Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Enhanced Krill Plus Omega 3s Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Doctor's Best

Enhanced Krill Plus Omega 3s label
See full label image
Softgel Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Enhanced Krill Plus Omega 3s against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Enhanced Krill Plus Omega 3s is a dietary supplement by Doctor's Best with 2 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for liver health and fatty liver, brain and memory support, prenatal nutrition and fetal development.Based on those ingredients, 913 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Krill Oil, Choline. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Enhanced Krill Plus Omega 3s by Doctor's Best

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Enhanced Krill Plus Omega 3s by Doctor's Best — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Enhanced Krill Plus Omega 3s by Doctor's Best

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 23, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 5 of its 5 active ingredients.
  • “Total Omega-3 Fatty Acids” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label gives one combined amount (800 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.
  • “Krill Oil” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label gives one combined amount (1,720 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.

Enhanced Krill Plus Omega 3s has 5 active ingredients. The main ones — EPA and DHA — are omega-3 fatty acids sourced from krill oil, the small crustaceans at the base of the Antarctic food chain.

The product also contains choline, a nutrient involved in brain and nervous system function; astaxanthin, a red pigment with antioxidant properties; and phospholipids, which help your body absorb and use fats. The capsule itself is made from gelatin, glycerin, purified water, and ethyl vanillin.

Does it work?

Not established
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Not established

The graded evidence we hold for these ingredients covers different conditions than the ones this product is marketed for, so there's no established rating for its stated use.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: heart and brain health support.
  • We looked for evidence on: Age-related cognitive decline, Alzheimer disease, Angina, Atherosclerosis, Atrial fibrillation, Cardiovascular disease (CVD) — and 4 related terms.
  • The closest evidence on file: Choline is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Age-related cognitive decline (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Choline is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Alzheimer disease, Cardiovascular disease (CVD), Cognitive function, Dementia.
  • Also on file: Astaxanthin is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Age-related cognitive decline, Alzheimer disease.

The evidence for choline in this product is mixed and mostly inconclusive. It's rated possibly ineffective for athletic performance, and there's insufficient reliable evidence to assess whether it helps with age-related cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, hay fever, liver health on specialized nutrition, or bronchitis.

Astaxanthin fares similarly — evidence is insufficient to rate it for age-related cognitive decline, macular degeneration, aging skin, Alzheimer's disease, athletic performance, or carpal tunnel syndrome. We hold no effectiveness ratings for EPA, DHA, or phospholipids.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Choline Fish Oil Astaxanthin

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 2 of the 2 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 2 of 2.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 2 of 2.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Choline is generally well tolerated at food levels, but high-dose supplements have a daily upper limit of 3.5 grams. Above that, fishy body odor is the most common side effect; doses of 9 grams daily or higher can cause diarrhea, nausea, sweating, and vomiting.

Choline is rated likely safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding, but use only the doses your doctor recommends — your needs are higher while nursing. Astaxanthin is generally well tolerated in studies, though long-term safety data are limited.

The most common side effects are abdominal pain, diarrhea, and red-colored stools. Because safety data during pregnancy and breastfeeding are insufficient, the evidence advises against use in both situations.

Talk with your doctor or pharmacist if you're pregnant or nursing and considering this product.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Choline Fish Oil Astaxanthin

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 2 of the 2 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Choline, Astaxanthin.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • For scale: 682 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check with your doctor or pharmacist before taking this product if you're on any medications metabolized by the CYP3A4 or CYP2B6 pathways — astaxanthin may lower their levels. Also check if you take atropine, where choline may weaken its effects.

These are common enzyme pathways; your pharmacist can quickly tell you if any of your drugs are affected.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with no established evidence rating for its marketed use. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product may be worth considering if you're looking for krill-based omega-3s with added choline and astaxanthin, but you'll need to check your current medications first — particularly any drugs your liver processes. If you're pregnant, nursing, or taking atropine or medications metabolized by CYP3A4 or CYP2B6 enzymes, discuss this supplement with your doctor or pharmacist before starting.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 2 of 5 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Feb 22, 2024.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Enhanced Krill Plus Omega 3s, straight from the product label.

Brand Doctor's Best
Barcode (UPC) 753950002340
Net contents 60 Softgel(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Feb 22, 2024
DSLD ID 302654
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Softgel Capsule
Dietary claims / uses Nutrient, All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Enhanced Krill Plus Omega 3s by Doctor's Best, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
2 Softgel(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
2 Softgel(s)
Servings per container
30
UPC/BARCODE
753950002340
IngredientAmount% DV
Cholesterol10 mg3%
Total Fat1.5 Gram(s)2%
EPA172 mg--
DHA512 mg--
Calories15 Calorie(s)--
Choline30 mg5%
Astaxanthin60 mcg--
Phospholipids240 mg--
Total Omega-3 Fatty Acids800 mg--
Krill Oil1720 mg--

Other ingredients: Gelatin, Glycerin, Water, Purified, Ethyl Vanillin, Ethyl Vanillin

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Formula

Doctor's Best Krill plus Omega-3s contains Superba Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba) oil enhanced with fish oil concentrate complex for added omega-3 DHA and EPA.

Superba2

Formulation

Krill oil has naturally occurring phospholipids and the antioxidant astaxanthin, nutrients that are vital lipids for life processes. DHA and EPA helps support both heart and brain health, cellular upkeep and immune system activity. Supports brain, heart, joint, and circulation health, along with other organs Promotes cellular upkeep and immune activity

Non-GMO/Gluten free

Bioactive Omega-3s to support heart and brain health

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Brand IP Statement(s)

Superba2 is a trademark of the Aker BioMarine Antarctic.

Doctor's Best Science-Based Nutrition

Storage

Store in a cool dry place.

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Precautions

Contains Fish (Oil: Anchovy, Mackerel, Sardine, Tuna), Shellfish (Oil: Krill)

Warning: Consult a physician if you are pregnant, nursing, or taking anti-coagulants before using this product.

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested Adult Use: Take 2 softgels daily with food, or as recommended by a nutritionally informed physician.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Enhanced Krill Plus Omega 3s by Doctor's Best label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Enhanced Krill Plus Omega 3s label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Enhanced Krill Plus Omega 3s by Doctor's Best

These are the 2 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size2 Softgel(s) Dosage formSoftgel Capsule Servings per container30 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Choline

Interacts with
16 drugs
30 mg per serving

Choline is an essential nutrient your body needs for liver function, brain health, and nerve signaling, and many people get enough from foods like egg...

Choline monograph & interactions

Krill Oil

Interacts with
327 drugs
1720 mg per serving Form: Euphausia superba, Superba2, Fish Oil Omega-3 Complex

Fish oil provides omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) that are best known for lowering high triglyceride levels. The evidence for other heart and health...

Krill Oil monograph & interactions
  • › Astaxanthin
  • › Phospholipids
  • › Total Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Other (inactive) ingredients: Gelatin, Glycerin, Water, Purified, Ethyl Vanillin, Ethyl Vanillin. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Enhanced Krill Plus Omega 3s by Doctor's Best Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Enhanced Krill Plus Omega 3s?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
913Drugs
818 Moderate 95 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Krill Oil 327
Choline 16

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Enhanced Krill Plus Omega 3s interact with 913 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

2 of the 2 ingredients in Enhanced Krill Plus Omega 3s interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Krill Oil Choline

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Enhanced Krill Plus Omega 3s with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Krill Oil9 drug types · 327 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, taking fish oil with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Clinical evidence indicates that fish oils can modestly lower blood pressure and might have additive effects in patients treated with antihypertensives.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Contraceptive Drugs

Theoretically, taking fish oil with contraceptive drugs might decrease the triglyceride-lowering effects of fish oil.
There is some evidence that contraceptive drugs might interfere with the triglyceride lowering effects of fish oils.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)

Taking fish oil with cyclosporine might increase levels and adverse effects of cyclosporine.
In kidney transplant recipients on a general immunosuppressive regimen, taking omega-3 fatty acids daily seems to increase peak blood levels of cyclosporine when compared with placebo. This increase was as much as 20% after one month. However, the area under the curve was not significantly affected.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Orlistat (Xenical, Alli)

Theoretically, taking fish oil with orlistat might decrease the absorption of fish oil fatty acids.
Orlistat binds lipase in the gastrointestinal tract and reduces fat absorption. Theoretically, taking fish oil with orlistat might decrease absorption of fish oil fatty acids. To avoid this potential interaction, recommend separating administration of orlistat and fish oil by at least 2 hours.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Sirolimus (Rapamune)

Taking fish oil with sirolimus might increase levels and adverse effects of sirolimus.
Pharmacokinetic research shows that omega-3 fatty acids increase exposure to sirolimus in kidney transplant patients on a calcineurin inhibitor-free immunosuppressive regimen. A 25% dose reduction in sirolimus was required to keep patients within the expected trough-concentration window. Researchers hypothesize that this may be due to inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) by fish oil, although this has not been confirmed in clinical research.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Tacrolimus (Prograf)

Taking fish oil with tacrolimus might increase levels and adverse effects of tacrolimus.
In a small group of patients, taking fish oil 2.6 grams (Omacor) daily for 4 weeks increased the 8-hour area under the curve of tacrolimus by 25% when compared with baseline. Peak levels were increased by approximately 22%. Researchers hypothesize that this may be due either to an increase in bioavailability or to inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) by fish oil, although this has not been confirmed in clinical research.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Fish oil may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs. However, evidence is conflicting.
While fish oil may not be a potent inhibitor of platelet function, high doses of fish oil might have antiplatelet effects. Theoretically, concomitant use of fish oil with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs may increase the risk of bleeding. However, the most rigorous research shows that short-term doses of fish oil 10 grams daily or long-term doses of 1.5 grams daily for up to 52 weeks does not increase the risk of bleeding or affect coagulation parameters in chronically ill and vulnerable patients. Other controlled research shows that fish oil does not affect platelet function or increase the risk of bleeding. Some research even suggests that perioperative fish oil use decreases bleeding risk. Some research suggests fish oil does not have additive antiplatelet effects when combined with aspirin, but other clinical evidence suggests that adding fish oil to low-dose aspirin treatment increases antiplatelet effects in patients who are aspirin-resistant. Also, some clinical research seems to show that fish oil has additive antiplatelet effects when used with aspirin and clopidogrel compared to aspirin and clopidogrel alone.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Platinum Agents

Theoretically, taking fish oil with platinum agents can cause resistance to platinum agents, potentially decreasing their effectiveness.
Platinum-induced fatty acids (PIFAs) are fatty acids secreted from human and mouse stem cells when exposed to platinum-based chemotherapy. Animal research suggests that PIFAs cause resistance to chemotherapy by stimulating lysophospholipid production in the spleen, which interferes with the DNA damage caused by certain chemotherapy drugs. One PIFA, known as 16:4(n-3), has been found in both raw fish and some commercially available fish oil products. Mackerel and herring have high PIFA concentrations, while salmon and tuna have low PIFA concentrations. Levels of PIFA in commercial fish oil products ranged from 0.2- 5.7 microMol. Animal research shows that PIFA-containing fish oil products cause resistance to cisplatin, fluorouracil, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin. It is unclear if all commercially available fish oil products contain PIFAs. Additionally, it is argued that levels of PIFA found in some fish oil products are too low to be of clinical concern. Furthermore, a lack of chemotherapy resistance in countries with high fish intake, such as Greenland, Japan, and Norway, suggest that this interaction may not be clinically significant.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Fish oil may have antiplatelet effects and might increase the risk of bleeding if used with warfarin.
Fish oil has antiplatelet effects at high doses. Case reports show elevated INR in patients taking warfarin and fish oil 1-2 grams daily. However, some clinical research shows that taking fish oil 3-6 grams daily does not significantly increase INR in patients taking warfarin.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Krill Oil full monograph & interactions

Choline1 drug type · 16 drugs

Atropine

Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Animal research shows that administering choline one hour before administering atropine can attenuate atropine-induced decreases in brain levels of acetylcholine. Theoretically, concomitant use of choline and atropine may decrease the effects of atropine.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Choline full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Enhanced Krill Plus Omega 3s, from the product label.

Doctor's Best

See all Doctor's Best products
Name
Doctor's Best, Inc.
City
Tustin
State
California
ZipCode
92780
Phone Number
(800) 777-2474
Web Address
www.drbvitamins.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Enhanced Krill Plus Omega 3s by Doctor's Best: Common Questions

Does Enhanced Krill Plus Omega 3s by Doctor's Best interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Enhanced Krill Plus Omega 3s has a known interaction with 913 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Enhanced Krill Plus Omega 3s contains 2 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Can I take this if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
Choline is rated likely safe in pregnancy and breastfeeding, and your needs for it are actually higher while nursing — but use only the doses your doctor advises. Astaxanthin, on the other hand, doesn't have enough safety data, so evidence advises against it during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist about whether this particular product is right for you at this time.
What's the fishy smell some people report?
Choline can be metabolized by your gut bacteria into trimethylamine, which causes a fishy body odor. This is more likely at higher doses. It's one reason choline supplements have an upper daily limit of 3.5 grams.
What does astaxanthin do?
Astaxanthin is a red pigment with antioxidant properties that's included in this product. However, we don't have reliable evidence that it works for age-related cognitive decline, macular degeneration, skin aging, Alzheimer's disease, athletic performance, or carpal tunnel syndrome — the conditions it's most often studied for.
Will this help my memory or brain health?
Both choline and astaxanthin have been studied for age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease, but we don't have sufficient reliable evidence to say either one works for these purposes. The evidence ratings for both are insufficient.
What are the inactive ingredients?
The capsule contains gelatin, glycerin, purified water, and ethyl vanillin. If you have allergies to any of these, check the label or talk with your pharmacist before taking it.
Is this safe to take long-term?
Choline is generally well tolerated when used at appropriate doses below 3.5 grams daily. Astaxanthin seems well tolerated in studies, but long-term safety data are limited, so we can't make a strong claim about extended use. Talk with your pharmacist if you're planning to take this for months or longer.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Enhanced Krill Plus Omega 3s label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Enhanced Krill Plus Omega 3s’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Choline

Interacts with 16 drugs

Choline is an essential nutrient your body needs for liver function, brain health, and nerve signaling, and many people get enough from foods like eggs, meat, and fish. Supplements may help...

Read the full Choline monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Fish Oil

Interacts with 327 drugs

Fish oil provides omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) that are best known for lowering high triglyceride levels. The evidence for other heart and health benefits is mixed, and it is generally...

Read the full Fish Oil monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Astaxanthin

Interacts with 671 drugs

Astaxanthin is a reddish carotenoid pigment with strong antioxidant activity in the lab, and it is widely promoted for skin, eye, heart, and exercise benefits. Early human studies are promis...

Read the full Astaxanthin monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Enhanced Krill Plus Omega 3s's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 174 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Choline 14 references
  1. Yates AA, Schlicker SA, Suitor CW. Dietary reference intakes: The new basis for recommendations for calcium and related nutrients, B vitamins, and choline. J Am Diet Assoc 1998;98:699-706. PubMed
  2. Cho E, Willett WC, Colditz GA, et al. Dietary choline and betaine and the risk of distal colorectal adenoma in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:1224-31. PubMed
  3. Schmidt, C., Abicht, A., Krampfl, K., Voss, W., Stucka, R., Mildner, G., Petrova, S., Schara, U., Mortier, W., Bufler, J., Huebner, A., and Lochmuller, H. Congenital myasthenic syndrome due to a novel missense mutation in the gene encoding choline acetyl
  4. Tamminga, C., Smith, R. C., Chang, S., Haraszti, J. S., and Davis, J. M. Depression associated with oral choline. Lancet 10-23-1976;2(7991):905. PubMed
  5. Wood, J. L. and Allison, R. G. Effects of consumption of choline and lecithin on neurological and cardiovascular systems. Fed.Proc. 1982;41(14):3015-3021.
  6. Growdon, J. H. and Gelenberg, A. J. Choline and lecithin administration to patients with tardive dyskinesia. Trans.Am.Neurol.Assoc. 1978;103:95-99.
  7. Smith, C. M., Swash, M., Exton-Smith, A. N., Phillips, M. J., Overstall, P. W., Piper, M. E., and Bailey, M. R. Choline therapy in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 8-5-1978;2(8084):318. PubMed
  8. Morrison, L. M. and W. F. Gonzales. Choline in coronary atherosclerosis. Amer.Heart J. 1950;39:729.
  9. Christie, J. G. Blackburn 1. M. Glen A. I. M. Zeisel S. Shering A. & Yates C. M. Effects of choline and lecithin on CSF choline levels and on cognitive functioning in patients with presenile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Nutrition and the brain 1979;5
  10. Sidhu N, Davies S, Nadarajah A, et al. Oral choline supplementation for postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 2013;111(2):249-55. PubMed
  11. Wozniak JR, Fuglestad AJ, Eckerle JK, et al. Choline supplementation in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders has high feasibility and tolerability. Nutr Res. 2013;33(11):897-904. PubMed
  12. Wozniak JR, Fuglestad AJ, Eckerle JK, et al. Choline supplementation in children with fetal alcohol disorders: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(5): 1113-25.
  13. Ross RG, Hunter SK, McCarthy L, et al. Perinatal choline effects on neonatal pathophysiology related to later schizophrenia risk. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(3):290-8. PubMed
  14. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Choline. Dietary Reference Intakes: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B-6, Vitamin B-12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press; 1998:390-422.

See these in context on the Choline monograph →

Astaxanthin 3 references
  1. Kupcinskas L, Lafolie P, Lignell A, et al. Efficacy of the natural antioxidant astaxanthin in the treatment of functional dyspepsia in patients with or without Helicobacter pylori infection: A prospective, randomized, double blind, and placebo-controlled
  2. Kistler, A., Liechti, H., Pichard, L., Wolz, E., Oesterhelt, G., Hayes, A., and Maurel, P. Metabolism and CYP-inducer properties of astaxanthin in man and primary human hepatocytes. Arch.Toxicol. 2002;75(11-12):665-675. PubMed
  3. Choi HD, Youn YK, Shin WG. Positive effects of astaxanthin on lipid profiles and oxidative stress in overweight subjects. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2011;66:363-369. PubMed

See these in context on the Astaxanthin monograph →

Fish Oil 157 references
  1. Prisco D, Paniccia R, Bandinelli B, et al. Effect of medium-term supplementation with a moderate dose of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood pressure in mild hypertensive patients. Thromb Res 1998;1:105-12.
  2. Allard JP, Kurian R, Aghdassi E, Muggli R, et al. Lipid peroxidation during n-3 fatty acid and vitamin E supplementation in humans. Lipids 1997;32:535-41.. PubMed
  3. Toft I, Bonaa KH, Ingebretsen OC, et al. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on glucose homeostasis and blood pressure in essential hypertension. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:911-8.
  4. Onwude JL, Lilford RJ, Hjartardottir H, et al. A randomised double blind placebo controlled trial of fish oil in high risk pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102:95-100. PubMed
  5. Bulstra-Ramakers MT, Huisjes HJ, Visser GH. The effects of 3g eicosapentaenoic acid daily on recurrence of intrauterine growth retardation and pregnancy induced hypertension. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102:123-6. PubMed
  6. Sacks FM, Hebert P, Appel LJ, et al. Short report: the effect of fish oil on blood pressure and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in phase I of the trials of hypertension prevention. J Hypertens 1994;12:209-13.
  7. Vandongen R, Mori TA, Burke V, et al. Effects on blood pressure of omega 3 fats in subjects at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Hypertension 1993;22:371-9. PubMed
  8. Hawthorne AB, Daneshmend TK, Hawkey CJ, et al. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with fish oil supplementation: a prospective 12 month randomised controlled trial. Gut 1992;33:922-8. PubMed
  9. D'Almeida A, Carter JP, Anatol A, Prost C. Effects of a combination of evening primrose oil (gamma linolenic acid) and fish oil (eicosapentaenoic + docahexaenoic acid) versus magnesium, and versus placebo in preventing pre-eclampsia. Women Health 1992;19 PubMed
  10. FDA. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Letter regarding dietary supplement health claim for omega-3 fatty acids and coronary heart disease. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/95s0316/95s-0316-Rpt0272-38-Appendix-D-Reference
  11. Montori VM, Farmer A, Wollan PC, Dinneen SF. Fish oil supplementation in type 2 diabetes: a quantitative systemic review (abstract). Diabetes Care 2000;23:1407-15.
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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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