Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 4 of 5 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Organic Antioxidant Blend Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Khroma Herbal Products

Organic Antioxidant Blend label
See full label image
Liquid Category: Botanical
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Organic Antioxidant Blend against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Organic Antioxidant Blend is a dietary supplement by Khroma Herbal Products with 5 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for immune support, antioxidant support, general wellness/tonic.Based on those ingredients, 1,194 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are organic Clove, organic Peppermint, organic Chaga. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Organic Antioxidant Blend by Khroma Herbal Products

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Organic Antioxidant Blend by Khroma Herbal Products — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Organic Antioxidant Blend by Khroma Herbal Products

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Aug 27, 2026

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 0 of its 5 active ingredients.

This liquid blend contains five active ingredients. Organic chaga is a fungus used for potential immune and antioxidant support.

Organic clove provides eugenol, a compound traditionally used for pain and digestion. Organic Ceylon cinnamon — a milder form of the common spice — is included for possible metabolic support.

Organic triphala is a traditional Ayurvedic formula we could not evaluate. Organic peppermint leaf or oil is used for digestive comfort and nausea relief.

The product also contains organic vegetable glycerin and distilled water as inactive ingredients to preserve and deliver the actives.

Does it work?

Strong evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed

This product doesn't appear to be marketed for a specific use, so we graded its ingredients' overall clinical evidence instead.

Strong

Strong clinical evidence supports its ingredients for:

Why this rating?
  • We looked at the product name, claims, and label statements and couldn't find a stated purpose to grade.
  • Since the label doesn't commit to one use, we graded the ingredients' overall clinical evidence instead.
  • On file: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) — rated "Likely Effective" (Peppermint) (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) — rated "Possibly Effective" (Clove) (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Barium enema-related colonic spasm — rated "Possibly Effective" (Peppermint) (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) — rated "Possibly Effective" (Peppermint) (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Dyspepsia — rated "Possibly Effective" (Peppermint) (Natural Medicines).

Peppermint is likely effective for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and possibly effective for indigestion, nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy, and some endoscopy-related side effects. Clove is possibly effective for ventilator-associated pneumonia (a serious lung infection in hospitalized patients) but has insufficient evidence for cough, acute pain, and indigestion.

Chaga and Ceylon cinnamon both have insufficient evidence to support their use for heart disease and diabetes — in fact, Ceylon cinnamon is rated possibly ineffective for diabetes and obesity. We hold no effectiveness data for triphala.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Chaga Clove Ceylon Cinnamon Peppermint

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 4 of the 4 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 4 of 4.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 4 of 4.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Chaga is generally used in teas and foods, but human safety data are limited. Excessive chaga consumption carries a risk of kidney problems due to high oxalate content — there have been two cases of kidney failure and one of acute nephropathy reported.

Clove is safe as a food spice but concentrated oil or supplement doses can be irritating or toxic; as little as 5–10 mL of clove oil can be toxic in children. Ceylon cinnamon is generally well tolerated when used as a spice; common side effects from supplement doses include bloating, indigestion, and nausea.

Peppermint is generally well tolerated in tea form; concentrated oil may cause abdominal pain, heartburn, or anal burning. Rare cases of anaphylaxis have been reported with peppermint.

For pregnancy: Chaga should be avoided due to insufficient safety data. Ceylon cinnamon is likely safe but one source rates it possibly unsafe in pregnancy — discuss with your doctor if you're pregnant or planning to become pregnant.

Peppermint and clove are likely safe in pregnancy. For breastfeeding: Chaga and Ceylon cinnamon lack sufficient safety data; peppermint is likely safe.

Clove safety while breastfeeding is likely.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Chaga Clove Ceylon Cinnamon Peppermint

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 4 of the 4 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Clove, Ceylon Cinnamon, Peppermint, Chaga.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; diabetes medications.
  • For scale: 1,195 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking this blend, check with your doctor or pharmacist if you take blood thinners or antiplatelet drugs — both chaga and clove carry a risk of increased bleeding. If you use diabetes medications or blood pressure drugs, Ceylon cinnamon and chaga may have additive effects.

If you take any drug that your liver breaks down via CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP2C9, or CYP2C19 enzymes (clove and peppermint inhibit several of these), those drug levels could rise. Anyone on cyclosporine (an immunosuppressant) should check with their provider before adding peppermint.

If you take an immunosuppressant, chaga may interfere with it.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with strong clinical evidence behind its ingredients' uses. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This blend combines ingredients with some established uses — especially peppermint for IBS — but chaga and Ceylon cinnamon lack reliable evidence for their claimed benefits. If you take any medications (especially blood thinners, diabetes drugs, blood pressure medications, or drugs your liver metabolizes heavily), check them against the interaction tool on this page before starting.

Talk with your doctor or pharmacist about whether this blend fits your health needs and current medications.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 4 of 5 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Jul 23, 2020.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Organic Antioxidant Blend, straight from the product label.

Brand Khroma Herbal Products
Barcode (UPC) 857567008259
Net contents 2 Oz(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Jul 23, 2020
DSLD ID 231347
Product type Botanical
Supplement form Liquid
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Vegan, Vegetarian, Adult (18 - 50 Years), Organic, Gluten Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Organic Antioxidant Blend by Khroma Herbal Products, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
3 Dropper(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
3 Dropper(s)
Servings per container
30
UPC/BARCODE
857567008259
IngredientAmount% DV
organic Chaga0 NP--
organic Clove0 NP--
organic Ceylon Cinnamon0 NP--
organic Triphala0 NP--
organic Peppermint0 NP--

Other ingredients: organic Vegetable Glycerin, distilled Water

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Directions: Shake well before each use. Take 3 droppers full (or 20-30 drops) 1-2 times daily or as needed. May be administered directly into the mouth or may be put into water, tea, or juice.

Take 3 droppers full once daily

Take 3 droppers full once daily

Storage

Refrigerate after opening.

Formulation

Vegan friendly

Maximum strength

Contains no gluten, corn, animal products, alcohol, pesticides, artificial ingredients or preservatives.

Organic, small batched, hand crafted, family run business

Plant-based Bioavailable

Alcohol free tincture

General Statements

Satisfaction guaranteed

We are passionate about healthy living and only use the highest quality, ethically sourced ingredients.

Formula

Antioxidants

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA.

Precautions

Please consult your physician before taking this or any dietary supplement.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Organic Antioxidant Blend by Khroma Herbal Products label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Organic Antioxidant Blend label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Organic Antioxidant Blend by Khroma Herbal Products

These are the 5 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size3 Dropper(s) Dosage formLiquid Servings per container30 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Organic Chaga

Interacts with
327 drugs
0 NP per serving

Chaga is a fungus that grows mostly on birch trees and is used as a tea or supplement, mainly for immune and antioxidant support. Human evidence for i...

Organic Chaga monograph & interactions

Organic Clove

Interacts with
977 drugs
0 NP per serving

Clove is a common cooking spice that is also used in traditional medicine, especially as a topical numbing agent for tooth pain thanks to its main com...

Organic Clove monograph & interactions

Organic Ceylon Cinnamon

Interacts with
258 drugs
0 NP per serving

Ceylon cinnamon is the so-called 'true' cinnamon, valued as a spice and used in traditional medicine for blood sugar, cholesterol, and digestion. Evid...

Organic Ceylon Cinnamon monograph & interactions

Organic Triphala

0 NP per serving Form: Amalaki, Bibhitaki, Haritaki

Organic Peppermint

Interacts with
796 drugs
0 NP per serving

Peppermint is a popular herb with the best evidence supporting enteric-coated peppermint oil for easing IBS symptoms. It is generally well tolerated f...

Organic Peppermint monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Organic Vegetable Glycerin, Distilled Water. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Organic Antioxidant Blend by Khroma Herbal Products Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Organic Antioxidant Blend?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
1,194Drugs
1,194 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

organic Clove 977
organic Peppermint 796
organic Chaga 327
organic Ceylon Cinnamon 258

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Organic Antioxidant Blend interact with 1,194 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

4 of the 5 ingredients in Organic Antioxidant Blend interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. organic Clove organic Peppermint organic Chaga organic Ceylon Cinnamon

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Organic Antioxidant Blend with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

organic Clove7 drug types · 977 drugs

Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, concomitant use of clove extracts with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Clinical and laboratory research suggest that polyphenol extracts from clove flower buds might lower blood glucose levels. Dosing adjustments for insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents may be necessary when taken with clove. Monitor blood glucose levels closely.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
In vitro research shows that eugenol, the principal constituent of clove, can inhibit CYP1A2 in a dose-dependent manner,. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates

Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.
In vitro research shows that eugenol, the principal constituent of clove, inhibits CYP2C9 in a dose-dependent manner. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (Cyp2D6) Substrates

Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
In vitro research shows that eugenol, the principal constituent of clove, can inhibit CYP2D6 in a dose-dependent manner. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
In vitro research shows that eugenol, the principal constituent of clove, can inhibit CYP3A4 in a dose-dependent manner. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, clove oil may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Laboratory research suggests that eugenol, a constituent of clove, has antiplatelet activity. This interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence D
Ibuprofen (Advil, Others)

Theoretically, topical application of clove oil with ibuprofen might increase the absorption and side effects of topical ibuprofen.
Laboratory research shows that topical application of clove oil increases the absorption of topical ibuprofen. This interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
organic Clove full monograph & interactions

organic Peppermint5 drug types · 796 drugs

Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)

Theoretically, peppermint oil might increase the levels and adverse effects of cyclosporine.
In animal research, peppermint oil inhibits cyclosporine metabolism and increases cyclosporine levels. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) may be partially responsible for this interaction. An interaction between peppermint oil and cyclosporine has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (Cyp2C19) Substrates

Theoretically, peppermint might increase the levels of CYP2C19 substrates.
In vitro research shows that peppermint oil inhibits CYP2C19. So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates

Theoretically, peppermint might increase the levels of CYP2C9 substrates.
In vitro research shows that peppermint oil inhibits CYP2C9. So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, peppermint might increase the levels of CYP3A4 substrates.
Clinical research in healthy volunteers shows that a single dose of peppermint oil 600 mg inhibits CYP3A4 enzymes and increases the AUC of felodipine, a CYP3A4 substrate. However, in vitro research suggests that peppermint oil only inhibits CYP3A4 at very high concentrations.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, peppermint might increase the levels of CYP1A2 substrates.
In vitro and animal research shows that peppermint oil and peppermint leaf inhibit CYP1A2. However, in clinical research, peppermint tea did not significantly affect the metabolism of caffeine, a CYP1A2 substrate. It is possible that the 6-day duration of treatment may have been too short to identify a difference.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
organic Peppermint full monograph & interactions

organic Chaga3 drug types · 327 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, chaga may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro and animal research suggests that chaga extract can inhibit platelet aggregation. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, taking chaga with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Animal research suggests that chaga might decrease blood glucose levels and increase insulin levels. This has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Immunosuppressants

Theoretically, chaga might interfere with immunosuppressive therapy.
In vitro research suggests that certain constituents of chaga stimulate immune function. This has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
organic Chaga full monograph & interactions

organic Ceylon Cinnamon2 drug types · 258 drugs

Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, Ceylon cinnamon may have additive effects with antidiabetes drugs.
Ceylon cinnamon may lower blood glucose levels. Dose adjustments might be necessary.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, Ceylon cinnamon might have additive effects with antihypertensive drugs and increase the risk of hypotension.
Animal research shows that Ceylon cinnamon extract has vasorelaxant properties and reduces blood pressure in rat models of hypertension, possibly via inhibition of calcium influx through L-type voltage-sensitive channels.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
organic Ceylon Cinnamon full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Organic Antioxidant Blend, from the product label.

Khroma Herbal Products

See all Khroma Herbal Products products
Name
Khroma Herbal Products
Web Address
www.khromaherbs.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Organic Antioxidant Blend by Khroma Herbal Products: Common Questions

Does Organic Antioxidant Blend by Khroma Herbal Products interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Organic Antioxidant Blend has a known interaction with 1,194 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Organic Antioxidant Blend contains 5 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Is this safe to take if I'm pregnant?
Chaga should be avoided in pregnancy because there isn't enough safety data. Ceylon cinnamon is likely safe, but one source flags a possible concern — your best move is to talk it over with your doctor or pharmacist if you're pregnant or planning to become pregnant, especially since this is a blend and we can't check triphala's pregnancy safety.
Can I use this while breastfeeding?
Peppermint and clove are likely safe while breastfeeding. Chaga and Ceylon cinnamon don't have enough safety data, so check with your doctor or pharmacist before using them. We have no information on triphala.
Does peppermint actually help with IBS?
Yes — peppermint is likely effective for irritable bowel syndrome. It's also possibly effective for indigestion and nausea. Those are the best-supported uses in this blend.
What's Ceylon cinnamon and why is it in here instead of regular cinnamon?
Ceylon cinnamon is a milder variety of cinnamon with a different spice profile than the common type. It's included as an antioxidant and for potential metabolic support, though the evidence for diabetes and weight loss is weak or hasn't been proven yet.
Can I take this with my blood thinner?
Not without checking first — both chaga and clove carry a theoretical risk of increased bleeding with blood thinners or antiplatelet drugs like warfarin or aspirin. Use the medication checker on this page for your exact drug, then talk with your doctor or pharmacist before starting.
What's chaga and is it really safe?
Chaga is a fungus used traditionally for immune support. It's generally used in teas, but human safety data are limited. Rare cases of kidney problems have been reported with excessive use because chaga contains high oxalate — avoid it if you've had kidney issues, and don't exceed recommended doses.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Organic Antioxidant Blend is safe with your meds?

Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Organic Antioxidant Blend label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Organic Antioxidant Blend’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Chaga

Interacts with 327 drugs

Chaga is a fungus that grows mostly on birch trees and is used as a tea or supplement, mainly for immune and antioxidant support. Human evidence for its benefits is very limited, and it may...

Read the full Chaga monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Clove

Interacts with 977 drugs

Clove is a common cooking spice that is also used in traditional medicine, especially as a topical numbing agent for tooth pain thanks to its main compound, eugenol. Food amounts are general...

Read the full Clove monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Ceylon Cinnamon

Interacts with 258 drugs

Ceylon cinnamon is the so-called 'true' cinnamon, valued as a spice and used in traditional medicine for blood sugar, cholesterol, and digestion. Evidence for most health benefits is limited...

Read the full Ceylon Cinnamon monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Peppermint

Interacts with 796 drugs

Peppermint is a popular herb with the best evidence supporting enteric-coated peppermint oil for easing IBS symptoms. It is generally well tolerated for most adults, but it can cause heartbu...

Read the full Peppermint monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Organic Antioxidant Blend's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 98 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Chaga 9 references
  1. Sun JE, Ao ZH, Lu ZM, et al. Antihyperglycemic and antilipidperoxidative effects of dry matter of culture broth of Inonotus obliquus in submerged culture on normal and alloxan-diabetes mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2008;118(1):7-13. PubMed
  2. Hyun KW, Jeong SC, Lee DH, et al. Isolation and characterization of a novel platelet aggregation inhibitory peptide from the medicinal mushroom, Inonotus obliquus. Peptides 2006;27(6):1173-8. PubMed
  3. Kim YO, Han SB, Lee HW, et al. Immuno-stimulating effect of the endo-polysaccharide produced by submerged culture of Inonotus obliquus. Life Sci 2005;77(19):2438-56. PubMed
  4. Kikuchi Y, Seta K, Ogawa Y, et al. Chaga mushroom-induced oxalate nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 2014;81(6):440-4. PubMed
  5. Lee S, Lee HY, Park Y, et al. Development of end stage renal disease after long-term ingestion of chaga mushroom: case report and review of literature. J Korean Med Sci. 2020;35(19):e122.
  6. Kwon O, Kim Y, Paek JH, et al. Chaga mushroom-induced oxalate nephropathy that clinically manifested as nephrotic syndrome: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022;101(10):e28997. PubMed
  7. Su L, Xin C, Yang J, et al. A polysaccharide from Inonotus obliquus ameliorates intestinal barrier dysfunction in mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Biol Macromol 2022;214:312-323. PubMed
  8. Chen S, Ma Y, Li H, et al. Anti-diabetic e?ects of Inonotus obliquus extract in high fat diet combined streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic mice. Nutr Hosp 2022;39(6):1256-1263. PubMed
  9. Ye X, Wu K, Xu L, et al. Methanol extract of Inonotus obliquus improves type 2 diabetes mellitus through modifying intestinal flora. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023;13:1103972. PubMed

See these in context on the Chaga monograph →

Clove 26 references
  1. The Review of Natural Products by Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.
  2. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 -- Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182
  3. Kanerva L, Estlander T, Jolanki R. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from spices. Contact Dermatitis 1996;35:157-62. PubMed
  4. Chen SJ, Wang MH, Chen IJ. Antiplatelet and calcium inhibitory properties of eugenol and sodium eugenol acetate. Gen Pharmacol 1996;27:629-33. PubMed
  5. Malson JL, Lee EM, Murty R, et al. Clove cigarette smoking: biochemical, physiological, and subjective effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2003;74:739-45. PubMed
  6. Kirsch CM, Yenokida GG, Jensen WA, et al. Non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema due to the intravenous administration of clove oil. Thorax 1990;45:235-6. PubMed
  7. Pallares, D. E. Link between clove cigarettes and urticaria? Postgrad.Med 10-1-1999;106(4):153. PubMed
  8. Barnard, D. R. Repellency of essential oils to mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 1999;36(5):625-629. PubMed
  9. Sanchez-Perez, J. and Garcia-Diez, A. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from eugenol, oil of cinnamon and oil of cloves in a physiotherapist. Contact Dermatitis 1999;41(6):346-347. PubMed
  10. Andersen, K. E., Johansen, J. D., Bruze, M., Frosch, P. J., Goossens, A., Lepoittevin, J. P., Rastogi, S., White, I., and Menne, T. The time-dose-response relationship for elicitation of contact dermatitis in isoeugenol allergic individuals. Toxicol.Appl PubMed
  11. Alqareer, A., Alyahya, A., and Andersson, L. The effect of clove and benzocaine versus placebo as topical anesthetics. J Dent 2006;34(10):747-750. PubMed
  12. Lane, B. W., Ellenhorn, M. J., Hulbert, T. V., and McCarron, M. Clove oil ingestion in an infant. Hum.Exp Toxicol. 1991;10(4):291-294. PubMed
  13. Quirce, S., Fernandez-Nieto, M., del, Pozo, V, Sastre, B., and Sastre, J. Occupational asthma and rhinitis caused by eugenol in a hairdresser. Allergy 2008;63(1):137-138. PubMed
  14. Srivastava, K. C. and Malhotra, N. Acetyl eugenol, a component of oil of cloves (Syzygium aromaticum L.) inhibits aggregation and alters arachidonic acid metabolism in human blood platelets. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 1991;42(1):73-81. PubMed
  15. Dyrbye, B. A., Dubois, L., Vink, R., and Horn, J. A patient with clove oil intoxication. Anaesth.Intensive Care 2012;40(2):365-366.
  16. Guidotti, T. L., Laing, L., and Prakash, U. B. Clove cigarettes. The basis for concern regarding health effects. West J Med 1989;151(2):220-228.
  17. Anonymous. Evaluation of the health hazard of clove cigarettes. Council on Scientific Affairs. JAMA 12-23-1988;260(24):3641-3644. DOI
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Peppermint 41 references
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