Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Premium Black Seed Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Amazing Herbs

Premium Black Seed label
See full label image
Liquid Category: Fat/fatty Acid
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Premium Black Seed against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Premium Black Seed is a dietary supplement by Amazing Herbs with 1 active ingredient. Its ingredients are commonly taken for respiratory support (asthma, allergies, cough), digestive upset, immune support.Based on those ingredients, 912 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are 5X-TQ. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Premium Black Seed by Amazing Herbs

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Premium Black Seed by Amazing Herbs — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
Prefer a human? Send your question to our licensed pharmacists — free, answered by email within 24 hours.

HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Premium Black Seed by Amazing Herbs

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 4 of its 4 active ingredients.
  • “5X-TQ” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label gives one combined amount (5 Gram(s)) without saying how much of each component you get.

This liquid formula contains 4 active ingredients: Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Omega-6 Fatty Acids, Omega-9 Fatty Acids, and Thymoquinone — compounds extracted from or related to black cumin seed. The inactive ingredient is Virgin Black Cumin Seed Oil, which serves as the base.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed

This product doesn't appear to be marketed for a specific use, so we graded its ingredients' overall clinical evidence instead.

Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports its ingredients for:

Why this rating?
  • We looked at the product name, claims, and label statements and couldn't find a stated purpose to grade.
  • Since the label doesn't commit to one use, we graded the ingredients' overall clinical evidence instead.
  • On file: Hyperlipidemia — rated "Possibly Effective" (Docosahexaenoic Acid (dha)) (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Preterm labor — rated "Possibly Effective" (Docosahexaenoic Acid (dha)) (Natural Medicines).

The evidence for Omega-6 Fatty Acids in this product is limited. Our data rates it as possibly ineffective for high cholesterol (hyperlipidemia), heart disease (cardiovascular disease), multiple sclerosis, and child development — meaning studies haven't shown it works for these uses.

We don't have effectiveness ratings for the other three active ingredients in our current data.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Black Seed Docosahexaenoic Acid (dha) Omega-6 Fatty Acids

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 2 of the 2 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 2 of 2.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 2 of 2.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Omega-6 Fatty Acids from food is fine, but the safety of concentrated supplements isn't well established. Our data notes caution: the balance between omega-6 and omega-3 matters, and a higher ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 in your diet is thought to raise cardiovascular risk.

Some research links higher omega-6 levels to mood changes and possibly increased cancer risk, though these associations aren't conclusive. Pregnancy and lactation safety varies — Omega-6 is rated likely safe in pregnancy but possibly unsafe in lactation, so talk with your doctor or pharmacist if you're pregnant or nursing.

We don't have safety data on file for Omega-3, Omega-9, or Thymoquinone.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Black Seed Docosahexaenoic Acid (dha) Omega-6 Fatty Acids

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 1 of the 2 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Docosahexaenoic Acid (dha).
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; diabetes medications.
  • For scale: 375 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

No interactions are documented in our data for the ingredients we could check. That said, we couldn't verify three of the four active ingredients, so ask your pharmacist to review your specific medications before you start.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with some supporting evidence behind its ingredients' uses. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product is built on omega fatty acids, which your body needs in the right balance. If you're curious about black seed oil as a supplement or have questions about whether it fits your diet, ask your pharmacist — we can help you think through the omega-3 to omega-6 ratio and whether it makes sense for you.

Anyone pregnant, nursing, or on blood-thinning or heart medications should check in first.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 2 of 4 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Mar 22, 2023.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Premium Black Seed, straight from the product label.

Brand Amazing Herbs
Barcode (UPC) 665231120325
Net contents 32 Fluid Ounce(s); 946 mL; 1 Quart(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Mar 22, 2023
DSLD ID 273675
Product type Fat/fatty Acid
Supplement form Liquid
Dietary claims / uses All Other
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Premium Black Seed by Amazing Herbs, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
5 mL
Maximum serving Sizes:
5 mL
Servings per container
192
UPC/BARCODE
665231120325
IngredientAmount% DV
Calories45 Calorie(s)--
Omega-3 Fatty Acids2.5 mg--
Omega-6 Fatty Acids580 mg--
Omega-9 Fatty Acids220 mg--
Total Fat5 Gram(s)6%
Saturated Fat1 Gram(s)5%
Thymoquinone48 mg--
5X-TQ5 Gram(s)--

Other ingredients: Virgin Black Cumin seed Oil

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Formula

The original #1 selling Black Seed Oil freshly pressed & bottled in USA 100% Pure cold-pressed Black Cumin seed oil Contains minimum 1.2% Thymoquinone (TQ) 5X-TQ (TQ) Thymoquinone maximum naturally occurring source

Formulation

Non GMO Guarantee

100% Pure Guarantee Cold-pressed in the USA Heat-free Virgin first pressing

No added preservatives

Note: Batches may vary in taste, color or Thymoquinone (TQ) content.

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Seals/Symbols

Third Party Lab Tested and Verified

Brand IP Statement(s)

5X-TQ is a trademark of Amazing Herbs

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested Use: For adults, take 1 teaspoon, twice daily. If using for first time, take 1/2 tsp with small amt of food and gradually increase over a few days.

Storage

Storage: Room temperature, away from heat and direct sunlight. Refrigerate if desired.

Precautions

Keep out of reach of children.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Premium Black Seed by Amazing Herbs label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Premium Black Seed label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Premium Black Seed by Amazing Herbs

This is the 1 active ingredient this product is made of. Select it to open its full monograph.

Serving size5 mL Dosage formLiquid Servings per container192 Amounts shown are per serving.

5X-TQ

Interacts with
912 drugs
5 Gram(s) per serving Form: Black Cumin Seed Oil

Black seed (Nigella sativa) is a traditional spice and remedy that has been studied for asthma, blood sugar, cholesterol, and blood pressure, with ear...

5X-TQ monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Virgin Black Cumin seed Oil. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Premium Black Seed by Amazing Herbs Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Premium Black Seed?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
912Drugs
912 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

5X-TQ 912

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Premium Black Seed interact with 912 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

1 of the 1 ingredient in Premium Black Seed interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. 5X-TQ

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Premium Black Seed with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

5X-TQ14 drug types · 912 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, black seed may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro and animal research suggests that black seed extract can inhibit platelet aggregation and clotting, and increase bleeding time. In addition, decreased platelet counts have occurred in a human case report and in animal research.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, taking black seed with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Some clinical research and numerous animal studies suggest that black seed, especially its constituent thymoquinone, can have hypoglycemic effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, taking black seed with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Clinical research suggests that black seed powder and oil might reduce blood pressure by 2-3 mmHg. In animal research, black seed modestly reduces blood pressure and concomitant use of black seed and amlodipine (Norvasc) or metoprolol (Lopressor) increased the blood pressure lowering effects of these drugs.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Clopidogrel (Plavix)

Theoretically, black seed may increase the risk of bleeding if used with clopidogrel.
Animal research shows that taking black seed extract daily for 2 weeks prior to a single dose of clopidogrel increases maximum concentrations of clopidogrel by approximately 31% and modestly decreases oral clearance. Furthermore, bleeding time was increased by 12%. This has not been shown in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cns Depressants

Theoretically, concomitant use with drugs that have sedative properties may cause additive effects.
Animal research suggests that black seed may have CNS depressant effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)

Theoretically taking black seed might reduce the levels and clinical effects of cyclosporine.
In animal research, black seed extract decreased the maximal levels of cyclosporine in the blood by 35.5%. This has not been shown in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates

Theoretically, black seed might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.
In vitro research suggests that thymoquinone, a constituent of black seed, can decrease the metabolism of phenytoin by a mechanism possibly related to the inhibition of CYP2C9. The effect of black seed on CYP2C9 is unclear. This has not been shown in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Diuretic Drugs

Theoretically, taking black seed with diuretic drugs might increase potassium loss and the risk of hypokalemia.
Black seed extract has shown diuretic effects in animals, which could theoretically increase potassium loss. This has not been shown in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Immunosuppressants

Theoretically, black seed might interfere with immunosuppressive therapy.
Animal and in vitro studies suggest that black seed might stimulate immune function. However, other animal studies suggest that black seed may suppress immune function.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Phenytoin (Dilantin)

Theoretically, black seed might increase or decrease levels and effects of phenytoin.
In vitro research suggests that thymoquinone, a constituent of black seed, can decrease the metabolism of phenytoin. This effect may be due to inhibition of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9). However, animal research shows that black seed decreases the maximum concentration of and total systemic exposure to phenytoin by 57% and 87%, respectively. This seems to be related to increased clearance and steady state volume of distribution. This interaction has not been shown in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Serotonergic Drugs

Theoretically, combining serotonergic drugs with black seed might increase the risk of serotonergic side effects, including serotonin syndrome and cerebral vasoconstrictive disorders.
Animal research suggests that black seed can increase brain serotonin levels. In one case report, a 35-year-old man undergoing endoscopic surgery experienced immediate postoperative serotonin syndrome that was likely associated with the use of black seed oil 600 mg daily starting 4 days before surgery, and precipitated by the use of serotonergic pain medications, including fentanyl and oxycodone. Monitor patients for signs of serotonin syndrome and other serotonergic side effects if using black seed with serotonergic drugs.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Sildenafil (Viagra)

Theoretically, black seed might reduce plasma levels and the therapeutic effects of sildenafil.
Animal research shows that black seed reduces the total systemic exposure to sildenafil by 43%. So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, black seed might increase levels of warfarin and increase the risk of bleeding.
In vitro research suggests that thymoquinone, a constituent of black seed, can decrease the metabolism of warfarin. This effect may be due to inhibition of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9). The effect of black seed on warfarin metabolism is unclear. This has not been shown in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Prednisolone

Theoretically black seed might reduce plasma levels and therapeutic effects of prednisolone.
In animal research, oral administration of a single dose of black seed oil 15 minutes prior to oral prednisolone decreases the prednisolone maximum plasma concentration by 65% and area under the curve by 25%. This has not been shown in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
5X-TQ full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Premium Black Seed, from the product label.

Amazing Herbs

See all Amazing Herbs products
Name
Amazing Herbs
City
Buford
State
GA
ZipCode
30518
Phone Number
1-800-241-9138
Web Address
www.amazingherbs.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Premium Black Seed by Amazing Herbs: Common Questions

Does Premium Black Seed by Amazing Herbs interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Premium Black Seed has a known interaction with 912 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Premium Black Seed contains a single active ingredient, and that one ingredient can interact with many different medications on its own. We check it against each medication and show the mechanism responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Is this safe if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
The data we hold shows Omega-6 Fatty Acids is rated likely safe during pregnancy but possibly unsafe while breastfeeding. We don't have safety information for the other ingredients. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist — they can weigh the specifics for you.
Does black seed actually do anything?
We only have effectiveness ratings for the Omega-6 in this product, and they're not encouraging — it's rated possibly ineffective for cholesterol, heart disease, multiple sclerosis, and child development. We don't have established evidence in our data for the other active ingredients.
What is thymoquinone?
Thymoquinone is a compound found in black cumin seed. It's one of the active ingredients in this formula, though we don't have interaction or effectiveness data for it on file.
Is omega-6 bad for me?
Omega-6 from food is fine and necessary. But the data notes caution: very high intake of omega-6, especially compared to omega-3, might raise heart disease risk. A balanced ratio between them matters more than avoiding omega-6 altogether. If you're taking a supplement, check with your doctor.
What's virgin black cumin seed oil?
That's the inactive ingredient — the liquid base of this product. It comes from black cumin seed and serves as a carrier for the active compounds.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Premium Black Seed is safe with your meds?

Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.

Ask a pharmacist

Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Premium Black Seed label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Premium Black Seed’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Black Seed

Interacts with 912 drugs

Black seed (Nigella sativa) is a traditional spice and remedy that has been studied for asthma, blood sugar, cholesterol, and blood pressure, with early research showing some promise but no...

Read the full Black Seed monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Docosahexaenoic Acid (dha)

Interacts with 375 drugs

DHA is an omega-3 fatty acid found in fatty fish and algae that is a building block for the brain, nervous system, and eyes. It is widely used and generally well tolerated, with the stronges...

Read the full Docosahexaenoic Acid (dha) monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Omega-6 Fatty Acids

Omega-6 fatty acids are essential fats your body needs but cannot make on its own, and most people get plenty from everyday foods like vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds. Supplements such as ev...

Read the full Omega-6 Fatty Acids monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Premium Black Seed's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 129 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Docosahexaenoic Acid (dha) 49 references
  1. Akedo I, Ishikawa H, Nakamura T, et al. Three cases with familial adenomatous polyposis diagnosed as having malignant lesions in the course of a long-term trial using docosahexanoic acid (DHA)-concentrated fish oil capsules (abstract). Jpn J Clin Oncol PubMed
  2. Prisco D, Paniccia R, Bandinelli B, et al. Effect of medium-term supplementation with a moderate dose of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood pressure in mild hypertensive patients. Thromb Res 1998;1:105-12.
  3. Grimsgaard S, Bonaa KH, Hansen JB, Nordoy A. Highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in humans have similar triacylglycerol-lowering effects but divergent effects on serum fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:649-59.
  4. Toft I, Bonaa KH, Ingebretsen OC, et al. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on glucose homeostasis and blood pressure in essential hypertension. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:911-8.
  5. Sacks FM, Hebert P, Appel LJ, et al. Short report: the effect of fish oil on blood pressure and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in phase I of the trials of hypertension prevention. J Hypertens 1994;12:209-13.
  6. Vandongen R, Mori TA, Burke V, et al. Effects on blood pressure of omega 3 fats in subjects at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Hypertension 1993;22:371-9. PubMed
  7. FDA. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Letter regarding dietary supplement health claim for omega-3 fatty acids and coronary heart disease. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/95s0316/95s-0316-Rpt0272-38-Appendix-D-Reference
  8. Pedersen HS, Mulvad G, Seidelin KN, et al. N-3 fatty acids as a risk factor for haemorrhagic stroke. Lancet 1999;353:812-3. PubMed
  9. Ito Y, Suzuki K, Imai H, et al. Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on atrophic gastritis in a Japanese population. Cancer Lett 2001;163:171-8. PubMed
  10. Kris-Ehterton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ, et al. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2002;106:2747-57. PubMed
  11. Woodman RJ, Mori TA, Burke V, et al. Effects of purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on glycemic control, blood pressure, and serum lipids in type 2 diabetic patients with treated hypertension. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:1007-15.. PubMed
  12. Marangell LB, Martinez JM, Zboyan HA, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid in the treatment of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:996-8.. PubMed
  13. Leng GC, Smith FB, Fowkes FG, et al. Relationship between plasma essential fatty acids and smoking, serum lipids, blood pressure and haemostatic and rheological factors. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1994;51:101-8. PubMed
  14. Nelson GJ, Schmidt PS, Bartolini GL, et al. The effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid on platelet function, platelet fatty acid composition, and blood coagulation in humans. Lipids 1997;32:1129-36. PubMed
  15. Wheaton DH, Hoffman DR, Locke KG, et al. Biological safety assessment of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in a randomized clinical trial for X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121:1269-78. PubMed
  16. Malcolm CA, McCulloch DL, Montgomery C, et al. Maternal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during pregnancy and visual evoked potential development in term infants: a double blind, prospective, randomised trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2003;88: DOI
  17. Sanjurjo P, Ruiz-Sanz JI, Jimeno P, et al. Supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid in the last trimester of pregnancy: maternal-fetal biochemical findings. J Perinat Med 2004;32:132-6.
  18. Montgomery C, Speake BK, Cameron A, et al. Maternal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and fetal accretion. Br J Nutr 2003;90:135-45. DOI
  19. Lauritzen L, Hoppe C, Straarup EM, Michaelsen KF. Maternal fish oil supplementation in lactation and growth during the first 2.5 years of life. Pediatr Res 2005;58:235-42. PubMed
  20. Hawkes JS, Bryan DL, Makrides M, et al. A randomized trial of supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid-rich tuna oil and its effects on the human milk cytokines interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75:75
  21. Uauy R, Hoffman DR, Mena P, et al. Term infant studies of DHA and ARA supplementation on neurodevelopment: Results of randomized controlled trials. J Pediatr 2003;143:S17-25. PubMed
  22. Decsi, T., Campoy, C., and Koletzko, B. Effect of N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in pregnancy: the Nuheal trial. Adv.Exp Med Biol 2005;569:109-113. PubMed
  23. Mori, T. A., Bao, D. Q., Burke, V., Puddey, I. B., and Beilin, L. J. Docosahexaenoic acid but not eicosapentaenoic acid lowers ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in humans. Hypertension 1999;34(2):253-260. PubMed
  24. Otto, S. J., van Houwelingen, A. C., and Hornstra, G. The effect of supplementation with docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid derived from single cell oils on plasma and erythrocyte fatty acids of pregnant women in the second trimester. Prostaglandins Le PubMed
  25. Helland, I. B., Saugstad, O. D., Smith, L., Saarem, K., Solvoll, K., Ganes, T., and Drevon, C. A. Similar effects on infants of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids supplementation to pregnant and lactating women. Pediatrics 2001;108(5):E82. PubMed
  26. Nestel, P., Shige, H., Pomeroy, S., Cehun, M., Abbey, M., and Raederstorff, D. The n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid increase systemic arterial compliance in humans. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2002;76(2):326-330. PubMed
  27. Woodman, R. J., Mori, T. A., Burke, V., Puddey, I. B., Barden, A., Watts, G. F., and Beilin, L. J. Effects of purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on platelet, fibrinolytic and vascular function in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients PubMed
  28. Jensen, C. L., Voigt, R. G., Prager, T. C., Zou, Y. L., Fraley, J. K., Rozelle, J. C., Turcich, M. R., Llorente, A. M., Anderson, R. E., and Heird, W. C. Effects of maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake on visual function and neurodevelopment in breastfed
  29. Theobald, H. E., Goodall, A. H., Sattar, N., Talbot, D. C., Chowienczyk, P. J., and Sanders, T. A. Low-dose docosahexaenoic acid lowers diastolic blood pressure in middle-aged men and women. J Nutr 2007;137(4):973-978.
  30. Mischoulon D, Best-Popescu C, Laposata M, et al. A double-blind dose-finding pilot study of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for major depressive disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;18(9):639-645. PubMed
  31. Birch EE, Carlson SE, Hoffman DR, et al. The DIAMOND (DHA Intake And Measurement Of Neural Development) Study: a double-masked, randomized controlled clinical trial of the maturation of infant visual acuity as a function of the dietary level of docosahexa
  32. Carlson SE, Colombo J, Gajewski BJ, Gustafson KM, Mundy D, Yeast J, Georgieff MK, Markley LA, Kerling EH, Shaddy DJ. DHA supplementation and pregnancy outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Apr;97(4):808-15. PubMed
  33. Escamilla-Nuñez MC, Barraza-Villarreal A, Hernández-Cadena L, Navarro-Olivos E, Sly PD, Romieu I. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy and respiratory symptoms in children. Chest. 2014 Aug;146(2):373-82. PubMed
  34. Fu YQ, Zheng JS, Yang B, Li D. Effect of individual omega-3 fatty acids on the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Epidemiol. 2015;25(4):261-74. PubMed
  35. Imhoff-Kunsch B, Stein AD, Villalpando S, Martorell R, Ramakrishnan U. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation from mid-pregnancy to parturition influenced breast milk fatty acid concentrations at 1 month postpartum in Mexican women. J Nutr. 2011 Feb;141(2): PubMed
  36. Judge MP, Cong X, Harel O, Courville AB, Lammi-Keefe CJ. Maternal consumption of a DHA-containing functional food benefits infant sleep patterning: an early neurodevelopmental measure. Early Hum Dev. 2012 Jul;88(7):531-7. PubMed
  37. Mulder KA, King DJ, Innis SM. Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency in infants before birth identified using a randomized trial of maternal DHA supplementation in pregnancy. PLoS One. 2014 Jan 10;9(1):e83764. PubMed
  38. Richardson AJ, Burton JR, Sewell RP, Spreckelsen TF, Montgomery P. Docosahexaenoic acid for reading, cognition and behavior in children aged 7-9 years: a randomized, controlled trial (the DOLAB Study). PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e43909. PubMed
  39. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation 2012;25(4);3-4
  40. FDA announces qualified health claims for omega-3 fatty acids. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/ucm072756.htm. Accessed April 15 2019.
  41. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Section on Breastfeeding. Pediatrics. 2012;129(3):e827-41. PubMed
  42. Zhang Z, Fulgoni VL, Kris-Etherton PM, Mitmesser SH. Dietary Intakes of EPA and DHA Omega-3 Fatty Acids among US Childbearing-Age and Pregnant Women: An Analysis of NHANES 2001-2014. Nutrients. 2018;10(4). PubMed
  43. Montgomery P, Spreckelsen TF, Burton A, Burton JR, Richardson AJ. Docosahexaenoic acid for reading, working memory and behavior in UK children aged 7-9: A randomized controlled trial for replication (the DOLAB II study). PLoS One. 2018;13(2):e0192909. PubMed
  44. Marc I, Piedboeuf B, Lacaze-Masmonteil T, et al. Effect of maternal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on bronchopulmonary dysplasia-free survival in breastfed preterm infants: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;324(2):157-167. PubMed
  45. Fougère H, Bilodeau JF, Lavoie PM, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid-rich algae oil supplementation on breast milk fatty acid profile of mothers who delivered prematurely: a randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep 2021;11(1):21492. PubMed
  46. Garmendia ML, Casanello P, Flores M, Kusanovic JP, Uauy R. The effects of a combined intervention (docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and home-based dietary counseling) on metabolic control in obese and overweight pregnant women: the MIGHT study. Am J O PubMed
  47. Christifano DN, Gustafson KM, Carlson SE, et al. Maternal docosahexaenoic acid exposure needed to achieve maternal-newborn EQ. Nutrients 2022;14(16):3300. PubMed
  48. Vizzari G, Morniroli D, Alessandretti F, et al. Comparative analysis of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content in mother's milk of term and preterm mothers. Nutrients 2022;14(21):4595. PubMed
  49. Yang Y, Li G, Li F, et al. Impact of DHA from algal oil on the breast milk DHA levels of lactating women: A randomized controlled trial in China. Nutrients 2022;14(16):3410. PubMed

See these in context on the Docosahexaenoic Acid (dha) monograph →

Omega-6 Fatty Acids 20 references
  1. Godley PA. Essential fatty acid consumption and risk of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1995;35:91-5. PubMed
  2. Newcomer LM, King IB, Wicklund KG, Stanford JL. The association of fatty acids with prostate cancer risk. Prostate 2001;47:262-8. DOI
  3. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate. Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2005. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/books/03 DOI
  4. Colter, A. L., Cutler, C., and Meckling, K. A. Fatty acid status and behavioural symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescents: a case-control study. Nutr J 2008;7:8. PubMed
  5. Yamada, T., Strong, J. P., Ishii, T., Ueno, T., Koyama, M., Wagayama, H., Shimizu, A., Sakai, T., Malcom, G. T., and Guzman, M. A. Atherosclerosis and omega-3 fatty acids in the populations of a fishing village and a farming village in Japan. Atheroscler
  6. Conklin, S. M., Manuck, S. B., Yao, J. K., Flory, J. D., Hibbeln, J. R., and Muldoon, M. F. High omega-6 and low omega-3 fatty acids are associated with depressive symptoms and neuroticism. Psychosom.Med. 2007;69(9):932-934.
  7. Richardson, A. J., Cyhlarova, E., and Ross, M. A. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid concentrations in red blood cell membranes relate to schizotypal traits in healthy adults. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2003;69(6):461-466. PubMed
  8. Assies, J., Lok, A., Bockting, C. L., Weverling, G. J., Lieverse, R., Visser, I., Abeling, N. G., Duran, M., and Schene, A. H. Fatty acids and homocysteine levels in patients with recurrent depression: an explorative pilot study. Prostaglandins Leukot.Es PubMed
  9. Chiplonkar, S. A., Agte, V. V., Tarwadi, K. V., Paknikar, K. M., and Diwate, U. P. Micronutrient deficiencies as predisposing factors for hypertension in lacto-vegetarian Indian adults. J Am Coll.Nutr 2004;23(3):239-247. PubMed
  10. Mamalakis, G., Kiriakakis, M., Tsibinos, G., Hatzis, C., Flouri, S., Mantzoros, C., and Kafatos, A. Depression and serum adiponectin and adipose omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in adolescents. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 2006;85(2):474-479. PubMed
  11. Okuyama, H., Ichikawa, Y., Sun, Y., Hamazaki, T., and Lands, W. E. Cancers common in the USA are stimulated by omega 6 fatty acids and large amounts of animal fats, but suppressed by omega 3 fatty acids and cholesterol. World Rev Nutr Diet. 2007;96:143-1
  12. Martinez-Ramirez, M. J., Palma, S., Martinez-Gonzalez, M. A., Delgado-Martinez, A. D., de la Fuente, C., and Delgado-Rodriguez, M. Dietary fat intake and the risk of osteoporotic fractures in the elderly. Eur.J Clin Nutr 2007;61(9):1114-1120. PubMed
  13. Sonestedt, E., Gullberg, B., and Wirfalt, E. Both food habit change in the past and obesity status may influence the association between dietary factors and postmenopausal breast cancer. Public Health Nutr 2007;10(8):769-779. PubMed
  14. Simopoulos, A. P. The omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio, genetic variation, and cardiovascular disease. Asia Pac.J Clin Nutr 2008;17 Suppl 1:131-134.
  15. Harris, W. S., Mozaffarian, D., Rimm, E., Kris-Etherton, P., Rudel, L. L., Appel, L. J., Engler, M. M., Engler, M. B., and Sacks, F. Omega-6 fatty acids and risk for cardiovascular disease: a science advisory from the American Heart Association Nutrition DOI
  16. Godley, P. A., Campbell, M. K., Gallagher, P., Martinson, F. E., Mohler, J. L., and Sandler, R. S. Biomarkers of essential fatty acid consumption and risk of prostatic carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 1996;5(11):889-895.
  17. Lee E, Kim H, Kim H, Ha EH, Chang N. Association of maternal omega-6 fatty acid intake with infant birth outcomes: Korean Mothers and Children's Environmental Health (MOCEH). Nutr J 2018;17(1):47. PubMed
  18. Pawelczyk T, Trafalska E, Pawelczyk A, Kotlicka-Antczak M. Differences in omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption in people at ultra-high risk of psychosis, first-episode schizophrenia, and in healthy controls. Early Interv Psychiatry 2
  19. Gardner KG, Gebretsadik T, Hartman TJ, et al. Prenatal omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and childhood atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(3):937-944. PubMed
  20. Luo J, Ge H, Sun J, Hao K, Yao W, Zhang D. Associations of dietary ?-3, ?-6 fatty acids consumption with sleep disorders and sleep duration among adults. Nutrients 2021;13(5):1475. PubMed

See these in context on the Omega-6 Fatty Acids monograph →

Black Seed 60 references
  1. The Review of Natural Products by Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.
  2. Aqel M, Shaheen R. Effects of the volatile oil of black seed seeds on the uterine smooth muscle of rat and guinea pig. J Ethnopharmacol 1996;52:23-6.
  3. Keshri G, Singh MM, Lakshmi V, Kamboj VP. Post-coital contraceptive efficacy of the seeds of Black seed in rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1995;39:59-62.
  4. Tennekoon KH, Jeevathayaparan S, Kurukulasooriya AP, Karunanayake EH. Possible hepatotoxicity of Nigella sativa seeds and Dregea volubilis leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 1991;31:283-9. PubMed
  5. Dehkordi FR, Kamkhah AF. Antihypertensive effect of Nigella sativa seed extract in patients with mild hypertension. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2008;22:447-52.
  6. Zaoui, A., Cherrah, Y., Lacaille-Dubois, M. A., Settaf, A., Amarouch, H., and Hassar, M. [Diuretic and hypotensive effects of Nigella sativa in the spontaneously hypertensive rat]. Therapie 2000;55(3):379-382.
  7. Enomoto, S., Asano, R., Iwahori, Y., Narui, T., Okada, Y., Singab, A. N., and Okuyama, T. Hematological studies on black cumin oil from the seeds of Nigella sativa L. Biol.Pharm.Bull 2001;24(3):307-310. PubMed
  8. Meral, I., Yener, Z., Kahraman, T., and Mert, N. Effect of Nigella sativa on glucose concentration, lipid peroxidation, anti-oxidant defence system and liver damage in experimentally-induced diabetic rabbits. J Vet.Med A Physiol Pathol.Clin Med 2001;48(1
  9. Al Jishi, S. A. and Abuo, Hozaifa B. Effect of Nigella sativa on blood hemostatic function in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;85(1):7-14. PubMed
  10. Ali, B. H. and Blunden, G. Pharmacological and toxicological properties of Nigella sativa. Phytother.Res. 2003;17(4):299-305.
  11. Al Naggar, T. B., Gomez-Serranillos, M. P., Carretero, M. E., and Villar, A. M. Neuropharmacological activity of Nigella sativa L. extracts. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;88(1):63-68. PubMed
  12. Kalus, U., Pruss, A., Bystron, J., Jurecka, M., Smekalova, A., Lichius, J. J., and Kiesewetter, H. Effect of Nigella sativa (black seed) on subjective feeling in patients with allergic diseases. Phytother.Res. 2003;17(10):1209-1214.
  13. Islam, S. N., Begum, P., Ahsan, T., Huque, S., and Ahsan, M. Immunosuppressive and cytotoxic properties of Nigella sativa. Phytother.Res. 2004;18(5):395-398.
  14. Fararh, K. M., Atoji, Y., Shimizu, Y., Shiina, T., Nikami, H., and Takewaki, T. Mechanisms of the hypoglycaemic and immunopotentiating effects of Nigella sativa L. oil in streptozotocin-induced diabetic hamsters. Res Vet.Sci 2004;77(2):123-129. PubMed
  15. Awad, E. M. and Binder, B. R. In vitro induction of endothelial cell fibrinolytic alterations by Nigella sativa. Phytomedicine 2005;12(3):194-202. PubMed
  16. El Obeid, A., Al Harbi, S., Al Jomah, N., and Hassib, A. Herbal melanin modulates tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production. Phytomedicine. 2006;13(5):324-333.
  17. Abbas, A. T., Abdel-Aziz, M. M., Zalata, K. R., and Tel, Abd Al-Galel. Effect of dexamethasone and Nigella sativa on peripheral blood eosinophil count, IgG1 and IgG2a, cytokine profiles and lung inflammation in murine model of allergic asthma. Egypt J Im
  18. Kaleem, M., Kirmani, D., Asif, M., Ahmed, Q., and Bano, B. Biochemical effects of Nigella sativa L seeds in diabetic rats. Indian J Exp.Biol. 2006;44(9):745-748.
  19. Hawsawi, Z. A., Ali, B. A., and Bamosa, A. O. Effect of Nigella sativa (Black Seed) and thymoquinone on blood glucose in albino rats. Ann.Saudi Med 2001;21(3-4):242-244.
  20. Massadeh, A. M., Al Safi, S. A., Momani, I. F., Al Mahmoud, M., and Alkofahi, A. S. Analysis of cadmium and lead in mice organs: effect of Nigella sativa L. (Black Cumin) on the distribution and immunosuppressive effect of cadmium-lead mixture in mice. B PubMed
  21. Akhondian, J., Parsa, A., and Rakhshande, H. The effect of Nigella sativa L. (black cumin seed) on intractable pediatric seizures. Med Sci Monit. 2007;13(12):CR555-CR559.
  22. Meddah, B., Ducroc, R., El Abbes, Faouzi M., Eto, B., Mahraoui, L., Benhaddou-Andaloussi, A., Martineau, L. C., Cherrah, Y., and Haddad, P. S. Nigella sativa inhibits intestinal glucose absorption and improves glucose tolerance in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. PubMed
  23. Najmi, A., Nasiruddin, M., Khan, R. A., and Haque, S. F. Effect of Nigella sativa oil on various clinical and biochemical parameters of insulin resistance syndrome. Int J Diabetes Dev.Ctries. 2008;28(1):11-14.
  24. al Sheikh, O. A. and Gad el-Rab, M. O. Allergic contact dermatitis: clinical features and profile of sensitizing allergens in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Int J Dermatol. 1996;35(7):493-497.
  25. Steinmann, A., Schatzle, M., Agathos, M., and Breit, R. Allergic contact dermatitis from black cumin (Nigella sativa) oil after topical use. Contact Dermatitis 1997;36(5):268-269.
  26. Al-Jenoobi FI, Al-Suwayeh SA, Muzaffar I, et al. Effects of Nigella sativa and Lepidium sativum on cyclosporine pharmacokinetics. Biomed Res Int 2013;2013:953520.
  27. Arslan E, Sayin S, Demirbas S, et al. A case study report of acute renal failure associated with Nigella sativa in a diabetic patient. J Integr Med 2013;11:64-6. PubMed
  28. Bamosa AO, Kaatabi H, Lebdaa FM, et al. Effect of Nigella sativa seeds on the glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2010;54:344-54.
  29. Bonhomme A, Poreaux C, Jouen F, et al. Bullous drug eruption to Nigella sativa oil: Consideration of the use of a herbal medicine - clinical report and review of the literature. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017;31:e217-e219.
  30. Farhangi MA, Dehghan P, Tajmiri S, Abbasi MM. The effects of Nigella sativa on thyroid function, serum Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) - 1, Nesfatin-1 and anthropometric features in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a randomized controlled
  31. Kaatabi H, Bamosa AO, Badar A, et al. Nigella sativa improves glycemic control and ameliorates oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: placebo controlled participant blinded clinical trial. PLoS One 2015;10:e0113486. PubMed
  32. Mohtashami R, Huseini HF, Heydari M, et al. Efficacy and safety of honey based formulation of Nigella sativa seed oil in functional dyspepsia: A double blind randomized controlled clinical trial. J Ethnopharmacol 2015;175:147-52. PubMed
  33. Perveen T, Haider S, Zuberi NA, et al. Increased 5-HT levels following repeated administration of Nigella sativa L. (Black Seed) oil produce antidepressant effects in rats. Sci Pharm 2013;82:161-70. PubMed
  34. Sahebkar A, Soranna D, Liu X, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of supplementation with Nigella sativa (black seed) on blood pressure. J Hypertens 2016;34:2127-35. PubMed
  35. Shawki M, El Wakeel L, Shatla R, et al. The clinical outcome of adjuvant therapy with black seed oil on intractable paediatric seizures: a pilot study. Epileptic Disord 2013;15:295-301. PubMed
  36. Muneera KE, Majeed A, Naveed AK. Comparative evaluation of nigella sativa (Kalonji) and simvastatin for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and in the induction of hepatotoxicity. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2015 Mar;28(2):493-8.
  37. Mahdavi R, Namazi N, Alizadeh M, Farajnia S. Effects of Nigella sativa oil with a low-calorie diet on cardiometabolic risk factors in obese women: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Food Funct. 2015;6(6):2041-8. PubMed
  38. Fallah Huseini H, Amini M, Mohtashami R, et al. Blood pressure lowering effect of Nigella sativa L. seed oil in healthy volunteers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2013;27(12):1849-53.
  39. Dehavay F, Kolivras A, Scheers C. Local and systemic adverse skin reactions following the use of herbal products believed to contain Nigella sativa seeds and oil. Contact Dermatitis. 2019 Mar;80(3):176-177.
  40. Kooshki A, Tofighiyan T, Rastgoo N, Rakhshani MH, Miri M. Effect of Nigella sativa oil supplement on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Phytother Res. 2020.
  41. Warner ME, Warner PA, Sprung J, Warner MA. Black seed oil and perioperative serotonin syndrome: A case report. A A Pract. 2019;13(11):420-422. PubMed
  42. Alam MA, Bin Jardan YA, Raish M, Al-Mohizea AM, Ahad A, Al-Jenoobi FBI. Effect of Nigella sativa and fenugreek on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of amlodipine in hypertensive rats. Curr Drug Metab. 2020;21(4):318-325. PubMed
  43. Moustafa HAM, El Wakeel LM, Halawa MR, Sabri NA, El-Bahy AZ, Singab AN. Effect of Nigella sativa oil versus metformin on glycemic control and biochemical parameters of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Endocrine 2019;65(2):286-94. PubMed
  44. Safi S, Razmpoosh E, Fallahzadeh H, et al. The effect of Nigella sativa on appetite, anthropometric and body composition indices among overweight and obese women: A crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Complement Ther Me PubMed
  45. Wang X, Jiang A, Batra V. Severe thrombocytopenia associated with black seed oil and evening primrose oil. Cureus. 2020;12(6):e8390. PubMed
  46. Alkharfy K, Jan B, Alotaibi K, et al. Clopidogrel-herb Interactions: A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Assessment in a Rat Model. Curr Drug Metab 2021;22(12):969-977. PubMed
  47. Bin Jardan YA, Ahad A, Raish M, Alam MA, Al-Mohizea AM, Al-Jenoobi FI. Effects of garden cress, fenugreek and black seed on the pharmacodynamics of metoprolol: an herb-drug interaction study in rats with hypertension. Pharm Biol 2021;59(1):1088-1097. PubMed
  48. Thomas JV, Mohan ME, Prabhakaran P, Das S S, Maliakel B, I M K. A phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety of thymoquinone-rich black cumin oil (BlaQmax®) on healthy subjects: Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled prospective study. Toxicol PubMed
  49. Assier H, Kouby F, Ingen-Housz-Oro S, Roux C. Severe allergic contact connubial dermatitis to Nigella Sativa Seed Oil due to repeated contacts to beard cosmetics. Contact Dermatitis 2022. PubMed
  50. Koshak AE, Koshak EA, Mobeireek AF, et al. Nigella sativa for the treatment of COVID-19: An open-label randomized controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Med 2021;61:102769. PubMed
  51. Hadi S, Daryabeygi-Khotbehsara R, Mirmiran P, et al. Effect of Nigella sativa oil extract on cardiometabolic risk factors in type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res 2021;35(7):3747-3755.
  52. Ali SM, Chen P, Sheikh S, et al. Thymoquinone with metformin decreases fasting, post prandial glucose, and HbA1c in type 2 diabetic patients. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2021;71(6):302-306. PubMed
  53. Tavakoli-Rouzbehani OM, Abbasnezhad M, Kheirouri S, Alizadeh M. Effects of Nigella sativa oil supplementation on selected metabolic parameters and anthropometric indices in patients with coronary artery disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-control
  54. Fargeas M, Calugareanu A, Ben-Said B. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome after topical use of Nigella sativa (black cumin) oil. Contact Dermatitis 2022;87(2):203-204.
  55. Wang Z, Wang Z, Wang X, et al. Potential food-drug interaction risk of thymoquinone with warfarin. Chem Biol Interact. 2022;365:110070. PubMed
  56. Wang Z, Wang X, Wang Z, et al. Potential herb-drug interaction risk of thymoquinone and phenytoin. Chem Biol Interact. 2022;353:109801. PubMed
  57. Al-Mohizea AM, Ahad A, El-Maghraby GM, et al. Effects of Nigella sativa, Lepidium sativum and Trigonella foenum-graecum on sildenafil disposition in beagle dogs. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2015;40(2):219-24. PubMed
  58. Alkharfy KM, Al-Jenoobi FI, Al-Mohizea AM, et al. Effects of Lepidium sativum, Nigella sativa and Trigonella foenum-graceum on phenytoin pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs. Phytother Res. 2013;27(12):1800-4.
  59. Abutaima R, Al-Ebini Y, Alkofahi A, et al. In vivo assessment of black seed oil single dose on prednisolone pharmacokinetics. J Pharm Pharmacol 2024;76(1):57-63.
  60. Sener K, Cakir A, Yesiloglu O, Altug E, Guven R, Korkut S. Rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury after consumption of black seed oil. Toxicon 2024;245:107787. PubMed

See these in context on the Black Seed monograph →

Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

Keep exploring
Supplement interaction checker › Check any supplement or product against your medications Drug–drug interactions › Check two or more of your medications against each other Browse medications A–Z › Every drug we've checked against herbs & supplements NDC & pricing lookup › Find a drug’s NDCs, packaging and costs Ask a pharmacist › Free, personal answer from our licensed team