HoneyZest Immune Boost Ingredients & Drug Interactions
What is this page for?
First and foremost: checking HoneyZest Immune Boost against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.
Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy
HoneyZest Immune Boost is a dietary supplement by Amazing Herbs with 6 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart health.Based on those ingredients, 1,335 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Garlic, Black Cumin Seed Oil Extract, Eucalyptus Extract. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.
Check Your Meds Against HoneyZest Immune Boost by Amazing Herbs
Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with HoneyZest Immune Boost by Amazing Herbs — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.
AI summaries are generated from our interaction database for education only — always confirm with your pharmacist. How we use AI
Ask the Pharmacist
A licensed pharmacist will answer your question by email — free, usually within 24 hours.
Got it — thank you!
A licensed pharmacist will answer within 24 hours. Keep an eye on your email (worth checking spam, just in case).
HelloPharmacist Scorecard of HoneyZest Immune Boost by Amazing Herbs
Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.
What’s inside
Low disclosure
HoneyZest Immune Boost is a liquid containing six active ingredients: garlic, elderberry, raw honey, echinacea, eucalyptus extract, and black cumin seed oil extract. The product contains no inactive ingredients listed.
Each ingredient is included in a proprietary blend, which means the exact amounts of each are not disclosed on the label. The product is formulated to support immune function through a combination of herbal and natural sources.
Does it work?
Moderate evidence
The evidence base for this product's individual ingredients is mixed. Garlic is possibly effective for diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease (atherosclerosis), and liver health (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease), and may help with gum disease (periodontitis).
Raw honey is possibly effective for cough, cold sores (herpes labialis), mouth sores (oral mucositis), burns, and dry eye. Black cumin seed oil is possibly effective for acne, hay fever, asthma, and diabetes.
For the other ingredients—elderberry, echinacea, and eucalyptus extract—we hold insufficient reliable evidence to rate their effectiveness for the conditions they're typically used for. The product itself has no stated claims or evidence data on file.
How safe is it?
Well-documented data
Garlic is generally well tolerated as food but may cause stomach upset, body odor, bad breath, and flatulence in supplement doses. It carries a caution regarding increased bleeding risk.
Honey is generally safe for adults and children over 1 year old and is likely safe in pregnancy and while breastfeeding; common side effects are nausea and stomach pain. Echinacea is well tolerated short-term but may cause allergic reactions, especially in people sensitive to ragweed and related plants; evidence is limited, so avoid unless your doctor approves.
Black cumin seed oil should be avoided in pregnancy at supplement doses, though food amounts are likely fine; common side effects include nausea, vomiting, and constipation. Eucalyptus extract is generally safe in small diluted amounts but should not be taken internally; the undiluted oil can be toxic.
Elderberry from ripe fruit is generally well tolerated, but raw or unripe berries and other plant parts can be toxic; it should be avoided in pregnancy and while breastfeeding due to insufficient safety data.
Meds to double-check
Moderate interaction found
Before taking HoneyZest Immune Boost, double-check with your doctor or pharmacist if you take blood thinners or antiplatelet drugs (like warfarin or aspirin)—garlic may increase bleeding risk. Also flag blood pressure medications, diabetes drugs, and immunosuppressants (including transplant drugs like cyclosporine).
Echinacea may raise caffeine levels and could affect cancer treatments. Garlic also interacts with certain protease inhibitors (HIV drugs) and liver-metabolized medications.
If you're on any prescription medication at all, use the search tool on this page to verify your specific drugs.
The bottom line
Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.
This product combines multiple herbs with some evidence for supporting immune and metabolic health, though the strength of that evidence varies. If you take blood thinners, diabetes medication, blood pressure medication, or immune-suppressing drugs, you should check your specific medications with your doctor or pharmacist before starting this supplement—the interactions can be significant.
Even if you're generally healthy, it's worth a quick conversation with your own healthcare provider to make sure it fits your situation.
Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI
Assessment coverage: 6 of 6 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Nov 22, 2022.
This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed
General information
Key facts about HoneyZest Immune Boost, straight from the product label.
| Brand | Amazing Herbs |
|---|---|
| Barcode (UPC) | 665231843125 |
| Net contents | 2.1 Ounce(s); 60 Gram(s); 12 Stick(s) |
| Market status | On market |
| Date entered into DSLD | Nov 22, 2022 |
| DSLD ID | 274922 |
| Product type | Other Combinations |
| Supplement form | Liquid |
| Dietary claims / uses | Nutrient, All Other |
| Intended target group(s) | Adult (18 - 50 Years) |
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.
Supplement Facts
The label details for HoneyZest Immune Boost by Amazing Herbs, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.
Supplement Facts
| Ingredient | Amount | % DV |
|---|---|---|
| Calories | 15 Calorie(s) | -- |
| Total Carbohydrates | 4 Gram(s) | 1% |
| Total Sugars | 4 Gram(s) | -- |
| Proprietary Blend | 5 Gram(s) | -- |
| added Sugars | 4 Gram(s) | 8% |
| Garlic | 0 NP | -- |
| Elderberry | 0 NP | -- |
| raw Honey | 0 NP | -- |
| Echinacea | 0 NP | -- |
| Eucalyptus Extract | 0 NP | -- |
| Black Cumin Seed Oil Extract | 0 NP | -- |
Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
FDA Statement of Identity
Dietary Supplement
Formula
Herbal honey Raw natural honey infused with echinacea, elderberry, garlic, eucalyptus extracts and pure black seed oil.
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions
Suggested Use One stick Add to tea, milk, juice
Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.
HoneyZest Immune Boost by Amazing Herbs label
The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.
Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.
View the full label (PDF)The Ingredients in HoneyZest Immune Boost by Amazing Herbs
These are the 6 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.
Serving size5 Gram(s) Dosage formLiquid Servings per container12 Amounts shown are per serving.
Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.
Proprietary Blend
HoneyZest Immune Boost by Amazing Herbs Drug Interactions
HelloPharmacist Interaction Report
HoneyZest Immune Boost by Amazing Herbs contains six active ingredients, and through its garlic, elderberry, honey, echinacea, eucalyptus extract, and black cumin seed oil content, it interacts with a number of medications.
The most serious concern is garlic's potential to increase bleeding risk with blood thinners (anticoagulants) and antiplatelet drugs—an effect that's been documented in both raw garlic and extracts, with case reports of increased bleeding markers when combined with warfarin.
Read the full breakdown — every affected drug type, severity by severity
Beyond bleeding risk, garlic may lower blood pressure when combined with antihypertensive drugs, lower blood sugar with diabetes medications, or alter the metabolism of drugs processed through specific liver pathways (CYP3A4, CYP2E1). Echinacea may raise caffeine levels by about 30% and could affect how your body processes certain cancer drugs and immunosuppressants.
Black cumin seed oil theoretically shares concerns with blood pressure, blood sugar, and blood thinners, and may interfere with the immunosuppressant cyclosporine. Eucalyptus extract's interactions are based on laboratory evidence rather than human studies but include theoretical effects on several liver enzymes and blood sugar control.
Elderberry and honey carry fewer documented interactions—elderberry with immunosuppressants and one cancer drug, honey with seizure medication and anticoagulants at minor severity.
Additionally, we could not check the proprietary blend itself because its exact components and their amounts are not disclosed. Altogether, these interactions span 1,336 individual medications.
Check your exact medications with the search tool on this page before starting this product.
Check your own medications below · Editorial policy · How we use AI
Want to check YOUR meds against HoneyZest Immune Boost?
Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.
Go to the checkerIngredients driving the most interactions
Individual Drug Interactions
The ingredients in HoneyZest Immune Boost interact with 1,335 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.
6 of the 6 ingredients in HoneyZest Immune Boost interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Garlic Black Cumin Seed Oil Extract Eucalyptus Extract Echinacea raw Honey Elderberry
6-mercaptopurinePurinethol
How 6-mercaptopurine interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaImmunosuppressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea has immunostimulant activity which may interfere with immunosuppressant therapy.
Read the full Echinacea + 6-mercaptopurine interactionBlack Cumin Seed Oil ExtractImmunosuppressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, black seed might interfere with immunosuppressive therapy.
Read the full Black Cumin Seed Oil Extract + 6-mercaptopurine interactionElderberryImmunosuppressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, elderberry might interfere with immunosuppressant therapy due to its immunostimulant activity.
Read the full Elderberry + 6-mercaptopurine interactionAdo-trastuzumab EmtansineKadcyla
How Ado-trastuzumab Emtansine interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 4 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
GarlicCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4 and inhibit hepatic CYP3A4.
Read the full Garlic + Ado-trastuzumab Emtansine interactionEucalyptus ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eucalyptus might increase the levels of CYP3A4 substrates.
Read the full Eucalyptus Extract + Ado-trastuzumab Emtansine interactionEchinaceaCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea may induce hepatic CYP3A4 and inhibit intestinal CYP3A4.
Read the full Echinacea + Ado-trastuzumab Emtansine interactionRaw HoneyCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, honey might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4, but research is conflicting.
Read the full Raw Honey + Ado-trastuzumab Emtansine interactionAbciximabReoPro
How Abciximab interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Black Cumin Seed Oil ExtractAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, black seed may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Black Cumin Seed Oil Extract + Abciximab interactionGarlicAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Garlic + Abciximab interactionRaw HoneyAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, honey may increase the risk of bleeding when used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Raw Honey + Abciximab interactionAbemaciclibVerzenio
How Abemaciclib interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 4 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
GarlicCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4 and inhibit hepatic CYP3A4.
Read the full Garlic + Abemaciclib interactionEchinaceaCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea may induce hepatic CYP3A4 and inhibit intestinal CYP3A4.
Read the full Echinacea + Abemaciclib interactionEucalyptus ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eucalyptus might increase the levels of CYP3A4 substrates.
Read the full Eucalyptus Extract + Abemaciclib interactionRaw HoneyCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, honey might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4, but research is conflicting.
Read the full Raw Honey + Abemaciclib interactionAbiraterone
How Abiraterone interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 4 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Eucalyptus ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eucalyptus might increase the levels of CYP3A4 substrates.
Read the full Eucalyptus Extract + Abiraterone interactionGarlicCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4 and inhibit hepatic CYP3A4.
Read the full Garlic + Abiraterone interactionEchinaceaCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea may induce hepatic CYP3A4 and inhibit intestinal CYP3A4.
Read the full Echinacea + Abiraterone interactionRaw HoneyCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, honey might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4, but research is conflicting.
Read the full Raw Honey + Abiraterone interactionAbiraterone AcetateYonsa, Zytiga
How Abiraterone Acetate interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 4 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea may induce hepatic CYP3A4 and inhibit intestinal CYP3A4.
Read the full Echinacea + Abiraterone Acetate interactionEucalyptus ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eucalyptus might increase the levels of CYP3A4 substrates.
Read the full Eucalyptus Extract + Abiraterone Acetate interactionGarlicCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4 and inhibit hepatic CYP3A4.
Read the full Garlic + Abiraterone Acetate interactionRaw HoneyCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, honey might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4, but research is conflicting.
Read the full Raw Honey + Abiraterone Acetate interactionAbrocitinibCibinqo
How Abrocitinib interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 6 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
GarlicAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Garlic + Abrocitinib interactionElderberryImmunosuppressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, elderberry might interfere with immunosuppressant therapy due to its immunostimulant activity.
Read the full Elderberry + Abrocitinib interactionEucalyptus ExtractCytochrome P450 2c19 (cyp2c19) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 2c9 (cyp2c9) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eucalyptus might increase the levels of CYP2C19 substrates.
Read the full Eucalyptus Extract + Abrocitinib interactionBlack Cumin Seed Oil ExtractAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs, Immunosuppressants +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, black seed may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Black Cumin Seed Oil Extract + Abrocitinib interactionEchinaceaImmunosuppressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea has immunostimulant activity which may interfere with immunosuppressant therapy.
Read the full Echinacea + Abrocitinib interactionRaw HoneyAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, honey may increase the risk of bleeding when used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Raw Honey + Abrocitinib interactionAcalabrutinibCalquence
How Acalabrutinib interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 4 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Eucalyptus ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eucalyptus might increase the levels of CYP3A4 substrates.
Read the full Eucalyptus Extract + Acalabrutinib interactionGarlicCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4 and inhibit hepatic CYP3A4.
Read the full Garlic + Acalabrutinib interactionEchinaceaCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea may induce hepatic CYP3A4 and inhibit intestinal CYP3A4.
Read the full Echinacea + Acalabrutinib interactionRaw HoneyCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, honey might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4, but research is conflicting.
Read the full Raw Honey + Acalabrutinib interactionAcarboseGlucobay, Prandase, Precose
How Acarbose interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Black Cumin Seed Oil ExtractAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking black seed with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Read the full Black Cumin Seed Oil Extract + Acarbose interactionEucalyptus ExtractAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eucalyptus leaf might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Read the full Eucalyptus Extract + Acarbose interactionGarlicAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking garlic with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Read the full Garlic + Acarbose interactionAcebutololRhotral, Sectral
How Acebutolol interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
GarlicAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking garlic with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Read the full Garlic + Acebutolol interactionBlack Cumin Seed Oil ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking black seed with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Read the full Black Cumin Seed Oil Extract + Acebutolol interactionAcenocoumarolSintrom
How Acenocoumarol interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Black Cumin Seed Oil ExtractAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, black seed may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Black Cumin Seed Oil Extract + Acenocoumarol interactionGarlicAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Garlic + Acenocoumarol interactionRaw HoneyAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, honey may increase the risk of bleeding when used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Raw Honey + Acenocoumarol interactionAcepromazineAtravet
How Acepromazine interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Black Cumin Seed Oil ExtractCns Depressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use with drugs that have sedative properties may cause additive effects.
Read the full Black Cumin Seed Oil Extract + Acepromazine interactionAcetaminophenChildren's Tylenol, Children's Tylenol Meltaways, Tylenol, Tylenol Ex Strength
How Acetaminophen interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen interactionGarlicCytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Read the full Garlic + Acetaminophen interactionEucalyptus ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eucalyptus might increase the levels of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Eucalyptus Extract + Acetaminophen interactionAcetaminophen, AspirinGemnisyn
How Acetaminophen, Aspirin interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 5 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Eucalyptus ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eucalyptus might increase the levels of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Eucalyptus Extract + Acetaminophen, Aspirin interactionGarlicCytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates, Anticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Read the full Garlic + Acetaminophen, Aspirin interactionBlack Cumin Seed Oil ExtractAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, black seed may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Black Cumin Seed Oil Extract + Acetaminophen, Aspirin interactionEchinaceaCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Aspirin interactionRaw HoneyAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, honey may increase the risk of bleeding when used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Raw Honey + Acetaminophen, Aspirin interactionAcetaminophen, Aspirin, CaffeineExcedrin, Excedrin Extra Strength, Excedrin Migraine
How Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Caffeine interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 5 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea may induce hepatic CYP3A4 and inhibit intestinal CYP3A4.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Caffeine interactionBlack Cumin Seed Oil ExtractAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, black seed may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Black Cumin Seed Oil Extract + Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Caffeine interactionGarlicAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Garlic + Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Caffeine interactionEucalyptus ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eucalyptus might increase the levels of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Eucalyptus Extract + Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Caffeine interactionRaw HoneyAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, honey may increase the risk of bleeding when used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Raw Honey + Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Caffeine interactionAcetaminophen, Brompheniramine, PhenylpropanolamineDimetapp Cold and Flu
How Acetaminophen, Brompheniramine, Phenylpropanolamine interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Brompheniramine, Phenylpropanolamine interactionEucalyptus ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eucalyptus might increase the levels of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Eucalyptus Extract + Acetaminophen, Brompheniramine, Phenylpropanolamine interactionGarlicCytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Read the full Garlic + Acetaminophen, Brompheniramine, Phenylpropanolamine interactionAcetaminophen, ButalbitalAxocet, Bancap, Bucet, Butex Forte, Esgic CF, Orbivan CF +5 more
How Acetaminophen, Butalbital interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
GarlicCytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Read the full Garlic + Acetaminophen, Butalbital interactionEucalyptus ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eucalyptus might increase the levels of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Eucalyptus Extract + Acetaminophen, Butalbital interactionEchinaceaCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Butalbital interactionAcetaminophen, Butalbital, CaffeineEsgic, Esgic Plus, Fiogesic, Fioricet, Repan, Tecnal +1 more
How Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 4 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine interactionEucalyptus ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eucalyptus might increase the levels of CYP3A4 substrates.
Read the full Eucalyptus Extract + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine interactionGarlicCytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Read the full Garlic + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine interactionRaw HoneyCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, honey might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4, but research is conflicting.
Read the full Raw Honey + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine interactionAcetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine, CodeineEsgic with Codeine, Fioricet w/ Codeine
How Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine, Codeine interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 5 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
GarlicCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4 and inhibit hepatic CYP3A4.
Read the full Garlic + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine, Codeine interactionEucalyptus ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eucalyptus might increase the levels of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Eucalyptus Extract + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine, Codeine interactionEchinaceaCaffeine, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea can increase plasma levels of caffeine by inhibiting its metabolism.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine, Codeine interactionBlack Cumin Seed Oil ExtractCns Depressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use with drugs that have sedative properties may cause additive effects.
Read the full Black Cumin Seed Oil Extract + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine, Codeine interactionRaw HoneyCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, honey might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4, but research is conflicting.
Read the full Raw Honey + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine, Codeine interactionAcetaminophen, Butalbital, CodeineBancap w/ Codeine
How Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 4 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Eucalyptus ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eucalyptus might increase the levels of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Eucalyptus Extract + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine interactionGarlicCytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Read the full Garlic + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine interactionEchinaceaCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine interactionBlack Cumin Seed Oil ExtractCns Depressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use with drugs that have sedative properties may cause additive effects.
Read the full Black Cumin Seed Oil Extract + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine interactionAcetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine PhosphatePhrenilin #3
How Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine Phosphate interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 4 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Black Cumin Seed Oil ExtractCns Depressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use with drugs that have sedative properties may cause additive effects.
Read the full Black Cumin Seed Oil Extract + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine Phosphate interactionEchinaceaCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine Phosphate interactionGarlicCytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Read the full Garlic + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine Phosphate interactionEucalyptus ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eucalyptus might increase the levels of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Eucalyptus Extract + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine Phosphate interactionAcetaminophen, Caffeine, Chlorpheniramine, Hydrocodone, PhenylephrineHycomine Compound
How Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Chlorpheniramine, Hydrocodone, Phenylephrine interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 5 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Eucalyptus ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eucalyptus might increase the levels of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Eucalyptus Extract + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Chlorpheniramine, Hydrocodone, Phenylephrine interactionGarlicCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4 and inhibit hepatic CYP3A4.
Read the full Garlic + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Chlorpheniramine, Hydrocodone, Phenylephrine interactionBlack Cumin Seed Oil ExtractCns Depressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use with drugs that have sedative properties may cause additive effects.
Read the full Black Cumin Seed Oil Extract + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Chlorpheniramine, Hydrocodone, Phenylephrine interactionEchinaceaCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Caffeine +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea may induce hepatic CYP3A4 and inhibit intestinal CYP3A4.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Chlorpheniramine, Hydrocodone, Phenylephrine interactionRaw HoneyCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, honey might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4, but research is conflicting.
Read the full Raw Honey + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Chlorpheniramine, Hydrocodone, Phenylephrine interactionAcetaminophen, Caffeine, CodeineGesic C15, Gesic C30, Gesic C8, Lenoltec 1, Lenoltec 2, Lenoltec 3 +1 more
How Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 5 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Caffeine +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine interactionGarlicCytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Read the full Garlic + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine interactionEucalyptus ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eucalyptus might increase the levels of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Eucalyptus Extract + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine interactionBlack Cumin Seed Oil ExtractCns Depressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use with drugs that have sedative properties may cause additive effects.
Read the full Black Cumin Seed Oil Extract + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine interactionRaw HoneyCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, honey might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4, but research is conflicting.
Read the full Raw Honey + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine interactionAcetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine, SalicylamideCodalan No.1, Codalan No.2, Codalan No.3
How Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine, Salicylamide interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 5 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Eucalyptus ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eucalyptus might increase the levels of CYP3A4 substrates.
Read the full Eucalyptus Extract + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine, Salicylamide interactionEchinaceaCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Caffeine +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine, Salicylamide interactionBlack Cumin Seed Oil ExtractCns Depressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use with drugs that have sedative properties may cause additive effects.
Read the full Black Cumin Seed Oil Extract + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine, Salicylamide interactionGarlicCytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Read the full Garlic + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine, Salicylamide interactionRaw HoneyCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, honey might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4, but research is conflicting.
Read the full Raw Honey + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine, Salicylamide interactionAcetaminophen, Caffeine, DihydrocodeineDHC Plus, Panlor DC, Panlor SS
How Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Dihydrocodeine interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 5 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
GarlicCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4 and inhibit hepatic CYP3A4.
Read the full Garlic + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Dihydrocodeine interactionEucalyptus ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eucalyptus might increase the levels of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Eucalyptus Extract + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Dihydrocodeine interactionEchinaceaCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Dihydrocodeine interactionBlack Cumin Seed Oil ExtractCns Depressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use with drugs that have sedative properties may cause additive effects.
Read the full Black Cumin Seed Oil Extract + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Dihydrocodeine interactionRaw HoneyCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, honey might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4, but research is conflicting.
Read the full Raw Honey + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Dihydrocodeine interactionAcetaminophen, Caffeine, IsomethepteneMigralam
How Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Isometheptene interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 4 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
EchinaceaCaffeine, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea can increase plasma levels of caffeine by inhibiting its metabolism.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Isometheptene interactionGarlicCytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Read the full Garlic + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Isometheptene interactionEucalyptus ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eucalyptus might increase the levels of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Eucalyptus Extract + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Isometheptene interactionRaw HoneyCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, honey might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4, but research is conflicting.
Read the full Raw Honey + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Isometheptene interactionAcetaminophen, Caffeine, PyrilamineMidol Max Strength Menstrual
How Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Pyrilamine interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 5 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Eucalyptus ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eucalyptus might increase the levels of CYP3A4 substrates.
Read the full Eucalyptus Extract + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Pyrilamine interactionEchinaceaCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Pyrilamine interactionBlack Cumin Seed Oil ExtractDiuretic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking black seed with diuretic drugs might increase potassium loss and the risk of hypokalemia.
Read the full Black Cumin Seed Oil Extract + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Pyrilamine interactionGarlicCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4 and inhibit hepatic CYP3A4.
Read the full Garlic + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Pyrilamine interactionRaw HoneyCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, honey might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4, but research is conflicting.
Read the full Raw Honey + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Pyrilamine interactionAcetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Dextromethorphan HbrVicks Formula 44M Cough, Cold & Flu Relief
How Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Dextromethorphan Hbr interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 5 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
GarlicCytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Read the full Garlic + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Dextromethorphan Hbr interactionEucalyptus ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eucalyptus might increase the levels of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Eucalyptus Extract + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Dextromethorphan Hbr interactionEchinaceaCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Dextromethorphan Hbr interactionBlack Cumin Seed Oil ExtractSerotonergic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, combining serotonergic drugs with black seed might increase the risk of serotonergic side effects, including serotonin syndrome and cerebral vasoconstrictive disorders.
Read the full Black Cumin Seed Oil Extract + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Dextromethorphan Hbr interactionRaw HoneyCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, honey might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4, but research is conflicting.
Read the full Raw Honey + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Dextromethorphan Hbr interactionAcetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Codeine, PhenylephrineColrex
How Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Codeine, Phenylephrine interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 5 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Black Cumin Seed Oil ExtractSerotonergic Drugs, Cns Depressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, combining serotonergic drugs with black seed might increase the risk of serotonergic side effects, including serotonin syndrome and cerebral vasoconstrictive disorders.
Read the full Black Cumin Seed Oil Extract + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Codeine, Phenylephrine interactionEchinaceaCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Codeine, Phenylephrine interactionGarlicCytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Read the full Garlic + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Codeine, Phenylephrine interactionEucalyptus ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eucalyptus might increase the levels of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Eucalyptus Extract + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Codeine, Phenylephrine interactionRaw HoneyCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, honey might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4, but research is conflicting.
Read the full Raw Honey + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Codeine, Phenylephrine interactionAcetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, DextromethorphanCoricidin II Extra Strength Cold and Flu
How Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Dextromethorphan interacts with HoneyZest Immune Boost — through 5 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Eucalyptus ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eucalyptus might increase the levels of CYP3A4 substrates.
Read the full Eucalyptus Extract + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Dextromethorphan interactionBlack Cumin Seed Oil ExtractSerotonergic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, combining serotonergic drugs with black seed might increase the risk of serotonergic side effects, including serotonin syndrome and cerebral vasoconstrictive disorders.
Read the full Black Cumin Seed Oil Extract + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Dextromethorphan interactionEchinaceaCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Echinacea may induce hepatic CYP3A4 and inhibit intestinal CYP3A4.
Read the full Echinacea + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Dextromethorphan interactionGarlicCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4 and inhibit hepatic CYP3A4.
Read the full Garlic + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Dextromethorphan interactionRaw HoneyCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, honey might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4, but research is conflicting.
Read the full Raw Honey + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Dextromethorphan interactionEach ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects
For each ingredient in HoneyZest Immune Boost with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.
Garlic
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs
Garlic may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Raw garlic and a variety of garlic extracts have antiplatelet activity and can increase prothrombin time.
Antidiabetes Drugs
Theoretically, taking garlic with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Clinical research suggests that garlic and garlic extract lower blood glucose levels in healthy and diabetic individuals.
Antihypertensive Drugs
Theoretically, taking garlic with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
In human research, both garlic and garlic extracts have blood pressure-lowering effects.
Atazanavir (Reyataz)
Theoretically, garlic might decrease levels and effects of atazanavir.
In a case report, a patient consuming six stir-fried garlic cloves three times weekly developed suboptimal atazanavir levels and increases in HIV viral load. While the exact cause of this interaction is unclear, there is speculation that garlic might decrease the intestinal absorption of atazanavir or increase its metabolism by inducing cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Until more is known, advise patients not to consume large amounts of garlic while taking atazanavir.
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (Cyp2E1) Substrates
Garlic might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Clinical research suggests garlic oil can inhibit the activity of CYP2E1 by 39%. Use garlic oil cautiously in patients taking drugs metabolized by these enzymes.
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates
Theoretically, garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4 and inhibit hepatic CYP3A4. This may increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Some human research suggests that garlic may induce INTESTINAL CYP3A4, reducing levels of drugs metabolized by this enzyme. This is primarily based on a study showing that taking a specific allicin-containing garlic product (GarliPure Maximum Allicin Formula, Natrol Inc.) twice daily for 3 days reduces saquinavir levels by approximately 50%. It is speculated that the allicin constituent induced CYP3A4 in the gut mucosa. Another study shows that giving docetaxel intravenously, bypassing the CYP3A4 enzymes in the gut mucosa, along with the same specific garlic product for 12 consecutive days, does not affect docetaxel levels. Conversely, there is concern that garlic may inhibit HEPATIC CYP3A4. In a single case report, increased tacrolimus levels and liver injury occurred in a liver transplant patient after taking a specific garlic supplement (Garlicin Cardio, Nature's Way) at up to three times the manufacturer recommended dose for 7 days. Several other studies have evaluated the impact of other garlic formulations on CYP3A4 substrates and have found no effect. Most of the products in these studies provided little or no allicin.
Isoniazid
Theoretically, garlic might decrease levels of isoniazid.
Animal research suggests that an aqueous extract of garlic reduces isoniazid levels by about 65%. Garlic reduced the maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC), but not the half-life, of isoniazid. This suggests that garlic extract might inhibit isoniazid absorption across the intestinal mucosa; however, the exact mechanism of this potential interaction is not known.
Protease Inhibitors (Pis)
Theoretically, garlic products containing allicin might decrease levels of PIs.
Protease inhibitors are metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) isoenzymes. There is concern that garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4, reducing plasma levels of protease inhibitors. This is primarily based on a study showing that taking a specific garlic product (GarliPure Maximum Allicin Formula, Natrol Inc.) twice daily for 3 days reduces levels of saquinavir, a PI, by approximately 50%. It is speculated that the allicin constituent induce CYP3A4 in the gut mucosa. Several studies have evaluated the impact of other garlic formulations on CYP3A4 substrates and have found no effect. Most of the products in these studies provided little or no allicin.
Saquinavir (Fortovase, Invirase)
Theoretically, garlic containing allicin might decrease levels of saquinavir.
Saquinavir is a substrate of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) isoenzymes. There is concern that garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4 and cause subtherapeutic levels of saquinavir. This is primarily based on a pharmacokinetic study showing that taking a specific garlic product (GarliPure Maximum Allicin Formula, Natrol Inc.) twice daily for 3 days reduces saquinavir levels by approximately 50%. It is speculated that the allicin constituent induces CYP3A4 in the gut mucosa. Several pharmacokinetic studies have evaluated the impact of other garlic formulations on CYP3A4 substrates and have found no effect. Most of the products in these studies provided little or no allicin. Until more is known about this potential interaction, use garlic containing allicin cautiously in patients taking saquinavir.
Sofosbuvir (Sovaldi)
Theoretically, taking garlic with sofosbuvir might decrease its effectiveness.
Animal research in rats shows that giving aged garlic extract 120 mg/kg orally daily for 14 days decreases the area under the concentration time curve (AUC) after a single sofosbuvir dose of 40 mg/kg by 36%, increases the clearance by 63%, and decreases the plasma concentrations at 1 and 8 hours by 35% and 58%, respectively. This interaction is hypothesized to be due to induction of intestinal P-glycoprotein expression by garlic.
Tacrolimus (Prograf)
Theoretically, garlic might increase levels of tacrolimus.
In one case report, a liver transplant patient taking tacrolimus experienced increased tacrolimus levels and liver injury after taking a specific garlic supplement (Garlicin Cardio, Nature's Way) at up to three times the manufacturer recommended dose for 7 days. It is speculated that garlic inhibited hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), which increased plasma levels of tacrolimus.
Warfarin (Coumadin)
Theoretically, garlic might increase the risk of bleeding with warfarin.
Raw garlic and a variety of garlic extracts have antiplatelet activity and can increase prothrombin time. In addition, there is a report of two patients who experienced an increase in a previously stabilized international normalized ratio (INR) with concomitant garlic and warfarin use. However, this report has been subsequently debated due to limited clinical information. Other clinical studies have not identified an effect of garlic on INR, warfarin pharmacokinetics, or bleeding risk. More evidence is needed to determine the safety of using garlic with warfarin.
Black Cumin Seed Oil Extract
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs
Theoretically, black seed may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro and animal research suggests that black seed extract can inhibit platelet aggregation and clotting, and increase bleeding time. In addition, decreased platelet counts have occurred in a human case report and in animal research.
Antidiabetes Drugs
Theoretically, taking black seed with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Some clinical research and numerous animal studies suggest that black seed, especially its constituent thymoquinone, can have hypoglycemic effects.
Antihypertensive Drugs
Theoretically, taking black seed with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Clinical research suggests that black seed powder and oil might reduce blood pressure by 2-3 mmHg. In animal research, black seed modestly reduces blood pressure and concomitant use of black seed and amlodipine (Norvasc) or metoprolol (Lopressor) increased the blood pressure lowering effects of these drugs.
Clopidogrel (Plavix)
Theoretically, black seed may increase the risk of bleeding if used with clopidogrel.
Animal research shows that taking black seed extract daily for 2 weeks prior to a single dose of clopidogrel increases maximum concentrations of clopidogrel by approximately 31% and modestly decreases oral clearance. Furthermore, bleeding time was increased by 12%. This has not been shown in humans.
Cns Depressants
Theoretically, concomitant use with drugs that have sedative properties may cause additive effects.
Animal research suggests that black seed may have CNS depressant effects.
Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)
Theoretically taking black seed might reduce the levels and clinical effects of cyclosporine.
In animal research, black seed extract decreased the maximal levels of cyclosporine in the blood by 35.5%. This has not been shown in humans.
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates
Theoretically, black seed might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.
In vitro research suggests that thymoquinone, a constituent of black seed, can decrease the metabolism of phenytoin by a mechanism possibly related to the inhibition of CYP2C9. The effect of black seed on CYP2C9 is unclear. This has not been shown in humans.
Diuretic Drugs
Theoretically, taking black seed with diuretic drugs might increase potassium loss and the risk of hypokalemia.
Black seed extract has shown diuretic effects in animals, which could theoretically increase potassium loss. This has not been shown in humans.
Immunosuppressants
Theoretically, black seed might interfere with immunosuppressive therapy.
Animal and in vitro studies suggest that black seed might stimulate immune function. However, other animal studies suggest that black seed may suppress immune function.
Phenytoin (Dilantin)
Theoretically, black seed might increase or decrease levels and effects of phenytoin.
In vitro research suggests that thymoquinone, a constituent of black seed, can decrease the metabolism of phenytoin. This effect may be due to inhibition of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9). However, animal research shows that black seed decreases the maximum concentration of and total systemic exposure to phenytoin by 57% and 87%, respectively. This seems to be related to increased clearance and steady state volume of distribution. This interaction has not been shown in humans.
Serotonergic Drugs
Theoretically, combining serotonergic drugs with black seed might increase the risk of serotonergic side effects, including serotonin syndrome and cerebral vasoconstrictive disorders.
Animal research suggests that black seed can increase brain serotonin levels. In one case report, a 35-year-old man undergoing endoscopic surgery experienced immediate postoperative serotonin syndrome that was likely associated with the use of black seed oil 600 mg daily starting 4 days before surgery, and precipitated by the use of serotonergic pain medications, including fentanyl and oxycodone. Monitor patients for signs of serotonin syndrome and other serotonergic side effects if using black seed with serotonergic drugs.
Sildenafil (Viagra)
Theoretically, black seed might reduce plasma levels and the therapeutic effects of sildenafil.
Animal research shows that black seed reduces the total systemic exposure to sildenafil by 43%. So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.
Warfarin (Coumadin)
Theoretically, black seed might increase levels of warfarin and increase the risk of bleeding.
In vitro research suggests that thymoquinone, a constituent of black seed, can decrease the metabolism of warfarin. This effect may be due to inhibition of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9). The effect of black seed on warfarin metabolism is unclear. This has not been shown in humans.
Prednisolone
Theoretically black seed might reduce plasma levels and therapeutic effects of prednisolone.
In animal research, oral administration of a single dose of black seed oil 15 minutes prior to oral prednisolone decreases the prednisolone maximum plasma concentration by 65% and area under the curve by 25%. This has not been shown in humans.
Eucalyptus Extract
Amphetamines
Theoretically, inhaling eucalyptol may reduce the effectiveness of amphetamines.
Animal research suggests that inhaling eucalyptol may reduce the levels of amphetamines in the blood.
Antidiabetes Drugs
Theoretically, eucalyptus leaf might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Animal research suggests that eucalyptus leaf might have hypoglycemic activity, and might have additive effects when used with antidiabetes drugs.
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates
Theoretically, eucalyptus might increase the levels of CYP1A2 substrates.
In vitro research suggests that eucalyptus oil might inhibit CYP1A2, although this has not been reported in humans.
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (Cyp2C19) Substrates
Theoretically, eucalyptus might increase the levels of CYP2C19 substrates.
In vitro research suggests that eucalyptus oil might inhibit CYP2C19, although this has not been reported in humans.
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates
Theoretically, eucalyptus might increase the levels of CYP2C9 substrates.
In vitro research suggests that eucalyptus oil might inhibit CYP2C9, although this has not been reported in humans.
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates
Theoretically, eucalyptus might increase the levels of CYP3A4 substrates.
In vitro research suggests that eucalyptus oil might inhibit CYP3A4, although this has not been reported in humans.
Pentobarbital (Nembutal)
Theoretically, inhaling eucalyptol might reduce the effectiveness of pentobarbital.
Animal research suggests that inhaling eucalyptol reduces the level of pentobarbital that reaches the brain.
Echinacea
Caffeine
Echinacea can increase plasma levels of caffeine by inhibiting its metabolism.
Echinacea seems to increase plasma concentrations of caffeine by around 30%. This is likely due to inhibition of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) by echinacea.
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates
Echinacea might inhibit the metabolism of CYP1A2 and increase plasma levels of some drugs.
Echinacea appears to inhibit CYP1A2 enzymes in humans. Additionally, echinacea seems to increase plasma concentrations of caffeine, a CYP1A2 substrate, by around 30%. Theoretically, echinacea might increase levels of other drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates
Echinacea may induce hepatic CYP3A4 and inhibit intestinal CYP3A4. This may increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Several clinical trials have shown that taking echinacea for up to one month does not significantly affect the metabolism of various CYP3A4 substrates, including midazolam, docetaxel, etravirine, lopinavir-ritonavir, and darunavir-ritonavir. However, other clinical research shows that echinacea may increase the clearance of midazolam, suggesting that echinacea might induce CYP3A4. The discrepancy is thought to be due to differing effects of echinacea on intestinal versus hepatic CYP3A4 enzymes. Echinacea appears to induce hepatic CYP3A4 but inhibit intestinal CYP3A4. In some cases, these effects might cancel each other out, but in others, drug levels may be increased or decreased depending on the level of effect at hepatic and intestinal sites. The effect of echinacea on CYP3A4 activity may differ depending on the CYP3A4 substrate.
Etoposide (Vepesid)
Echinacea may increase levels of etoposide.
In one report, concomitant use of etoposide and echinacea was associated with more severe thrombocytopenia than the use of etoposide alone, suggesting inhibition of etoposide metabolism. Etoposide is a cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrate. Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but some studies have reported inhibition of the enzyme.
Immunosuppressants
Echinacea has immunostimulant activity which may interfere with immunosuppressant therapy.
Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with immunosuppressant therapy because of its immunostimulant activity.
Darunavir (Prezista)
Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with the metabolism of darunavir; however, a small clinical study found no effect.
Darunavir is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and is administered with the CYP3A4 inhibitor ritonavir to increase its plasma concentrations. Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but administration of an E. purpurea root extract (Arkocapsulas Echinacea, Arkopharma) 500 mg four times daily for 14 days did not affect darunavir/ritonavir pharmacokinetics in 15 HIV-infected patients.
Dayquil Severe
Echinacea is reported to have varying effects on a number of Cytochrome P450 metabolizing enzymes in the liver, including CYP1A2 and CYP3A4, which play a role in acetaminophen and dextromethorphan metabolism (both contained in DayQuil Severe), respectively. Studies have reported both enzyme inhibition and induction, making it difficult to predict clinically significant drug interactions with reliability. Specific drug interaction studies reporting definitive results are rare, and potential drug interactions involving echinacea should likely be taken on a case-by-case basis. Based on what we know about how acetaminophen and dextromethorphan are metabolized, the risk of a clinically significant interaction between echinacea and DayQuil Severe is low.
Docetaxel (Taxotere)
Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with the metabolism of docetaxel; however, a small clinical study found no effect.
Docetaxel is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but taking E. purpurea whole plant extract (Echinaforce, A. Vogel Biopharma AG) 20 drops three times daily for 2 weeks did not alter the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel in one clinical study.
Etravirine (Intelence)
Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with the metabolism of etravirine; however, a small clinical study found no effect.
Etravirine is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but taking E. purpurea root extract (Arkocapsulas Echinacea, Arkopharma) 500 mg three times daily for 14 days did not alter the pharmacokinetics of etravirine in HIV-infected patients.
Lopinavir/Ritonavir (Kaletra)
Theoretically, echinacea may interfere with the metabolism of lopinavir; however, a small clinical study found no effect.
Lopinavir is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and is administered with the CYP3A4 inhibitor ritonavir to increase its plasma concentrations. Echinacea has variable effects on CYP3A4, but taking E. purpurea (Echinamide, Natural Factors Nutritional Products, Inc.) 500 mg three times daily for 14 days did not alter the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir in healthy volunteers.
Midazolam (Versed)
Theoretically, echinacea may increase the metabolism of intravenous midazolam.
Echinacea induces hepatic CYP3A4 and might decrease plasma levels of midazolam by about 20%, reducing the effectiveness of intravenous midazolam. Echinacea also appears to inhibit intestinal CYP3A4, which could theoretically increase the bioavailability of oral midazolam. This may cancel out the decrease in availability caused by induction of hepatic CYP3A4, such that overall plasma levels after oral administration of midazolam are not affected by echinacea.
Warfarin (Coumadin)
Echinacea seems to increase the clearance of warfarin, although the effect may not be clinically significant.
Preliminary clinical research in healthy male volunteers suggests that taking echinacea increases the clearance of the active S-isomer of warfarin after a single dose of warfarin, but there was not a clinically significant effect on the INR.
raw Honey
Phenytoin (Dilantin)
Theoretically, honey might increase levels of phenytoin.
In an animal model, the rate and extent of absorption of phenytoin was increased by honey. This effect has not been reported in humans.
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs
Theoretically, honey may increase the risk of bleeding when used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro, honey inhibits platelet aggregation and increases the time to clotting. Furthermore, animal research suggests that feeding mice large doses of honey for 12 days increases bleeding time when compared with no intervention. However, these effects have not been reported in humans.
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates
Theoretically, honey might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4, but research is conflicting.
Some clinical research shows that honey induces CYP3A4. However, other clinical studies found no effect on CYP3A4 activity. Different honey preparations may have different effects on CYP3A4.
Elderberry
Immunosuppressants
Theoretically, elderberry might interfere with immunosuppressant therapy due to its immunostimulant activity.
Elderberry has immunostimulant activity, increasing the production of cytokines, including interleukin and tumor necrosis factor.
Pazopanib (Votrient)
Theoretically, elderberry might interact with pazopanib, potentially increasing the risk of adverse effects.
Brand information
Manufacturer and brand details for HoneyZest Immune Boost, from the product label.
Amazing Herbs
See all Amazing Herbs products- Name
- Amazing Herbs
- City
- Buford
- State
- GA
- ZipCode
- 30518
- Phone Number
- 1-800-241-9138
HoneyZest Immune Boost by Amazing Herbs: Common Questions
Does HoneyZest Immune Boost by Amazing Herbs interact with any medications?
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Where does this information come from?
Can I take this if I'm pregnant?
Will this really boost my immune system?
What are the most common side effects I might notice?
Is raw honey safe in this product?
Can I use this if I take warfarin or aspirin?
What's the proprietary blend, and why aren't the amounts listed?
Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy
Not sure if HoneyZest Immune Boost is safe with your meds?
Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.
Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.
The Full Monographs Behind HoneyZest Immune Boost’s Ingredients
Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.
Garlic
Interacts with 989 drugsGarlic is a common food and supplement that may modestly help with blood pressure and cholesterol, though the evidence is mixed and effects are usually small. It is generally safe in food am...
Read the full Garlic monograph → Herb & supplement monographElderberry
Interacts with 121 drugsElderberry is a popular herbal supplement, mainly taken to help with colds and flu. Some small studies suggest it may modestly shorten cold or flu symptoms, but the evidence is limited and n...
Read the full Elderberry monograph → Herb & supplement monographHoney
Interacts with 736 drugsHoney is a natural food with some real, modest evidence for easing coughs and helping certain wounds, especially when special medical-grade or Manuka honey is used. It is generally safe for...
Read the full Honey monograph → Herb & supplement monographEchinacea
Interacts with 816 drugsEchinacea is a popular herb taken to help prevent or shorten the common cold, but study results are mixed and the overall benefit appears small at best. It is generally well tolerated for sh...
Read the full Echinacea monograph → Herb & supplement monographEucalyptus
Interacts with 878 drugsEucalyptus is best known for its strong-smelling oil used in vapor rubs, inhalants, and lozenges to ease coughs and congestion. It may provide mild, short-term relief of cold symptoms, but t...
Read the full Eucalyptus monograph → Herb & supplement monographBlack Seed
Interacts with 912 drugsBlack seed (Nigella sativa) is a traditional spice and remedy that has been studied for asthma, blood sugar, cholesterol, and blood pressure, with early research showing some promise but no...
Read the full Black Seed monograph →Sources & How We Checked
HoneyZest Immune Boost's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.
- NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) — The official product label on file for this supplement.
- Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center) — Evidence-graded clinical reference behind the ingredient interaction data.
Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.
The 334 references behind this product’s interaction data
Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.
Garlic 154 references
- Silagy CA, Neil HA. A meta-analysis of the effect of garlic on blood pressure. J Hypertens 1994;12:463-8. DOI
- McMahon FG, Vargas R. Can garlic lower blood pressure? A pilot study. Pharmacotherapy 1993;13:406-7. DOI
- Auer W, Eiber A, Hertkorn E, et al. Hypertension and hyperlipidaemia: garlic helps in mild cases. Br J Clin Pract Suppl 1990;69:3-6.
- Garty BZ. Garlic burns. Pediatrics 1993;91:658-9.
- Rose KD, Croissant PD, Parliament CF, Levin MB. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma with associated platelet dysfunction from excessive garlic ingestion: a case report. Neurosurg 1990;26:880-2. PubMed
- Burnham BE. Garlic as a possible risk for postoperative bleeding. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995;95:213.
- Sunter WH. Warfarin and garlic. Pharm J 1991;246:722.
- Berthold HK, Sudhop T, von Bergmann K. Effect of a garlic oil preparation on serum lipoproteins and cholesterol metabolism. JAMA 1998;279:1900-2.
- Steiner M, Khan AH, Holbert D, Lin RI. A double-blind crossover study in moderately hypercholesterolemic men that compared the effect of aged garlic extract and placebo administration on blood lipids. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;64:866-70. PubMed
- Steiner M, Lin RS. Changes in platelet function and susceptibility of lipoproteins to oxidation associated with administration of aged garlic extract. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1998;31:904-8. PubMed
- Gwilt PR, Lear CL, Tempero MA, et al. The effect of garlic extract on human metabolism of acetaminophen. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1994;3:155-60.
- Rahman K, Billington D. Dietary supplementation with aged garlic extract inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation in humans. J Nutr 2000;130:2662-5. PubMed
- Bloch AS. Pushing the Envelope of Nutrition Support: Complementary Therapies. Nutrition 2000;16:236-9. PubMed
- Steiner M, Li W. Aged garlic extract, a modulator of cardiovascular risk factors: a dose-finding study on the effects of AGE on platelet functions. J Nutr 2001;131:980S-4S. PubMed
- Mader FH. Treatment of hyperlipidaemia with garlic-powder tablets. Evidence from the German Association of General Practitioners' multicentric placebo-controlled double-blind study. Arzneimittelforschung 1990;40:1111-6.
- Vorberg G, Schneider B. Therapy with garlic: results of a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Br J Clin Pract Symp Suppl 1990;69:7-11.
- Simons LA, Balasubramaniam S, von Konigsmark M, et al. On the effect of garlic on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in mild hypercholesterolaemia. Atherosclerosis 1995;113:219-25. PubMed
- Neil HA, Silagy CA, Lancaster T, et al. Garlic powder in the treatment of moderate hyperlipidaemia: a controlled trial and meta-analysis. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1996;30:329-34. DOI
- Koscielny J, Klussendorf D, Latza R, et al. The antiatherosclerotic effect of Allium sativum. Atherosclerosis 1999;144:237-49. PubMed
- Kiesewetter H, Jung F, Jung EM, et al. Effects of garlic coated tablets in peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Clin Investig 1993;71:383-6. PubMed
- Kiesewetter H, Jung F, Jung EM, et al. Effect of garlic on platelet aggregation in patients with increased risk of juvenile ischaemic attack. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1993;45:333-6. PubMed
- Legnani C, Frascaro M, Guazzaloca G, et al. Effects of a dried garlic preparation on fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation in healthy subjects. Arzneimittelforschung 1993;43:119-22.
- Mennella JA, Johnson A, Beauchamp GK. Garlic ingestion by pregnant women alters the odor of amniotic fluid. Chem Senses 1995;20:207-9. PubMed
- Mennella JA, Beauchamp GK. Maternal diet alters the sensory qualities of human milk and the nursling's behavior. Pediatrics 1991;88:737-44. DOI
- Mennella JA, Beauchamp GK. The effects of repeated exposure to garlic-flavored milk on the nursling's behavior. Pediatr Res 1993;34:805-8. PubMed
- Cronin E. Dermatitis of the hands in caterers. Contact Dermatitis 1987;17:265-9. PubMed
- Lee TY, Lam TH. Contact dermatitis due to topical treatment with garlic in Hong Kong. Contact Dermatitis 1991;24:193-6. PubMed
- Bruynzeel DP. Bulb dermatitis. Dermatological problems in the flower bulb industries. Contact Dermatitis 1997;37:70-7.
- Stevinson C, Pittler MH, Ernst E. Garlic for treating hypercholesterolemia: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Ann Intern Med 2000;133:420-9. PubMed
- Ackermann RT, Mulrow CD, Ramirez G, et al. Garlic shows promise for improving some cardiovascular risk factors. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:813-24. PubMed
- Piscitelli SC, Burstein AH, Welden N, et al. The effect of garlic supplements on the pharmacokinetics of saquinavir. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:234-8. PubMed
- Ziaei S, Hantoshzadeh S, Rezasoltani P, Lamyian M. The effect of garlic tablet on plasma lipids and platelet aggregation in nulliparous pregnants at high risk of preeclampsia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2001;99:201-6.. PubMed
- Markowitz JS, Devane CL, Chavin KD, et al. Effects of garlic (Allium sativum L.) supplementation on cytochrome P450 2D6 and 3A4 activity in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;74:170-7.. PubMed
- Josling P. Preventing the common cold with a garlic supplement: a double-blind, placebo-controlled survey. Adv Ther 2001;18:189-93. PubMed
- Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA, et al. Cytochrome P450 phenotypic ratios for predicting herb-drug interactions in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002;72:276-87.. PubMed
- Farnsworth N, Bingel A, Cordell G, et al. Potential value of plants as sources of new antifertility agents I. J Pharm Sci 1975;64:535-98. DOI
- Carden SM, Good WV, Carden PA, Good RM. Garlic and the strabismus surgeon. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2002;30:303-4. PubMed
- Kanerva L, Estlander T, Jolanki R. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from spices. Contact Dermatitis 1996;35:157-62. PubMed
- Dehghani F, Merat A, Panjehshahin MR, Handjani F. Healing effect of garlic extract on warts and corns. Int J Dermatol 2005;44:612-5. PubMed
- Dhamija P, Malhotra S, Pandhi P. Effect of oral administration of crude aqueous extract of garlic on pharmacokinetic parameters of isoniazid and rifampicin in rabbits. Pharmacology 2006;77:100-4. PubMed
- Macan H, Uykimpang R, Alconcel M, et al. Aged garlic extract may be safe for patients on warfarin therapy. J Nutr 2006;136(3 Suppl):793S-795S. PubMed
- Hubbard VG, Goldsmith P. Garlic-fingered chefs. Contact Dermatitis 2005;52:165-6. PubMed
- Mohammed Abdul MI, Jiang X, Williams KM, et al. Pharmacodynamic interaction of warfarin with cranberry but not with garlic in healthy subjects. Br J Pharmacol 2008;154:1691-700. PubMed
- Ried K, Frank OR, Stocks NP, et al. Effect of garlic on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2008;8:13. PubMed
- Cox MC, Low J, Lee J, et al. Influence of garlic (Allium sativum) on the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:4636-40.
- van der Walt, A., Lopata, A. L., Nieuwenhuizen, N. E., and Jeebhay, M. F. Work-related allergy and asthma in spice mill workers - The impact of processing dried spices on IgE reactivity patterns. Int Arch.Allergy Immunol. 2010;152(3):271-278. PubMed
- Huang, J., Frohlich, J., and Ignaszewski, A. P. The impact of dietary changes and dietary supplements on lipid profile. Can J Cardiol 2011;27(4):488-505. PubMed
- Hasani-Ranjbar, S., Nayebi, N., Moradi, L., Mehri, A., Larijani, B., and Abdollahi, M. The efficacy and safety of herbal medicines used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia; a systematic review. Curr.Pharm.Des 2010;16(26):2935-2947. PubMed
- Eming, S. A., Piontek, J. O., Hunzelmann, N., Rasokat, H., and Scharffetter-Kachanek, K. Severe toxic contact dermatitis caused by garlic. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141(2):391-392. PubMed
- Seuri, M., Taivanen, A., Ruoppi, P., and Tukiainen, H. Three cases of occupational asthma and rhinitis caused by garlic. Clin Exp.Allergy 1993;23(12):1011-1014. PubMed
- Rafaat, M. and Leung, A. K. Garlic burns. Pediatr Dermatol. 2000;17(6):475-476.
- Vaes, L. P. and Chyka, P. A. Interactions of warfarin with garlic, ginger, ginkgo, or ginseng: nature of the evidence. Ann Pharmacother 2000;34(12):1478-1482. PubMed
- Hviid, K. and Alsbjorn, B. ["Burns" caused by local application of garlic]. Ugeskr.Laeger 12-11-2000;162(50):6853-6854.
- Baruchin, A. M., Sagi, A., Yoffe, B., and Ronen, M. Garlic burns. Burns 2001;27(7):781-782.
- Pereira, F., Hatia, M., and Cardoso, J. Systemic contact dermatitis from diallyl disulfide. Contact Dermatitis 2002;46(2):124. PubMed
- Hughes, T. M., Varma, S., and Stone, N. M. Occupational contact dermatitis from a garlic and herb mixture. Contact Dermatitis 2002;47(1):48. PubMed
- Dillon, S. A., Burmi, R. S., Lowe, G. M., Billington, D., and Rahman, K. Antioxidant properties of aged garlic extract: an in vitro study incorporating human low density lipoprotein. Life Sci. 2-21-2003;72(14):1583-1594. PubMed
- Groppo, F. C., Ramacciato, J. C., Simoes, R. P., Florio, F. M., and Sartoratto, A. Antimicrobial activity of garlic, tea tree oil, and chlorhexidine against oral microorganisms. Int.Dent.J. 2002;52(6):433-437. PubMed
- Lachter, J., Babich, J. P., Brookman, J. C., and Factor, A. Y. Garlic: a way out of work. Mil.Med 2003;168(6):499-500. DOI
- Hjorth, N. and Roed-Petersen, J. Occupational protein contact dermatitis in food handlers. Contact Dermatitis 1976;2(1):28-42. PubMed
- van Ketel, W. G. and de Haan, P. Occupational eczema from garlic and onion. Contact Dermatitis 1978;4(1):53-54. PubMed
- McFadden, J. P., White, I. R., and Rycroft, R. J. Allergic contact dermatitis from garlic. Contact Dermatitis 1992;27(5):333-334. PubMed
- Tanamai, J., Veeramanomai, S., and Indrakosas, N. The efficacy of cholesterol-lowering action and side effects of garlic enteric coated tablets in man. J Med Assoc.Thai. 2004;87(10):1156-1161.
- Ashraf, R., Aamir, K., Shaikh, A. R., and Ahmed, T. Effects of garlic on dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Ayub.Med Coll.Abbottabad. 2005;17(3):60-64.
- Laing, M. E., Barry, J., Buckley, A. M., and Murphy, G. M. Immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions to food and latex in a chef. Contact Dermatitis 2006;55(3):193-194. PubMed
- Friedman, T., Shalom, A., and Westreich, M. Self-inflicted garlic burns: our experience and literature review. Int.J Dermatol. 2006;45(10):1161-1163. PubMed
- van Doorn, M. B., Espirito Santo, S. M., Meijer, P., Kamerling, I. M., Schoemaker, R. C., Dirsch, V., Vollmar, A., Haffner, T., Gebhardt, R., Cohen, A. F., Princen, H. M., and Burggraaf, J. Effect of garlic powder on C-reactive protein and plasma lipids
- Ekeowa-Anderson, A. L., Shergill, B., and Goldsmith, P. Allergic contact cheilitis to garlic. Contact Dermatitis 2007;56(3):174-175. PubMed
- Gadkari JV, Joshi VD. Effect of ingestion of raw garlic on serum cholesterol level, clotting time and fibrinolytic activity in normal subjects. J Postgrad.Med 1991;37:128-131.
- McFadden, J. P., White, J. M., Basketter, D. A., and Kimber, I. Reduced allergy rates in atopic eczema to contact allergens used in both skin products and foods: atopy and the 'hapten-atopy hypothesis'. Contact Dermatitis 2008;58(3):156-158. PubMed
- Lembo, G., Balato, N., Patruno, C., Auricchio, L., and Ayala, F. Allergic contact dermatitis due to garlic (Allium sativum). Contact Dermatitis 1991;25(5):330-331.
- Bordel-Gomez, M. T. and Miranda-Romero, A. Sensitivity to diallyl disulfide in a Spanish population. Contact Dermatitis 2008;59(2):125-126. PubMed
- Reinhart, K. M., Coleman, C. I., Teevan, C., Vachhani, P., and White, C. M. Effects of garlic on blood pressure in patients with and without systolic hypertension: a meta-analysis. Ann.Pharmacother. 2008;42(12):1766-1771. PubMed
- Bagga, S., Thomas, B. S., and Bhat, M. Garlic burn as self-inflicted mucosal injury--a case report and review of the literature. Quintessence.Int. 2008;39(6):491-494.
- Shakeel, M., Trinidade, A., McCluney, N., and Clive, B. Complementary and alternative medicine in epistaxis: a point worth considering during the patient's history. Eur.J.Emerg.Med. 2010;17(1):17-19. PubMed
- Smyth, A. R., Cifelli, P. M., Ortori, C. A., Righetti, K., Lewis, S., Erskine, P., Holland, E. D., Givskov, M., Williams, P., Camara, M., Barrett, D. A., and Knox, A. Garlic as an inhibitor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing in cystic fibrosis--a p
- Russell, J. E. Chinese complementary therapy for stress causing bilateral chemical burns to the feet. Emerg.Med.J. 2010;27(10):787. PubMed
- Adachi, A. [Two cases of eosinophilic gastroenteritis whose causative allergens are usefully diagnosed by patch test]. Arerugi 2010;59(5):545-551.
- Ried, K., Frank, O. R., and Stocks, N. P. Aged garlic extract lowers blood pressure in patients with treated but uncontrolled hypertension: a randomised controlled trial. Maturitas 2010;67(2):144-150. PubMed
- Hansanugrum, A. and Barringer, S. A. Effect of milk on the deodorization of malodorous breath after garlic ingestion. J.Food Sci. 8-1-2010;75(6):C549-C558. PubMed
- Hurley, M. N., Forrester, D. L., and Smyth, A. R. Antibiotic adjuvant therapy for pulmonary infection in cystic fibrosis. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2010;(10):CD008037. PubMed
- Nahas, R. and Balla, A. Complementary and alternative medicine for prevention and treatment of the common cold. Can.Fam.Physician 2011;57(1):31-36.
- Takeuchi, S., Matsuzaki, Y., Ikenaga, S., Nishikawa, Y., Kimura, K., Nakano, H., and Sawamura, D. Garlic-induced irritant contact dermatitis mimicking nail psoriasis. J.Dermatol. 2011;38(3):280-282. PubMed
- Davis, L. E., Shen, J. K., and Cai, Y. Antifungal activity in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma after intravenous administration of Allium sativum. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 1990;34(4):651-653. PubMed
- Ashraf, R., Khan, R. A., and Ashraf, I. Garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation with standard antidiabetic agent provides better diabetic control in type 2 diabetes patients. Pak.J.Pharm.Sci. 2011;24(4):565-570.
- Bakhshi, M., Taheri, J. B., Shabestari, S. B., Tanik, A., and Pahlevan, R. Comparison of therapeutic effect of aqueous extract of garlic and nystatin mouthwash in denture stomatitis. Gerodontology. 2012;29(2):e680-e684. PubMed
- Kianoush, S., Balali-Mood, M., Mousavi, S. R., Moradi, V., Sadeghi, M., Dadpour, B., Rajabi, O., and Shakeri, M. T. Comparison of therapeutic effects of garlic and d-Penicillamine in patients with chronic occupational lead poisoning. Basic Clin.Pharmacol
- Filobbos, G., Chapman, T., and Gesakis, K. Iatrogenic burns from garlic. J.Burn Care Res. 2012;33(1):e21. PubMed
- Nantz, M. P., Rowe, C. A., Muller, C. E., Creasy, R. A., Stanilka, J. M., and Percival, S. S. Supplementation with aged garlic extract improves both NK and gammadelta-T cell function and reduces the severity of cold and flu symptoms: a randomized, double
- Fedder, S. L. Spinal epidural hematoma and garlic ingestion. Neurosurgery 1990;27(4):659. DOI
- Lissiman, E., Bhasale, A. L., and Cohen, M. Garlic for the common cold. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;3:CD006206. PubMed
- Kaplan, B., Schewach-Millet, M., and Yorav, S. Factitial dermatitis induced by application of garlic. Int J Dermatol. 1990;29(1):75-76. PubMed
- Harenberg, J., Giese, C., and Zimmermann, R. Effect of dried garlic on blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, platelet aggregation and serum cholesterol levels in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Atherosclerosis 1988;74(3):247-249. PubMed
- Parish, R. A., McIntire, S., and Heimbach, D. M. Garlic burns: a naturopathic remedy gone awry. Pediatr.Emerg.Care 1987;3(4):258-260.
- Bojs, G. and Svensson, A. Contact allergy to garlic used for wound healing. Contact Dermatitis 1988;18(3):179-181. PubMed
- Bleumink, E. and Nater, J. P. Contact dermatitis to garlic; crossreactivity between garlic, onion and tulip. Arch.Dermatol.Forsch 8-15-1973;247(2):117-124. PubMed
- Yoshikawa, K., Hadame, K., Saitoh, K., and Hijikata, T. Patch tests with common vegetables in hand dermatitis patients. Contact Dermatitis 1979;5(4):274-275. PubMed
- Bleumink, E., Doeglas, H. M., Klokke, A. H., and Nater, J. P. Allergic contact dermatitis to garlic. Br.J Dermatol. 1972;87(1):6-9. PubMed
- Papageorgiou, C., Corbet, J. P., Menezes-Brandao, F., Pecegueiro, M., and Benezra, C. Allergic contact dermatitis to garlic (Allium sativum L.). Identification of the allergens: the role of mono-, di-, and trisulfides present in garlic. A comparative stu DOI
- anonymous. Garlic in cryptococcal meningitis: a preliminary report of 21 cases. Chin Med J (Engl.) 1980;93(2):123-126.
- Szybejko, J., Zukowski, A., and Herbec, R. [Unusual cause of obturation of the small intestine]. Wiad.Lek. 4-15-1982;35(2):163-164.
- Mitchell, J. C. Contact sensitivity to garlic (Allium). Contact Dermatitis 1980;6(5):356-357. PubMed
- German, K., Kumar, U., and Blackford, H. N. Garlic and the risk of TURP bleeding. Br J Urol 1995;76(4):518. PubMed
- Petry, J. J. Garlic and postoperative bleeding. Plast.Reconstr.Surg 1995;96(2):483-484. PubMed
- Canduela, V., Mongil, I., Carrascosa, M., Docio, S., and Cagigas, P. Garlic: always good for the health? Br J Dermatol. 1995;132(1):161-162. PubMed
- Farrell, A. M. and Staughton, R. C. Garlic burns mimicking herpes zoster. Lancet 4-27-1996;347(9009):1195. PubMed
- Delaney, T. A. and Donnelly, A. M. Garlic dermatitis. Austr J Dermatol 1996;37(2):109-110.
- Ruocco, V., Brenner, S., and Lombardi, M. L. A case of diet-related pemphigus. Dermatology 1996;192(4):373-374. PubMed
- Jain, R. C. Effect of garlic on serum lipids, coagulability and fibrinolytic activity of blood. Am J Clin Nutr 1977;30(9):1380-1381. PubMed
- Rance, F. and Dutau, G. Labial food challenge in children with food allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 1997;8(1):41-44. PubMed
- Roberge, R. J., Leckey, R., Spence, R., and Krenzelok, E. J. Garlic burns of the breast. Am J Emerg.Med 1997;15(5):548. PubMed
- Kumar, M. and Berwal, J. S. Sensitivity of food pathogens to garlic (Allium sativum). J Appl.Microbiol. 1998;84(2):213-215. PubMed
- Bimmermann A, Weingart K, and Schwartzkopff W. Allium sativum: Studie zur Wirksamkeit bei Hyperlipoproteinamie. Therapiewoche 1988;38:3885-3890.
- Czerny B and Samochowiec J. Klinische Untersuchungen mit einem Knoblauch-Lezithin-Präparat. Arztezeitschr Naturheilverf 1996;37:126-129.
- Yeh YY, Lin RI, Yeh SM, and et al. Garlic reduces plasma cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic men maintaining habitual diets. In: Ohigashi H, Osawa T, Terao J, and et al. Food Factors for Cancer Prevention. Tokyo, Japan: Springer-Verlag;1997. DOI
- Edelstein AJ and Johnstown PA. Dermatitis caused by garlic. Arch Dermatol 1950;61:111. PubMed
- Fleischer S, Bayerl C, and Jung EG. [Occupational allergic hand dermatitis to garlic in a pizza baker]. Aktuelle Dermatol 1996;22:278-279.
- Gaddoni G, Selvi M, Resta F, and et al. Allergic contact dermatitis to garlic in a cook. Ann Ital Dermatol Clin Sperimentale 1994;48:120-121.
- Ince DI, Sonmez GT, and Ince ML. Effects garlic on aerobic performance. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2000;30(6):557-561.
- Soltani PR. Preecampisia [sic] is an important complication of pregnancy which can result in morbidity and mortality in mother, fetus and the neonate. Journal of Medical Council of Islamic Republic of Iran (J MED COUNC ISLAMIC REPUB IRAN) 2005;23(3):319.
- Gravas S, Tzortzis V Rountas C Melekos MD. Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy and garlic consumption: a lesson to learn. Urol Res. 2010;38(1):61-63. PubMed
- Sunter WH. Warfarin and garlic. Pharm J 1991;246:722.
- Jeyaraj S, Shivaji G, and Jeyaraj SD. Effect of a combined supplementation of fish oil (MEGA-3) with garlic pearls on the serum lipid profile, blood pressure and body mass index of hypercholesterolemic subjects. Heart 2000;83(suppl 2):A4.
- Ashraf R, Khan RA, Ashraf I, Qureshi AA. Effects of Allium sativum (garlic) on systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. Pak J Pharm Sci 2013;26(5):859-63.
- Duncan A, Mills J. An unusual case of HIV virologic failure during treatment with boosted atazanavir. AIDS 2013;27:1361-2. PubMed
- Ergul B, Cakal B. Dysphagia caused by garlic induced esophagitis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2012;36(6):e134. PubMed
- Karabacak E, Aydin E, Kutlu A, Dogan B. An unusual garlic burn occurring on an unexpected area. BMJ Case Rep 2014. PubMed
- Ma S, Yin J. Anaphylaxis induced by ingestion of raw garlic. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012;9(8):773-5. PubMed
- Mane SK, Jordan PA, Bahna SL. Eosinophilic esophagitis to unsuspected rare food allergen. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013;111(1):64-5. PubMed
- Ried K, Frank OR, Stocks NP. Aged garlic extract reduces blood pressure in hypertensives: a dose-response trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013;67(1):64-70. PubMed
- Roussos AP, Hirsch AR. Alliaceous migraines. Headache 2014;54(2):378-82. PubMed
- Watson CJ, Grando D, Fairley CK, et al. The effects of oral garlic on vaginal candida colony counts: a randomised placebo controlled double-blind trial. BJOG 2014;121(4):498-506. PubMed
- Xu S, Heller M, Wu PA, Nambudri VE. Chemical burn caused by topical application of garlic under occlusion. Dermatol Online J 2014;20(1):21261. DOI
- Jalloh MA, Gregory PJ, Hein D, et al. Dietary supplement interactions with antiretrovirals: a systematic review. Int J STD AIDS. 2017 Jan;28(1):4-15. PubMed
- Gallicano K, Foster B, Choudhri S. Effect of short-term administration of garlic supplements on single-dose ritonavir pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;55(2):199-202. PubMed
- Hou LQ, Liu YH, Zhang YY. Garlic intake lowers fasting blood glucose: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2015;24(4):575-82.
- Oberle M, Wachs T, Brisson P. Garlic burn to the face. J Spec Oper Med. Winter 2016;16(4):80-81. PubMed
- Ried K. Garlic lowers blood pressure in hypertensive individuals, regulates serum cholesterol, and stimulates immunity: An updated meta-analysis and review. J Nutr. 2016;146(2):389S-396S. PubMed
- Shaikh SA, Tischer S, Choi EK, Fontana RJ. Good for the lung but bad for the liver? Garlic-induced hepatotoxicity following liver transplantation. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2017;42(5):646-648. PubMed
- Suzuki Y, Saito J, Misa K, Fukuhara N, Fukuhara A, Munakata M. A case of black garlic-induced pneumonia as an adverse reaction. Allergol Int. 2016;65(3):353-5. PubMed
- Treudler R, Reuter A, Engin AM, Simon JC. A case of anaphylaxis after garlic ingestion: Is alliinase the only culprit allergen? J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2015;25(5):374-5.
- Woodbury A, Sniecinski R. Garlic-induced surgical bleeding: How much is too much? A Case Rep. 2016;7(12):266-269. PubMed
- Yagami A, Suzuki K, Sano A, et al. Immediate allergy due to raw garlic (Allium sativum L.). J Dermatol. 2015;42(10):1026-7.
- Gandomkar H, Mahmoodzadeh H, Tavakoli H, Fazeli M, Rezaei J. Garlic-induced esophageal perforation: A case series. Asian J Surg. 2020;43(6):696-697. PubMed
- Dev T, Bharti P, Patel U, Bhari N. Chronic paronychia and nail dystrophy: an atypical presentation of allergic contact dermatitis to garlic. Int J Dermatol 2021 Feb 11. doi: 10.1111/ijd.15430. PubMed
- Jafari F, Tabarrai M, Abbassian A, Jafari F, Ayati MH. Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum) Supplementation on Premenstrual Disorders: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021;2021:9965064. PubMed
- Tomo S, Santos IDS, Cruz TMD, Miyahara GI, Simonato LE. Garlic burn trauma of the oral mucosa in a patient with trigeminal neuralgia: A case report. Dent Traumatol 2022. PubMed
- Wasef AK, Wahdan SA, Saeed NM, El-Demerdash E. Effects of aged garlic and ginkgo biloba extracts on the pharmacokinetics of sofosbuvir in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2022;43(4):152-62. PubMed
- Sangouni AA, Alizadeh M, Jamalzehi A, Hosseinzadeh M, Parastouei K. Garlic supplementation improves intestinal transit time, lipid accumulation product and cardiometabolic indices in subjects with metabolic syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Phytoth PubMed
- Taghavi MR, Tavanaei Tamanaei T, Oghazian MB, et al. Effectiveness of fortified garlic extract oral capsules as adjuvant therapy in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A triple-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Curr Ther Res Cli PubMed
- Jamaluddin J, Jamil SN. An unexpected reaction to topical garlic medicament - A case report of irritant contact dermatitis successfully managed in primary care. Cureus 2023;15(1):e33657. PubMed
- Nair A, Abdelqader B, Sureshkumar S, Katmawai-Sabbagh S. Hematuria and dietary supplements - A case report on pronounced bleeding following a minimally invasive urological intervention in a patient on long term garlic supplements. Urol Case Rep 2023;50:10 PubMed
- Zhao X, Cheng T, Xia H, Yang Y, Wang S. Effects of Garlic on Glucose Parameters and Lipid Profile: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2024;16(11):1692. PubMed
- Bhat GS, Shastry A. Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, two-arm study to evaluate the efficacy of coadministration of garlic as a hydrogen sulfide donor and tadalafil in patients with erectile dysfunction not responding to tadalafil alone - A pil
Elderberry 6 references
- Barak V, Halperin T, Kalickman I. The effect of Sambucol, a black elderberry-based, natural product, on the production of human cytokines: I. Inflammatory cytokines. Eur Cytokine Netw 2001;12:290-6..
- Elderberry (Sambucus species). The Poison Plant Patch, Novia Scotia Museum, 2007. Available at: http://museum.gov.ns.ca/poison/?section=species&id=117 (Accessed 16 October 2009).
- European elder. Canadian Poisonous Plants Information System. Available at: http://www.cbif.gc.ca/pls/pp/ppack.jump?p_null=all&p_psn=121&p_type=all&p_sci=comm&p_x=px (Accessed 16 October 2009).
- Raus K, Pleschka S, Klein P, Schoop R, Fisher P. Effect of an echinacea-based hot drink versus oseltamivir in Influenza treatment: a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, multicenter, noninferiority clinical trial. . Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2015;20;77:6 PubMed
- Ramachandran A, Antala D, Pudasainee P, Panginikkod S, Gupta H. A Plausible Association Between the Use of Elderberry and Autoimmune Hepatitis. Cureus 2022;14(4):e24250. PubMed
- Agarwal N, Mangla A. Elderberry interaction with pazopanib in a patient with soft-tissue sarcoma: A case report and literature review. Mol Clin Oncol 2024;20(5):36. PubMed
Honey 40 references
- The Review of Natural Products by Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.
- Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
- Bose B. Honey or sugar in treatment of infected wounds? Lancet 1982;1:963. PubMed
- Ozhan H, Akdemir R, Yazici M, et al. Cardiac emergencies caused by honey ingestion: a single centre experience. Emerg Med J 2004;21:742-4. PubMed
- Centers for Disease Control. Botulism in the Unites Sates, 1899-1996. Handbook for epidemiologists, clinicians, and laboratory workers, 1998. Available online: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/botulism.PDF.
- Simon A, Traynor K, Santos K, et al. Medical honey for wound care - still the 'latest resort'? Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2009;6:165-73. PubMed
- Gethin G, Cowman S. Case series of use of Manuka honey in leg ulceration. Int Wound J 2005;2:10-15. PubMed
- Ingle R, Levin J, Polinder K. Wound healing with honey - a randomised controlled trial. S Afr Med J 2006;96:831-5.
- Johnson DW, van Eps C, Mudge DW, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of topical exit-site application of honey (Medihoney) versus mupirocin for the prevention of catheter-associated infections in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16:1456-62. PubMed
- Sukriti and Garg, S. K. Influence of honey on the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in rabbits. Ind J Pharmacol 2002;34(147).
- Jung, A. and Ottosson, J. [Infantile botulism caused by honey]. Ugeskr Laeger 2001;163(2):169.
- Gunduz, A., Turedi, S., Uzun, H., and Topbas, M. Mad honey poisoning. Am J Emerg.Med 2006;24(5):595-598.
- van der Vorst, M. M., Jamal, W., Rotimi, V. O., and Moosa, A. Infant botulism due to consumption of contaminated commercially prepared honey. First report from the Arabian Gulf States. Med Princ.Pract. 2006;15(6):456-458. PubMed
- Tushar, T., Vinod, T., Rajan, S., Shashindran, C., and Adithan, C. Effect of honey on CYP3A4, CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 enzyme activity in healthy human volunteers. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007;100(4):269-272. PubMed
- Nilforoushzadeh, M. A., Jaffary, F., Moradi, S., Derakhshan, R., and Haftbaradaran, E. Effect of topical honey application along with intralesional injection of glucantime in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. BMC Complement Altern Med 2007;7:13. PubMed
- Koca, I. and Koca, A. F. Poisoning by mad honey: a brief review. Food Chem Toxicol 2007;45(8):1315-1318. PubMed
- Akinci, S., Arslan, U., Karakurt, K., and Cengel, A. An unusual presentation of mad honey poisoning: acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2008;129(2):e56-e58. PubMed
- Yildirim, N., Aydin, M., Cam, F., and Celik, O. Clinical presentation of non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in the course of intoxication with mad honey. Am J Emerg Med 2008;26(1):108.e-2. PubMed
- Shrestha, P., Vaidya, R., and Sherpa, K. Mad honey poisoning: a rare case report of seven cases. Nepal Med Coll J 2009;11(3):212-213.
- Fetzner, L., Burhenne, J., Weiss, J., Völker, M., Unger, M., Mikus, G., and Haefeli, W. E. Daily honey consumption does not change CYP3A activity in humans. J Clin Pharmacol 2011;51(8):1223-1232. PubMed
- Thamboo, A., Thamboo, A., Philpott, C., Javer, A., and Clark, A. Single-blind study of manuka honey in allergic fungal rhinosinusitis. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011;40(3):238-243.
- Ahmed, A., Khan, R. A., Azim, M. K., Saeed, S. A., Mesaik, M. A., Ahmed, S., and Imran, I. Effect of natural honey on human platelets and blood coagulation proteins. Pak.J Pharm Sci 2011;24(3):389-397.
- Yarlioglues, M., Akpek, M., Ardic, I., Elcik, D., Sahin, O., and Kaya, M. G. Mad-honey sexual activity and acute inferior myocardial infarctions in a married couple. Tex.Heart Inst.J 2011;38(5):577-580.
- Biberoglu, S., Biberoglu, K., and Komsuoglu, B. Mad honey. JAMA 4-1-1988;259(13):1943.
- Biberoglu, K., Biberoglu, S., and Komsuoglu, B. Transient Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome during honey intoxication. Isr.J.Med.Sci. 1988;24(4-5):253-254.
- Gössinger, H., Hruby, K., Pohl, A., Davogg, S., Sutterlütti, G., and Mathis, G. [Poisoning with andromedotoxin-containing honey]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1983;108(41):1555-1558.
- Fenicia, L., Ferrini, A. M., Aureli, P., and Pocecco, M. A case of infant botulism associated with honey feeding in Italy. Eur J Epidemiol 1993;9(6):671-673. PubMed
- Sutlupinar, N., Mat, A., and Satganoglu, Y. Poisoning by toxic honey in Turkey. Arch.Toxicol. 1993;67(2):148-150. PubMed
- von Malottki, K. and Wiechmann, H. W. [Acute life-threatening bradycardia: food poisoning by Turkish wild honey]. Dtsch.Med.Wochenschr. 7-26-1996;121(30):936-938.
- Abdulla CO, Ayubi A, Zulfiquer F, Santhanam G, Ahmed MA, Deeb J. Infant botulism following honey ingestion. BMJ Case Rep. 2012 Sep 7;2012.
- Johnson DW, Badve SV, Pascoe EM, Beller E, Cass A, Clark C, de Zoysa J, Isbel NM, McTaggart S, Morrish AT, Playford EG, Scaria A, Snelling P, Vergara LA, Hawley CM; HONEYPOT Study Collaborative Group. Antibacterial honey for the prevention of peritoneal-d
- Matos D, Serrano P, Menezes Brandão F. A case of allergic contact dermatitis caused by propolis-enriched honey. Contact Dermatitis. 2015 Jan;72(1):59-60. PubMed
- Oduwole O, Meremikwu MM, Oyo-Ita A, Udoh EE. Honey for acute cough in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Dec 23;12:CD007094. PubMed
- Vezir E, Kaya A, Toyran M, Azkur D, Dibek Misirlioglu E, Kocabas CN. Anaphylaxis/angioedema caused by honey ingestion. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2014 Jan-Feb;35(1):71-4. PubMed
- Wang YT, Qi Y, Tang FY, et al. The effect of cupping therapy for low back pain: A meta-analysis based on existing randomized controlled trials. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2017;30(6):1187-1195. PubMed
- Oduwole O, Udoh EE, Oyo-Ita A, Meremikwu MM. Honey for acute cough in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;4:CD007094. PubMed
- Wong D, Albietz JM, Tran H, et al. Treatment of contact lens related dry eye with antibacterial honey. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2017;40(6):389-393. PubMed
- Martina SJ, Ramar LAP, Silaban MRI, Luthfi M, Govindan PAP. Antiplatelet Effectivity between Aspirin with Honey on Cardiovascular Disease Based on Bleeding Time Taken on Mice. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2019 Oct 14;7(20):3416-3420. PubMed
- Jhawar N, Gonzalez-Estrada A. Honey-induced anaphylaxis in an adult. QJM 2022;115(5):325-326. PubMed
- Di Costanzo M, De Paulis N, Peveri S, Montagni M, Berni Canani R, Biasucci G. Anaphylaxis caused by artisanal honey in a child: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2021;15(1):235. PubMed
Echinacea 51 references
- Mullins RJ. Echinacea-associated anaphylaxis. Med J Aust 1998;168:170-1. PubMed
- Mullins RJ. Allergic reactions to Echinacea. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;104:S340-341 (Abstract 1003).
- Chavez ML, Chavez PI. Echinacea. Hosp Pharm 1998;33:180-8.
- Grimm W, Muller HH. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of fluid extract of Echinacea purpurea on the incidence and severity of colds and respiratory infections. Am J Med 1999;106:138-43. PubMed
- Taylor JA, Weber W, Standish L, et al. Efficacy and safety of echinacea in treating upper respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290:2824-30.. PubMed
- Luettig B, Steinmuller C, Gifford GE, et al. Macrophage activation by the polysaccharide arabinogalactan isolated from plant cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989;81:669-75. PubMed
- Stimpel M, Proksch A, Wagner H, et al. Macrophage activation and induction of macrophage cytotoxicity by purified polysaccharide fractions from the plant Echinacea purpurea. Infect Immun 1984;46:845-9. PubMed
- Budzinski JW, Foster BC, Vandenhoek S, Arnason JT. An in vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition by selected commercial herbal extracts and tinctures. Phytomedicine 2000;7:273-82. PubMed
- Gallo M, Sarkar M, Au W, et al. Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to echinacea: A prospective controlled study. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:3141-3. PubMed
- Soon SL, Crawford RI. Recurrent erythema nodosum associated with echinacea herbal therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:298-9. PubMed
- Mullins RJ, Heddle R. Adverse reactions associated with echinacea: the Australian experience. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002;88:42-51. PubMed
- Logan JL, Ahmed J. Critical hypokalemic renal tubular acidosis due to Sjogren's syndrome: association with the purported immune stimulant echinacea. Clin Rheumatol 2003;22:158-9.
- Schulten B, Bulitta M, Ballering-Bruhl B, et al. Efficacy of Echinacea purpurea in patients with a common cold. A placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind clinical trial. Arzneimittelforschung 2001;51:563-8.. PubMed
- Yale SH, Glurich I. Analysis of the inhibitory potential of Ginkgo biloba, Echinacea purpurea, and Serenoa repens on the metabolic activity of cytochrome P450 3A4, 2D6, and 2C9. J Altern Complement Med 2005;11:433-9.
- Yale SH, Liu K. Echinacea purpurea therapy for the treatment of the common cold: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1237-41. PubMed
- Gorski JC, Huang S, Zaheer NA, et al. The effect of echinacea (Echinacea purpurea root) on cytochrome P450 activity in vivo.Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;73 (Abstract PDII-A-8):P94. PubMed
- Lee AN, Werth VP. Activation of autoimmunity following use of immunostimulatory herbal supplements. Arch Dermatol 2004;140:723-7. PubMed
- Goel V, Lovlin R, Barton R, et al. Efficacy of a standardized echinacea preparation (Echinilin) for the treatment of the common cold: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Pharm Ther 2004;29:75-83.
- Barrett B. Medicinal properties of Echinacea: a critical review. Phytomedicine 2003;10:66-86. PubMed
- Huntley AL, Thompson Coon J, Ernst E. The safety of herbal medicinal products derived from Echinacea species: a systematic review. Drug Saf 2005;28:387-400. PubMed
- Turner RB, Bauer R, Woelkart K, et al. An evaluation of Echinacea angustifolia in experimental rhinovirus infections. N Engl J Med 2005;353:341-8.
- Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA, et al. In vivo assessment of botanical supplementation on human cytochrome P450 phenotypes: Citrus aurantium, Echinacea purpurea, milk thistle, and saw palmetto. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;76:428-40. .
- Perri D, Dugoua JJ, Mills E, Koren G. Safety and efficacy of echinacea (Echinacea augustafolia, e. purpurea and e. pallida) during pregnancy and lactation. Can J Clin Pharmacol 2006;13:e262-7.
- Kocaman O, Hulagu S, Senturk O. Echinacea-induced severe acute hepatitis with features of cholestatic autoimmune hepatitis. Eur J Intern Med 2008;19:148. PubMed
- Barrett B, Brown R, Rakel D. et al. Echinacea for treating the common cold: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2010;153:769-77. PubMed
- Press Release: Echinacea herbal products should not be used in children under 12 years old. Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (UK). August 20, 2012. Available at: www.mhra.gov.uk/NewsCentre/Pressreleases/CON180627. (Accessed 21 October
- Barrett B, Brown R, Rakel D, Rabago D, et al. Placebo effects and the common cold: a randomized controlled trial. Ann.Fam.Med 2011;9:312-22. PubMed
- Haller J, Freund, TF, Pelczer, KG, et al. The anxiolytic potential and psychotropic side effects of an echinacea preparation in laboratory animals and healthy volunteers. Phytother.Res. 2013;27:54-61.
- Grbic J, Wexler I, Celenti R, et al. A phase II trial of a transmucosal herbal patch for the treatment of gingivitis. J Am Dent.Assoc. 2011;142:1168-75. PubMed
- Schapowal A, Berger D, Klein P, et al. Echinacea/sage or chlorhexidine/lidocaine for treating acute sore throats: a randomized double-blind trial. Eur.J Med Res 9-1-2009;14:406-12. PubMed
- Bossaer JB and Odle BL. Probable etoposide interaction with Echinacea. J.Diet.Suppl 2012;9:90-5.
- Abdul MI, Jiang X, Williams KM, et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of echinacea and policosanol with warfarin in healthy subjects. Br J Clin.Pharmacol. 2010;69:508-15. PubMed
- Kemp, D. E. and Franco, K. N. Possible leukopenia associated with long-term use of echinacea. J Am Board Fam.Pract. 2002;15(5):417-419.
- Liatsos, G., Elefsiniotis, I., Todorova, R., and Moulakakis, A. Severe thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) induced or exacerbated by the immunostimulatory herb Echinacea. Am J Hematol. 2006;81(3):224.
- Penzak, S. R., Robertson, S. M., Hunt, J. D., Chairez, C., Malati, C. Y., Alfaro, R. M., Stevenson, J. M., and Kovacs, J. A. Echinacea purpurea significantly induces cytochrome P450 3A activity but does not alter lopinavir-ritonavir exposure in healthy s
- Maskatia, Z. K. and Baker, K. Hypereosinophilia associated with echinacea use. South.Med J 2010;103(11):1173-1174. PubMed
- Parnham MJ. Benefit-risk assessment of the squeezed sap of the purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) for long-term oral immunostimulation. Phytomed 1996;3:95-102. PubMed
- Schroder-Aasen T, Molden G, Nilsen OG. In vitro inhibition of CYP3A4 by the multiherbal commercial product Sambucus Force and its main constituents Echinacea purpurea and Sambucus nigra. Phytother Res 2012;26(11):1606-13.
- Moltó J, Valle M, Miranda C, et al. Herb-drug interaction between Echinacea purpurea and darunavir-ritonavir in HIV-infected patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55(1):326-30.
- Goey AK, Meijerman I, Rosing H, et al. The effect of Echinacea purpurea on the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013;76(3):467-74.
- Moltó J, Valle M, Miranda C, et al. Herb-drug interaction between Echinacea purpurea and etravirine in HIV-infected patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012;56(10):5328-31. PubMed
- Lawrenson JA, Walls T, Day AS. Echinacea-induced acute liver failure in a child. J Paediatr Child Health 2014;50(10):841.
- Hansen TS, Nilsen OG. In vitro CYP3A4 metabolism: inhibition by Echinacea purpurea and choice of substrate for the evaluation of herbal inhibition. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008;103:445-9.
- Gabranis I, Koufakis T1, Papakrivos I, Batala S. Echinacea-associated acute cholestatic hepatitis. J Postgrad Med. 2015;61(3):211-2. PubMed
- Jalloh MA, Gregory PJ, Hein D, et al. Dietary supplement interactions with antiretrovirals: a systematic review. Int J STD AIDS. 2017 Jan;28(1):4-15. PubMed
- Karsch-Völk M, Barrett B, Kiefer D, Bauer R, Ardjomand-Woelkart K, Linde K. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2014;(2):CD000530. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000530.pub3. PubMed
- Hoban CL, Byard RW, Musgrave IF. Analysis of spontaneous adverse drug reactions to echinacea, valerian, black cohosh and ginkgo in Australia from 2000 to 2015. J Integr Med. 2019;17(5):338-343. PubMed
- Ogal M, Johnston SL, Klein P, Schoop R. Echinacea reduces antibiotic usage in children through respiratory tract infection prevention: a randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial. Eur J Med Res. 2021 Apr 8;26(1):33. PubMed
- Lopresti AL, Smith SJ. An investigation into the anxiety-relieving and mood-enhancing effects of Echinacea angustifolia (EP107 ™): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Affect Disord 2021;293:229-237.
- Weishaupt R, Buchkov A, Kolev E, Klein P, Schoop R. Reduction of viral load in patients with acute sore throats: Results from an observational clinical trial with Echinacea / Salvia lozenges [published online ahead of print, 2023 Mar 8]. Complement Med Re
- Sumer J, Keckeis K, Scanferla G, et al. Novel Echinacea formulations for the treatment of acute respiratory tract infections in adults-A randomized blinded controlled trial. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023;10:948787. PubMed
Eucalyptus 23 references
- Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 -- Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182
- Unger M, Frank A. Simultaneous determination of the inhibitory potency of herbal extracts on the activity of six major cytochrome P450 enzymes using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and automated online extraction. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2004;1 PubMed
- De Vincenzi M, Silano M, De Vincenzi A, et al. Constituents of aromatic plants: eucalyptol. Fitoterapia 2002;73:269-75. PubMed
- Gray AM, Flatt PR. Antihyperglycemic actions of Eucalyptus globulus (Eucalyptus) are associated with pancreatic and extra-pancreatic effects in mice. J Nutr 1998;128:2319-23. PubMed
- Whitman BW, Ghazizadeh H. Eucalyptus oil: therapeutic and toxic aspects of pharmacology in humans and animals. J Paediatr Child Health 1994;30:190-1. PubMed
- Barker SC and Altman PM. An ex vivo, assessor blind, randomised, parallel group, comparative efficacy trial of the ovicidal activity of three pediculicides after a single application--melaleuca oil and lavender oil, eucalyptus oil and lemon tea tree oil,
- Vilaplana, J. and Romaguera, C. Allergic contact dermatitis due to eucalyptol in an anti-inflammatory cream. Contact Dermatitis 2000;43(2):118.
- Juergens, U. R. [Reducing the need for cortisone. Does eucalyptus oil work in asthma? (interview by Brigitte Moreano]. MMW.Fortschr Med 3-29-2001;143(13):14.
- Tascini, C., Ferranti, S., Gemignani, G., Messina, F., and Menichetti, F. Clinical microbiological case: fever and headache in a heavy consumer of eucalyptus extract. Clin Microbiol.Infect. 2002;8(7):437, 445-437, 446. PubMed
- Galdi, E., Perfetti, L., Calcagno, G., Marcotulli, M. C., and Moscato, G. Exacerbation of asthma related to Eucalyptus pollens and to herb infusion containing Eucalyptus. Monaldi Arch.Chest Dis. 2003;59(3):220-221.
- Spoerke, D. G., Vandenberg, S. A., Smolinske, S. C., Kulig, K., and Rumack, B. H. Eucalyptus oil: 14 cases of exposure. Vet Hum.Toxicol 1989;31(2):166-168.
- Jori, A., Bianchetti, A., Prestini, P. E., and Gerattini, S. Effect of eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) on the metabolism of other drugs in rats and in man. Eur.J Pharmacol 1970;9(3):362-366. PubMed
- Tibballs, J. Clinical effects and management of eucalyptus oil ingestion in infants and young children. Med J Aust 8-21-1995;163(4):177-180. PubMed
- Webb, N. J. and Pitt, W. R. Eucalyptus oil poisoning in childhood: 41 cases in south-east Queensland. J Paediatr.Child Health 1993;29(5):368-371. PubMed
- Gyldenløve M, Menné T, Thyssen JP. Eucalyptus contact allergy. Contact Dermatitis. 2014;71(5):303-304. PubMed
- Higgins C, Palmer A, Nixon R. Eucalyptus oil: contact allergy and safety. Contact Dermatitis. 2015;72(5):344-346. PubMed
- de Groot AC, Schmidt E. Eucalyptus oil and tea tree oil. Contact Dermatitis. 2015;73(6):381-386. PubMed
- Greive KA, Barnes TM. The efficacy of Australian essential oils for the treatment of head lice infestation in children: A randomised controlled trial. Australas J Dermatol. 2018;59(2):e99-e105. PubMed
- Paulsen E, Thormann H, Vestergaard L. Eucalyptus species as a cause of airborne allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 2018;78(4):301-303.
- Mathew T, John SK, Kamath V, et al. Essential oil related seizures (EORS): A multi-center prospective study on essential oils and seizures in adults. Epilepsy Res. 2021;173:106626. PubMed
- Dudipala SC, Mandapuram P, Ch LK. Eucalyptus Oil-Induced Seizures in Children: Case Reports and Review of the Literature. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2021;12(1):112-115. PubMed
- Panda PK, Sharawat IK, Panda P, Dawman L, Kasinathan A. Clinico-laboratory characteristics and outcome of patients with eucalyptus oil-induced/provoked seizures: A case series and systematic review of the published patients. Trop Doct 2021;51(4):518-522. PubMed
- Sai Chandar D, Prashanthi M, Laxman Kumar C, Amith Kumar C. Eucalyptus Oil-Induced Seizures in Children: A Single-Center Prospective Study. Cureus 2021;13(3):e14109. PubMed
Black Seed 60 references
- The Review of Natural Products by Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.
- Aqel M, Shaheen R. Effects of the volatile oil of black seed seeds on the uterine smooth muscle of rat and guinea pig. J Ethnopharmacol 1996;52:23-6.
- Keshri G, Singh MM, Lakshmi V, Kamboj VP. Post-coital contraceptive efficacy of the seeds of Black seed in rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1995;39:59-62.
- Tennekoon KH, Jeevathayaparan S, Kurukulasooriya AP, Karunanayake EH. Possible hepatotoxicity of Nigella sativa seeds and Dregea volubilis leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 1991;31:283-9. PubMed
- Dehkordi FR, Kamkhah AF. Antihypertensive effect of Nigella sativa seed extract in patients with mild hypertension. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2008;22:447-52.
- Zaoui, A., Cherrah, Y., Lacaille-Dubois, M. A., Settaf, A., Amarouch, H., and Hassar, M. [Diuretic and hypotensive effects of Nigella sativa in the spontaneously hypertensive rat]. Therapie 2000;55(3):379-382.
- Enomoto, S., Asano, R., Iwahori, Y., Narui, T., Okada, Y., Singab, A. N., and Okuyama, T. Hematological studies on black cumin oil from the seeds of Nigella sativa L. Biol.Pharm.Bull 2001;24(3):307-310. PubMed
- Meral, I., Yener, Z., Kahraman, T., and Mert, N. Effect of Nigella sativa on glucose concentration, lipid peroxidation, anti-oxidant defence system and liver damage in experimentally-induced diabetic rabbits. J Vet.Med A Physiol Pathol.Clin Med 2001;48(1
- Al Jishi, S. A. and Abuo, Hozaifa B. Effect of Nigella sativa on blood hemostatic function in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;85(1):7-14. PubMed
- Ali, B. H. and Blunden, G. Pharmacological and toxicological properties of Nigella sativa. Phytother.Res. 2003;17(4):299-305.
- Al Naggar, T. B., Gomez-Serranillos, M. P., Carretero, M. E., and Villar, A. M. Neuropharmacological activity of Nigella sativa L. extracts. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;88(1):63-68. PubMed
- Kalus, U., Pruss, A., Bystron, J., Jurecka, M., Smekalova, A., Lichius, J. J., and Kiesewetter, H. Effect of Nigella sativa (black seed) on subjective feeling in patients with allergic diseases. Phytother.Res. 2003;17(10):1209-1214.
- Islam, S. N., Begum, P., Ahsan, T., Huque, S., and Ahsan, M. Immunosuppressive and cytotoxic properties of Nigella sativa. Phytother.Res. 2004;18(5):395-398.
- Fararh, K. M., Atoji, Y., Shimizu, Y., Shiina, T., Nikami, H., and Takewaki, T. Mechanisms of the hypoglycaemic and immunopotentiating effects of Nigella sativa L. oil in streptozotocin-induced diabetic hamsters. Res Vet.Sci 2004;77(2):123-129. PubMed
- Awad, E. M. and Binder, B. R. In vitro induction of endothelial cell fibrinolytic alterations by Nigella sativa. Phytomedicine 2005;12(3):194-202. PubMed
- El Obeid, A., Al Harbi, S., Al Jomah, N., and Hassib, A. Herbal melanin modulates tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production. Phytomedicine. 2006;13(5):324-333.
- Abbas, A. T., Abdel-Aziz, M. M., Zalata, K. R., and Tel, Abd Al-Galel. Effect of dexamethasone and Nigella sativa on peripheral blood eosinophil count, IgG1 and IgG2a, cytokine profiles and lung inflammation in murine model of allergic asthma. Egypt J Im
- Kaleem, M., Kirmani, D., Asif, M., Ahmed, Q., and Bano, B. Biochemical effects of Nigella sativa L seeds in diabetic rats. Indian J Exp.Biol. 2006;44(9):745-748.
- Hawsawi, Z. A., Ali, B. A., and Bamosa, A. O. Effect of Nigella sativa (Black Seed) and thymoquinone on blood glucose in albino rats. Ann.Saudi Med 2001;21(3-4):242-244.
- Massadeh, A. M., Al Safi, S. A., Momani, I. F., Al Mahmoud, M., and Alkofahi, A. S. Analysis of cadmium and lead in mice organs: effect of Nigella sativa L. (Black Cumin) on the distribution and immunosuppressive effect of cadmium-lead mixture in mice. B PubMed
- Akhondian, J., Parsa, A., and Rakhshande, H. The effect of Nigella sativa L. (black cumin seed) on intractable pediatric seizures. Med Sci Monit. 2007;13(12):CR555-CR559.
- Meddah, B., Ducroc, R., El Abbes, Faouzi M., Eto, B., Mahraoui, L., Benhaddou-Andaloussi, A., Martineau, L. C., Cherrah, Y., and Haddad, P. S. Nigella sativa inhibits intestinal glucose absorption and improves glucose tolerance in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. PubMed
- Najmi, A., Nasiruddin, M., Khan, R. A., and Haque, S. F. Effect of Nigella sativa oil on various clinical and biochemical parameters of insulin resistance syndrome. Int J Diabetes Dev.Ctries. 2008;28(1):11-14.
- al Sheikh, O. A. and Gad el-Rab, M. O. Allergic contact dermatitis: clinical features and profile of sensitizing allergens in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Int J Dermatol. 1996;35(7):493-497.
- Steinmann, A., Schatzle, M., Agathos, M., and Breit, R. Allergic contact dermatitis from black cumin (Nigella sativa) oil after topical use. Contact Dermatitis 1997;36(5):268-269.
- Al-Jenoobi FI, Al-Suwayeh SA, Muzaffar I, et al. Effects of Nigella sativa and Lepidium sativum on cyclosporine pharmacokinetics. Biomed Res Int 2013;2013:953520.
- Arslan E, Sayin S, Demirbas S, et al. A case study report of acute renal failure associated with Nigella sativa in a diabetic patient. J Integr Med 2013;11:64-6. PubMed
- Bamosa AO, Kaatabi H, Lebdaa FM, et al. Effect of Nigella sativa seeds on the glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2010;54:344-54.
- Bonhomme A, Poreaux C, Jouen F, et al. Bullous drug eruption to Nigella sativa oil: Consideration of the use of a herbal medicine - clinical report and review of the literature. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017;31:e217-e219.
- Farhangi MA, Dehghan P, Tajmiri S, Abbasi MM. The effects of Nigella sativa on thyroid function, serum Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) - 1, Nesfatin-1 and anthropometric features in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a randomized controlled
- Kaatabi H, Bamosa AO, Badar A, et al. Nigella sativa improves glycemic control and ameliorates oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: placebo controlled participant blinded clinical trial. PLoS One 2015;10:e0113486. PubMed
- Mohtashami R, Huseini HF, Heydari M, et al. Efficacy and safety of honey based formulation of Nigella sativa seed oil in functional dyspepsia: A double blind randomized controlled clinical trial. J Ethnopharmacol 2015;175:147-52. PubMed
- Perveen T, Haider S, Zuberi NA, et al. Increased 5-HT levels following repeated administration of Nigella sativa L. (Black Seed) oil produce antidepressant effects in rats. Sci Pharm 2013;82:161-70. PubMed
- Sahebkar A, Soranna D, Liu X, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of supplementation with Nigella sativa (black seed) on blood pressure. J Hypertens 2016;34:2127-35. PubMed
- Shawki M, El Wakeel L, Shatla R, et al. The clinical outcome of adjuvant therapy with black seed oil on intractable paediatric seizures: a pilot study. Epileptic Disord 2013;15:295-301. PubMed
- Muneera KE, Majeed A, Naveed AK. Comparative evaluation of nigella sativa (Kalonji) and simvastatin for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and in the induction of hepatotoxicity. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2015 Mar;28(2):493-8.
- Mahdavi R, Namazi N, Alizadeh M, Farajnia S. Effects of Nigella sativa oil with a low-calorie diet on cardiometabolic risk factors in obese women: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Food Funct. 2015;6(6):2041-8. PubMed
- Fallah Huseini H, Amini M, Mohtashami R, et al. Blood pressure lowering effect of Nigella sativa L. seed oil in healthy volunteers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2013;27(12):1849-53.
- Dehavay F, Kolivras A, Scheers C. Local and systemic adverse skin reactions following the use of herbal products believed to contain Nigella sativa seeds and oil. Contact Dermatitis. 2019 Mar;80(3):176-177.
- Kooshki A, Tofighiyan T, Rastgoo N, Rakhshani MH, Miri M. Effect of Nigella sativa oil supplement on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Phytother Res. 2020.
- Warner ME, Warner PA, Sprung J, Warner MA. Black seed oil and perioperative serotonin syndrome: A case report. A A Pract. 2019;13(11):420-422. PubMed
- Alam MA, Bin Jardan YA, Raish M, Al-Mohizea AM, Ahad A, Al-Jenoobi FBI. Effect of Nigella sativa and fenugreek on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of amlodipine in hypertensive rats. Curr Drug Metab. 2020;21(4):318-325. PubMed
- Moustafa HAM, El Wakeel LM, Halawa MR, Sabri NA, El-Bahy AZ, Singab AN. Effect of Nigella sativa oil versus metformin on glycemic control and biochemical parameters of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Endocrine 2019;65(2):286-94. PubMed
- Safi S, Razmpoosh E, Fallahzadeh H, et al. The effect of Nigella sativa on appetite, anthropometric and body composition indices among overweight and obese women: A crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Complement Ther Me PubMed
- Wang X, Jiang A, Batra V. Severe thrombocytopenia associated with black seed oil and evening primrose oil. Cureus. 2020;12(6):e8390. PubMed
- Alkharfy K, Jan B, Alotaibi K, et al. Clopidogrel-herb Interactions: A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Assessment in a Rat Model. Curr Drug Metab 2021;22(12):969-977. PubMed
- Bin Jardan YA, Ahad A, Raish M, Alam MA, Al-Mohizea AM, Al-Jenoobi FI. Effects of garden cress, fenugreek and black seed on the pharmacodynamics of metoprolol: an herb-drug interaction study in rats with hypertension. Pharm Biol 2021;59(1):1088-1097. PubMed
- Thomas JV, Mohan ME, Prabhakaran P, Das S S, Maliakel B, I M K. A phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety of thymoquinone-rich black cumin oil (BlaQmax®) on healthy subjects: Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled prospective study. Toxicol PubMed
- Assier H, Kouby F, Ingen-Housz-Oro S, Roux C. Severe allergic contact connubial dermatitis to Nigella Sativa Seed Oil due to repeated contacts to beard cosmetics. Contact Dermatitis 2022. PubMed
- Koshak AE, Koshak EA, Mobeireek AF, et al. Nigella sativa for the treatment of COVID-19: An open-label randomized controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Med 2021;61:102769. PubMed
- Hadi S, Daryabeygi-Khotbehsara R, Mirmiran P, et al. Effect of Nigella sativa oil extract on cardiometabolic risk factors in type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res 2021;35(7):3747-3755.
- Ali SM, Chen P, Sheikh S, et al. Thymoquinone with metformin decreases fasting, post prandial glucose, and HbA1c in type 2 diabetic patients. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2021;71(6):302-306. PubMed
- Tavakoli-Rouzbehani OM, Abbasnezhad M, Kheirouri S, Alizadeh M. Effects of Nigella sativa oil supplementation on selected metabolic parameters and anthropometric indices in patients with coronary artery disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-control
- Fargeas M, Calugareanu A, Ben-Said B. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome after topical use of Nigella sativa (black cumin) oil. Contact Dermatitis 2022;87(2):203-204.
- Wang Z, Wang Z, Wang X, et al. Potential food-drug interaction risk of thymoquinone with warfarin. Chem Biol Interact. 2022;365:110070. PubMed
- Wang Z, Wang X, Wang Z, et al. Potential herb-drug interaction risk of thymoquinone and phenytoin. Chem Biol Interact. 2022;353:109801. PubMed
- Al-Mohizea AM, Ahad A, El-Maghraby GM, et al. Effects of Nigella sativa, Lepidium sativum and Trigonella foenum-graecum on sildenafil disposition in beagle dogs. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2015;40(2):219-24. PubMed
- Alkharfy KM, Al-Jenoobi FI, Al-Mohizea AM, et al. Effects of Lepidium sativum, Nigella sativa and Trigonella foenum-graceum on phenytoin pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs. Phytother Res. 2013;27(12):1800-4.
- Abutaima R, Al-Ebini Y, Alkofahi A, et al. In vivo assessment of black seed oil single dose on prednisolone pharmacokinetics. J Pharm Pharmacol 2024;76(1):57-63.
- Sener K, Cakir A, Yesiloglu O, Altug E, Guven R, Korkut S. Rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury after consumption of black seed oil. Toxicon 2024;245:107787. PubMed
Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.
DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.
© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC