and does not mean a deficiency will occur. Always talk to your pharmacist or healthcare provider before starting, stopping, or changing any medication or supplement.

Disclaimer: This checker finds which nutrients might be depleted by prescription or over-the-counter medications. Each nutrient depletion issue is rated based on clinical significance. Use your own professional judgment prior to making clinical decisions.

© 2026 Therapeutic Research Center Licensed records refresh weekly · last updated July 3, 2026.
Understand the basics

What drug-induced nutrient depletion means

Some medications can, over time, lower the levels of certain vitamins, minerals, or other nutrients — through reduced absorption, increased loss, or changes in how the body uses them.

Association is not deficiency

An entry here means a depletion has been reported or studied — not that it happens to everyone, or that you are deficient. Dose, duration, diet, and your own health all matter.

Evidence varies by pair

Some drug–nutrient links (like metformin and vitamin B12) are well studied; others rest on limited or preliminary research. Each entry shows the evidence rating from our licensed clinical database.

When to ask about labs

If you take an associated medication long-term, ask your healthcare provider whether monitoring is appropriate for you. Not everyone needs testing — your provider can weigh your dose, duration, and symptoms.

Don't self-supplement blindly

Supplements are not risk-free: some can interact with medications, and some (like potassium or magnesium) can be risky with kidney disease. Talk to your pharmacist before adding anything.

Never stop a medication over this

These medications are prescribed for good reasons, and the benefit usually far outweighs a manageable nutrient consideration. Any change belongs in a conversation with your prescriber.

Food first, usually

For many nutrients, a varied diet covers the gap. Each entry lists common food sources; a supplement is a decision to make with your pharmacist or provider, not a default.

Common questions

NIACIN & medications: FAQs

Which medications can lower NIACIN?
In our licensed clinical database, 22 medications have been associated with NIACIN depletion, including 6-Mercaptopurine, Azamune, Azathioprine and Benserazide, Levodopa. Each entry above shows the evidence rating and the published details. An association is not a guarantee — dose, duration, diet, and your own health all matter.
I take one of these medications — am I deficient in NIACIN?
Not necessarily. These entries describe reported associations, not certainties. Many people take these medications without developing a meaningful NIACIN problem. If you take one long-term, the reasonable step is to ask your healthcare provider whether checking your NIACIN status is appropriate for you.
Should I start a NIACIN supplement?
Not without checking first. Supplements are not risk-free — some interact with medications, and for certain nutrients (like potassium or magnesium) supplementation can be genuinely risky with kidney disease or particular drug combinations. Food-first strategies and clinician-guided testing usually come before a supplement.
Where does this information come from?
The depletion records come from the Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center) database — an evidence-graded clinical reference — and are displayed as published, with their citations. The plain-English education is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists.

Wondering about your NIACIN levels?

Ask a licensed pharmacist — free, no appointment needed.

Ask a pharmacist
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Medication associations with NIACIN are evidence-graded and sourced from the Natural Medicines database, and are displayed as published with their citations.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.