Drug & supplement interaction

Hirudotherapy + Fluconazole

Fluconazole brand names: Diflucan, Diflucan Injection.

No Known Interaction
Medically reviewed by · Updated July 2026 · Pair last verified Sep 20, 2026
The bottom line No known interaction

We found no known interaction between Hirudotherapy and Fluconazole in our sources. Absence of a documented interaction is not the same as proven safety, and does not guarantee one does not exist. Do not start, stop, or change a medication or supplement based on this page; confirm with your pharmacist or doctor first. Additionally, although there is no interaction, the two are separately associated with some of the same side effects, which would make a new symptom harder to attribute to one or the other.

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Interaction report

Hirudotherapy and Fluconazole

We checked these two against our interaction database. Here is what we found.

No Known Interaction Found

We did not find a documented interaction between Fluconazole and Hirudotherapy in our sources. This does not guarantee that the combination is completely free of risk — research on Hirudotherapy alongside specific medications may be limited.

Worth understanding: our licensed dataset holds no drug-interaction record for Hirudotherapy at all — not against Fluconazole, and not against any other medication we track. This verdict therefore rests on the absence of any recorded data, not on research that looked at this combination and found nothing. We cannot rule an interaction out.

Hirudotherapy is a treatment rather than something you take. Tell whoever provides it which medicines you use, and ask your prescriber whether it is appropriate for your health and treatment. Do not stop a prescribed medicine on your own.

Always talk with your pharmacist or doctor before making changes to your medications or supplements, particularly if you take several medications or have an ongoing health condition.

Hirudotherapy safety at a glance

Hirudotherapy overall Use caution Should only be performed by trained practitioners using medical-grade leeches due to infection and bleeding risks.
Pregnancy Avoid Not enough safety data; the bleeding and infection risks make it best avoided in pregnancy.
Breastfeeding Avoid Safety during breastfeeding is unknown, so it is best avoided unless a doctor advises otherwise.

Safety guidance is general; always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor for your situation.

Still wondering about combining Fluconazole and Hirudotherapy? Ask Dr. Brian Staiger, PharmD, BCPS directly ›
What to actually watch for

No Interaction Found — But Data Suggests Hirudotherapy and Fluconazole May Share Several of the Same Side Effects

This is not an interaction. Neither one changes how your body handles the other, and nothing here says they react together. What our sources do show is that each has separately been linked to the effects below — so having Hirudotherapy while taking the medicine can make those effects more likely to turn up, and harder to pin on one or the other if they do. One of them is worth acting on rather than waiting out — marked below.

  • A higher chance of infection Worth acting on Additional detail

    Hirudotherapy

    “Topically, hirudotherapy can cause itching, pain, vesicle formation, and skin redness at the application site. Less often, it can cause necrotic ulcers, keloid formation, allergic or irritant contact dermatitis, and skin infections. Use of leeches can sometimes cause infections with Aeromonas hydrophila, which is found in the leech gut, and also with parasites.”

    Hirudotherapy · Natural Medicines adverse-effect record, reported in cluster headache.

    6 sources cited
    1. 99392. Bibbo C, Fritsche T, Stemper M, Hall M. Flap infection associated with medicinal leeches in reconstructive surgery: two new drug-resistant organisms. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2013;29(7):457-60. PubMed
    2. 99394. Michalsen A, Lüdtke R, Cesur O, et al. Effectiveness of leech therapy in women with symptomatic arthrosis of the first carpometacarpal joint: a randomized controlled trial. Pain. 2008;137(2):452-9. PubMed
    3. 99395. Pietrzak A, Kanitakis J, Tomasiewicz K, et al. Cutaneous complications of improper leech application. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2012;19(4):790-2.
    4. 99397. van Alphen NA, Gonzalez A, McKenna MC, McKenna TK, Carlsen BT, Moran SL. Ciprofloxacin-resistant Aeromonas infection following leech therapy for digit replantation: report of 2 cases. J Hand Surg Am. 2014;39(3):499-502. PubMed
    5. 99398. Wang H, Zhang J, Chen L. The efficacy and safety of medical leech therapy for osteoarthritis of the knee: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Surg. 2018;54(Pt A):53-61. PubMed
    6. 106752. Sepaskhah M, Yazdanpanah N, Sari Aslani F, Akbarzadeh Jahromi M. Cutaneous pseudolymphoma as a rare adverse effect of medicinal leech therapy: a case report and review of the literature. Cureus. 2020 Apr 2;12(4):e7517. PubMed

    Fluconazole

    Listed in the ADVERSE REACTIONS section of the FDA label for Fluconazole. Read the label on DailyMed ›

  • Fever / Headache Additional detail

    Hirudotherapy

    Recorded for Hirudotherapy in the same Natural Medicines adverse-effect record shown under A higher chance of infection above.

    Fluconazole

    Listed in the ADVERSE REACTIONS section of the FDA label for Fluconazole. Read the label on DailyMed ›

  • Itching / A skin rash Additional detail

    Hirudotherapy

    Recorded for Hirudotherapy in the same Natural Medicines adverse-effect record shown under A higher chance of infection above.

    Fluconazole

    Listed in the ADVERSE REACTIONS section of the FDA label for Fluconazole. Read the label on DailyMed ›

  • Swelling Additional detail

    Hirudotherapy

    “Topically, hirudotherapy has been associated with an infected anal abscess. A 32-year-old male presented with severe anal pain and swelling 3 days after hirudotherapy for hemorrhoids. The abscess required surgical drainage and treatment with antibiotics. The predominant organism identified was Escherichia coli.”

    Hirudotherapy · Natural Medicines adverse-effect record, reported in gastrointestinal bleeding.

    2 sources cited
    1. 106755. Mentes BB, Leventoglu S, Osmanov I, Kösehan D, Erol T. Anal abscess due to leech therapy of hemorrhoids: mumbo jumbo is still in vogue. J Surg Case Rep. 2019 Jul 31;2019(7):rjz218. PubMed
    2. 112898. Dolek UC, Ozdemir S, Babayeva K, Gol M. Leech Application-related Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Case Report. Bull Emerg Trauma 2023;11(1):47-50.

    Fluconazole

    Listed in the ADVERSE REACTIONS section of the FDA label for Fluconazole. Read the label on DailyMed ›

Reported for Hirudotherapy but not commonly for Fluconazole: bleeding in the gut, bleeding or bruising, low blood pressure and pain in an arm or leg.

Effects for Fluconazole come from the ADVERSE REACTIONS section of its FDA label; effects for Hirudotherapy come from the Natural Medicines adverse-effect record, quoted above. Wording is matched across sources by our own clinical vocabulary, so treat this as a prompt to pay attention, not a diagnosis.

From our Q&A

Questions About Hirudotherapy or Fluconazole

These are real questions from readers, answered by the pharmacists at HelloPharmacist — written by a person, not generated from a database. Each one covers Hirudotherapy or Fluconazole, not necessarily both, but if one is close to what you were about to ask it will usually go further than a database entry can:

Not quite your question? Ask our pharmacists directly — it is free, there is no account required, and answers usually come back within 24 hours.

Everything else you take

See Every Supplement That Interacts With Fluconazole

This page covers Hirudotherapy only. If you take other supplements — a multivitamin, a sleep aid, something for joints — the Fluconazole page lists 81 supplements it has a documented interaction with, worst first, each one explained.

The most serious there right now: Activated Charcoal (major), Beer (major), Siberian Cocklebur (major), Wine (major) and Adrafinil (moderate).

By severity: 4 major · 54 moderate · 23 minor.

From our pharmacist’s overview on the Fluconazole page

“Fluconazole (Diflucan) treats fungal infections, and I would pair it with supplements carefully. Nearly half of the 81 ingredients with an interaction on file, 38 of them, put extra strain on the liver, which is already busy processing the antifungal.”

Reviewed by 2 · Jul 18, 2026

Open the Fluconazole interaction page

How much people look this up

Where Hirudotherapy and Fluconazole Sit Against Everything Else

Out of every supplement and medication people look up on HelloPharmacist, here is where these two land this week — and which way each has been moving.

Supplement Hirudotherapy
Steady interest

#1,145 of 1,452 supplements looked up here in the last 7 days

29 days ago today
Medication Fluconazole
Top half

#745 of 2,830 medications looked up here in the last 7 days

29 days ago today

Position among everything looked up on this site, not a measure of how commonly either one is used or how important it is. A supplement can climb this list because of a news story. It counts every request to the page, automated ones included, and nothing here identifies anyone.

Where does our data come from?
  • Source: the Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) clinical database — the evidence-graded professional reference for herb & supplement interactions.
  • Citation library: 103,510 references behind our interaction content, 65,311 of them resolved to verified PubMed/DOI sources. See every Hirudotherapy reference on this page ↓
  • Freshness: we automatically re-check this combination every week — this pair was last verified September 20, 2026. The Hirudotherapy and Fluconazole records this page draws on were last updated July 10, 2026.
  • What “no known interaction” means: no documented interaction in the sources above — not a guarantee of safety. Supplements are studied far less than prescription drugs, so we say exactly what the evidence supports, and nothing more.
Data structure & sourcing designed and verified by .
Treatment approach

About Hirudotherapy

What is Hirudotherapy?

  • Reconstructive and plastic surgery (relieving blood congestion in reattached tissue)
  • Osteoarthritis and joint pain
  • Circulation problems
  • Varicose veins
  • Traditional treatment for various inflammatory conditions

Hirudotherapy is the medical use of living leeches placed on the skin to draw blood and release saliva compounds that thin blood and ease congestion. It has a real, accepted role in some surgical settings (such as saving reattached fingers or skin flaps), but evidence for most other uses is limited. It should only be done by trained professionals because of risks of infection and bleeding.

Hirudo medicinalis · Hirudinidae · Whole living medicinal leech (and its saliva) · Live medicinal leeches applied to the skin by a trained practitioner

An interaction check asks whether these two react with each other — it does not ask whether Hirudotherapy is a good idea for someone in your situation. Here is what our Hirudotherapy record says about it on its own.

Hirudotherapy: dosing

There is no standardized "dose" for hirudotherapy. The number of leeches, where they are placed, and how long treatment continues are decided by the treating clinician based on the medical situation, such as how much blood is congested in a tissue flap.This is a medical procedure, not a supplement you take at home.

From our Hirudotherapy monograph — the full record covers uses, side effects and every documented interaction.

Read the full Hirudotherapy monograph & all interactions
Medication

About Fluconazole

What Is Fluconazole Used For?

Brand names: Diflucan, Diflucan Injection

Fluconazole treats infections caused by Candida and Cryptococcus fungi. Diflucan tablets and oral fluconazole tablets and suspension are approved to treat vaginal yeast infections (vaginal candidiasis), thrush in the mouth or throat (oropharyngeal candidiasis), and yeast infections of the esophagus. All forms — tablets, oral suspension, and injection — are used for cryptococcal meningitis (a serious fungal brain infection). In smaller studies, fluconazole has also shown effectiveness against Candida urinary tract infections, peritonitis (infection in the abdomen), and serious systemic (bloodstream and organ) Candida infections.

Fluconazole is also used to prevent candidiasis in people undergoing bone marrow transplants who receive chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Note that vaginal candidiasis is an approved use for the tablets and Diflucan oral products, but not for the injection or oral suspension alone.

Most-Reported Side Effects for Fluconazole

From FAERS, the FDA’s public side-effect reporting system (0 reports, all brands). Reports are voluntary and are not proof the drug caused the effect.

Fever 4,205 reports
Nausea 3,813 reports
Diarrhea 3,614 reports
Fatigue 3,266 reports
Headache 2,930 reports
See full Fluconazole drug information
Keep checking

Other Drugs & Hirudotherapy

Browse every other medication we’ve checked against Hirudotherapy — both the ones with a known interaction and the ones without. Select any drug for the full detail.

0Major
0Moderate
0Minor
2,829No known interaction
2,829 No interaction
No interaction 2,829 drugs checked — show the list

We also checked Hirudotherapy against these medications and found no known interaction in our sources. Open any page to confirm.

Showing the 60 most looked-up of 2,829 medications checked with no known interaction — see the full Hirudotherapy list.

See the full Hirudotherapy interactions page
See every supplement checked against Fluconazole, ranked by severity
Evidence & sources

Hirudotherapy References

The 15 references that drive our Hirudotherapy monograph and interaction data, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Citations with a link open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

  1. Altamura D, Calonje E, Liau Jl, Rogers M, Verdolini R. Diffuse cutaneous pseudolymphoma due to therapy with medicinal leeches. JAMA Dermatol. 2014;150(7):783-4. PubMed
  2. Bibbo C, Fritsche T, Stemper M, Hall M. Flap infection associated with medicinal leeches in reconstructive surgery: two new drug-resistant organisms. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2013;29(7):457-60. PubMed
  3. Khelifa E, Kaya G, Laffitte E. Cutaneous pseudolymphomas after leech therapy. J Dermatol. 2013;40(8):674-5. doi: PubMed
  4. Michalsen A, Lüdtke R, Cesur O, et al. Effectiveness of leech therapy in women with symptomatic arthrosis of the first carpometacarpal joint: a randomized controlled trial. Pain. 2008;137(2):452-9. PubMed
  5. Pietrzak A, Kanitakis J, Tomasiewicz K, et al. Cutaneous complications of improper leech application. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2012;19(4):790-2.
  6. van Alphen NA, Gonzalez A, McKenna MC, McKenna TK, Carlsen BT, Moran SL. Ciprofloxacin-resistant Aeromonas infection following leech therapy for digit replantation: report of 2 cases. J Hand Surg Am. 2014;39(3):499-502. PubMed
  7. Wang H, Zhang J, Chen L. The efficacy and safety of medical leech therapy for osteoarthritis of the knee: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Surg. 2018;54(Pt A):53-61. PubMed
  8. Zengin S, Yarbil P, Kilic H, Al B. Prolonged bleeding due to a medicinal leech bite: another treatment method, primary suture. BMJ Case Rep. 2012;2012. pii: bcr0220125759. PubMed
  9. Sepaskhah M, Yazdanpanah N, Sari Aslani F, Akbarzadeh Jahromi M. Cutaneous pseudolymphoma as a rare adverse effect of medicinal leech therapy: a case report and review of the literature. Cureus. 2020 Apr 2;12(4):e7517. PubMed
  10. Temiz SA, Özer I, Ataseven A, Dursun R, Findik S. Cutaneous pseudolymphoma due to hirudotherapy. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2019;43(1):50-2. PubMed
  11. Daye M, Isik B, Kilinç F. Lichen planus due to hirudotherapy. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2021;45(2):149-52. PubMed
  12. Mentes BB, Leventoglu S, Osmanov I, Kösehan D, Erol T. Anal abscess due to leech therapy of hemorrhoids: mumbo jumbo is still in vogue. J Surg Case Rep. 2019 Jul 31;2019(7):rjz218. PubMed
  13. Kiliç M, Ak R. Orbital cellulitis due to leech therapy. Bull Emerg Trauma. 2019 Jul;7(3):335-6. PubMed
  14. Dolek UC, Ozdemir S, Babayeva K, Gol M. Leech Application-related Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Case Report. Bull Emerg Trauma 2023;11(1):47-50.
  15. Resch JC, Hedstrom R, Steiner ME, Said SM, Somani A. Hirudotherapy for limb ischemia in the pediatric intensive care unit: A retrospective observational cohort. Front Pediatr 2023;10:1011171. PubMed

Medication overviews come from MedlinePlus (NIH); supplement label data from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists — see our data sources and editorial standards.

Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Having Hirudotherapy While Taking Fluconazole: Common Questions

Is it safe to have Hirudotherapy while taking Fluconazole?
We do not list a known interaction between Hirudotherapy and Fluconazole. That does not guarantee the combination is risk-free, so confirm with your pharmacist or doctor — especially if you take other medications or have a health condition.
Do Hirudotherapy and Fluconazole have any of the same side effects?
Yes — our sources link each of them separately to 6 of the same effects. That is not an interaction: neither changes how your body handles the other. It does mean that if one of those effects turns up, it can be harder to tell which one is behind it. They are listed on this page with the source behind each.
Does Fluconazole interact with any supplements?
Yes. Fluconazole has documented interactions with 81 supplements in our database — Hirudotherapy is not one of them. The Fluconazole interaction page linked on this page lists every one, ranked by severity.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Where next

Keep Exploring

Hirudotherapy monograph Uses, safety profile, and every drug interaction in one place Fluconazole drug information The full plain-English guide to this medication Fluconazole supplement interactions Every supplement checked against Fluconazole, ranked by severity Supplement interaction checker Check any supplement or product against your medications Browse medications A–Z Every drug we’ve checked against herbs & supplements References The 15 citations behind this page Ask a pharmacist Free, personal answer from our licensed team

Still Have a Question About Fluconazole and Hirudotherapy?

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This information is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always check with your pharmacist or doctor before starting, stopping, or combining supplements and medications.