Lansoprazole 30 mg Capsule, Delayed Release, 90-count — NDC 31722-571-90 (Billing 31722-0571-90)

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

12.1Mechanism of Action Lansoprazole belongs to a class of antisecretory compounds, the substituted benzimidazoles, that suppress gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of the (H + , K + )-ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. Because this enzyme system is regarded as the acid (proton) pump within the parietal cell, lansoprazole has been characterized as a gastric acid-pump inhibitor, in that it blocks the final step of acid production. This effect is dose-related and leads to inhibition of both basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion irrespective of the stimulus.

Lansoprazole does not exhibit anticholinergic or histamine type-2 antagonist activity.

12.2Pharmacodynamics Antisecretory Activity After oral administration, lansoprazole was shown to significantly decrease the basal acid output and significantly increase the mean gastric pH and percent of time the gastric pH was greater than three and greater than four. Lansoprazole also significantly reduced meal-stimulated gastric acid output and secretion volume, as well as pentagastrin-stimulated acid output. In patients with hypersecretion of acid, lansoprazole significantly reduced basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion.

Lansoprazole inhibited the normal increases in secretion volume, acidity and acid output induced by insulin. The intragastric pH results of a five day, pharmacodynamic, crossover study of 15 mg and 30 mg of once daily lansoprazole are presented in Table 6 : Table 6. Mean Antisecretory Effects After Single and Multiple Daily Lansoprazole Dosing Lansoprazole Parameter Baseline Value 15 mg 30 mg Day 1 Day 5 Day 1 Day 5 Mean 24 Hour pH 2.1 2.7 * 4.0 * 3.6 † 4.9 † Mean Nighttime pH 1.9 2.4 3.0 * 2.6 3.8 † % Time Gastric pH>3 18 33 * 59 * 51 † 72 † % Time Gastric pH>4 12 22 * 49 * 41 † 66 † NOTE: An intragastric pH of greater than four reflects a reduction in gastric acid by 99%. *(p<0.05) vs baseline only. † (p<0.05) vs baseline and lansoprazole 15 mg.

After the initial dose in this study, increased gastric pH was seen within one to two hours with 30 mg of lansoprazole and two to three hours with 15 mg of lansoprazole. After multiple daily dosing, increased gastric pH was seen within the first hour post-dosing with 30 mg of lansoprazole and within one to two hours post-dosing with 15 mg of lansoprazole. Acid suppression may enhance the effect of antimicrobials in eradicating Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) .

The percentage of time gastric pH was elevated above five and six was evaluated in a crossover study of lansoprazole given daily, twice daily and three times daily ( Table 7 ). Table 7. Mean Antisecretory Effects After Five Days of Twice Daily and Three Times Daily Dosing Lansoprazole Parameter 30 mg daily 15 mg twice daily 30 mg twice daily 30 mg three times daily % Time Gastric pH>5 43 47 59 * 77 † % Time Gastric pH>6 20 23 28 45 † *(p<0.05) vs lansoprazole 30 mg daily † (p<0.05) vs lansoprazole 30 mg daily, 15 mg twice daily and 30 mg twice daily.

The inhibition of gastric acid secretion as measured by intragastric pH gradually returned to normal over two to four days after multiple doses. There was no indication of rebound gastric acidity. Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) Cell Effects During lifetime exposure of rats with up to 150 mg/kg/day of lansoprazole dosed seven days per week, marked hypergastrinemia was observed followed by ECL cell proliferation and formation of carcinoid tumors, especially in female rats.

Gastric biopsy specimens from the body of the stomach from approximately 150 patients treated continuously with lansoprazole for at least one year did not show evidence of ECL cell effects similar to those seen in rat studies. Longer term data are needed to rule out the possibility of an increased risk of the development of gastric tumors in patients receiving long-term therapy with lansoprazole [see Nonclinical Toxicology ( 13.1 )] . Other Gastric Effects in… [Excerpted — this section continues on DailyMed.]

12.1Mechanism of Action Lansoprazole belongs to a class of antisecretory compounds, the substituted benzimidazoles, that suppress gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of the (H + , K + )-ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. Because this enzyme system is regarded as the acid (proton) pump within the parietal cell, lansoprazole has been characterized as a gastric acid-pump inhibitor, in that it blocks the final step of acid production. This effect is dose-related and leads to inhibition of both basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion irrespective of the stimulus.

Lansoprazole does not exhibit anticholinergic or histamine type-2 antagonist activity.

12.3Pharmacokinetics Absorption: Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules contain an enteric-coated granule formulation of lansoprazole (because lansoprazole is acid-labile), so that absorption of lansoprazole begins only after the granules leave the stomach. The mean peak plasma levels of lansoprazole occur at approximately 1.7 hours. After a single-dose administration of 15 to 60 mg of oral lansoprazole, the peak plasma concentrations (C max ) of lansoprazole and the area under the plasma concentration curves (AUCs) of lansoprazole were approximately proportional to the administered dose.

Lansoprazole does not accumulate and its pharmacokinetics are unaltered by multiple dosing. The absolute bioavailability is over 80%. In healthy subjects, the mean (±SD) plasma half-life was 1.5 (±1.0) hours.

Both the C max and AUC are diminished by about 50 to 70% if lansoprazole is given 30 minutes after food, compared to the fasting condition. There is no significant food effect if lansoprazole is given before meals. Distribution: Lansoprazole is 97% bound to plasma proteins.

Plasma protein binding is constant over the concentration range of 0.05 to 5 mcg/mL. Elimination Metabolism: Lansoprazole is extensively metabolized in the liver. Two metabolites have been identified in measurable quantities in plasma (the hydroxylated sulfinyl and sulfone derivatives of lansoprazole).

These metabolites have very little or no antisecretory activity. Lansoprazole is thought to be transformed into two active species which inhibit acid secretion by blocking the proton pump [(H + , K + )-ATPase enzyme system] at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. The two active species are not present in the systemic circulation.

The plasma elimination half-life of lansoprazole is less than two hours while the acid inhibitory effect lasts more than 24 hours. Therefore, the plasma elimination half-life of lansoprazole does not reflect its duration of suppression of gastric acid secretion. Excretion: Following single-dose oral administration of lansoprazole, virtually no unchanged lansoprazole was excreted in the urine.

In one study, after a single oral dose of 14 C-lansoprazole, approximately one-third of the administered radiation was excreted in the urine and two-thirds was recovered in the feces. This implies a significant biliary excretion of the lansoprazole metabolites. Specific Populations Pediatric Patients: One to 17 years of age The pharmacokinetics of lansoprazole were studied in pediatric patients with GERD aged one to 11 years and 12 to 17 years in two separate clinical studies.

In children aged one to 11 years, lansoprazole was dosed 15 mg daily for subjects weighing ≤30 kg and 30 mg daily for subjects weighing greater than 30 kg. Mean C max and AUC values observed on Day 5 of dosing were similar between the two dose groups and were not affected by weight or age within each weight-adjusted dose group used in the study. In adolescent subjects aged 12 to 17 years, subjects were randomized to receive lansoprazole at 15 or 30 mg daily.

Mean C max and AUC values of lansoprazole were not affected by body weight or age; and nearly dose-proportional increases in mean C max and AUC values were observed between the two dose groups in the study. Overall, lansoprazole pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients aged one to 17 years were similar to those observed in healthy adult subjects. Geriatric Patients: The clearance of lansoprazole is decreased in the elderly, with elimination half-life increased approximately 50 to 100%.

Because the mean half-life in the elderly remains between 1.9 to 2.9 hours, repeated once daily dosing does not result in accumulation of lansoprazole. Peak plasma levels were not increased in the elderly [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.5 )] . Male and Female Patients: In a study comparing 12 male and six female human subjects who received lansoprazole, no sex-related differences were found in pharmacokinetics and intragastric pH… [Excerpted — this section continues on DailyMed.]

12.2Pharmacodynamics Antisecretory Activity After oral administration, lansoprazole was shown to significantly decrease the basal acid output and significantly increase the mean gastric pH and percent of time the gastric pH was greater than three and greater than four. Lansoprazole also significantly reduced meal-stimulated gastric acid output and secretion volume, as well as pentagastrin-stimulated acid output. In patients with hypersecretion of acid, lansoprazole significantly reduced basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion.

Lansoprazole inhibited the normal increases in secretion volume, acidity and acid output induced by insulin. The intragastric pH results of a five day, pharmacodynamic, crossover study of 15 mg and 30 mg of once daily lansoprazole are presented in Table 6 : Table 6. Mean Antisecretory Effects After Single and Multiple Daily Lansoprazole Dosing Lansoprazole Parameter Baseline Value 15 mg 30 mg Day 1 Day 5 Day 1 Day 5 Mean 24 Hour pH 2.1 2.7 * 4.0 * 3.6 † 4.9 † Mean Nighttime pH 1.9 2.4 3.0 * 2.6 3.8 † % Time Gastric pH>3 18 33 * 59 * 51 † 72 † % Time Gastric pH>4 12 22 * 49 * 41 † 66 † NOTE: An intragastric pH of greater than four reflects a reduction in gastric acid by 99%. *(p<0.05) vs baseline only. † (p<0.05) vs baseline and lansoprazole 15 mg.

After the initial dose in this study, increased gastric pH was seen within one to two hours with 30 mg of lansoprazole and two to three hours with 15 mg of lansoprazole. After multiple daily dosing, increased gastric pH was seen within the first hour post-dosing with 30 mg of lansoprazole and within one to two hours post-dosing with 15 mg of lansoprazole. Acid suppression may enhance the effect of antimicrobials in eradicating Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) .

The percentage of time gastric pH was elevated above five and six was evaluated in a crossover study of lansoprazole given daily, twice daily and three times daily ( Table 7 ). Table 7. Mean Antisecretory Effects After Five Days of Twice Daily and Three Times Daily Dosing Lansoprazole Parameter 30 mg daily 15 mg twice daily 30 mg twice daily 30 mg three times daily % Time Gastric pH>5 43 47 59 * 77 † % Time Gastric pH>6 20 23 28 45 † *(p<0.05) vs lansoprazole 30 mg daily † (p<0.05) vs lansoprazole 30 mg daily, 15 mg twice daily and 30 mg twice daily.

The inhibition of gastric acid secretion as measured by intragastric pH gradually returned to normal over two to four days after multiple doses. There was no indication of rebound gastric acidity. Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) Cell Effects During lifetime exposure of rats with up to 150 mg/kg/day of lansoprazole dosed seven days per week, marked hypergastrinemia was observed followed by ECL cell proliferation and formation of carcinoid tumors, especially in female rats.

Gastric biopsy specimens from the body of the stomach from approximately 150 patients treated continuously with lansoprazole for at least one year did not show evidence of ECL cell effects similar to those seen in rat studies. Longer term data are needed to rule out the possibility of an increased risk of the development of gastric tumors in patients receiving long-term therapy with lansoprazole [see Nonclinical Toxicology ( 13.1 )] . Other Gastric Effects in Humans Lansoprazole did not significantly affect mucosal blood flow in the fundus of the stomach.

Due to the normal physiologic effect caused by the inhibition of gastric acid secretion, a decrease of about 17% in blood flow in the antrum, pylorus, and duodenal bulb was seen. Lansoprazole significantly slowed the gastric emptying of digestible solids. Lansoprazole increased serum pepsinogen levels and decreased pepsin activity under basal conditions and in response to meal stimulation or insulin injection.

As with other agents that elevate intragastric pH, increases in gastric pH were associated with increases in nitrate-reducing bacteria and elevation of nitrite concentration in gastric juice in patients with gastric ulce… [Excerpted — this section continues on DailyMed.]

14 CLINICAL STUDIES

14.1Duodenal Ulcer In a U.S. multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response (15, 30, and 60 mg of lansoprazole once daily) study of 284 patients with endoscopically documented duodenal ulcer, the percentage of patients healed after two and four weeks was significantly higher with all doses of lansoprazole than with placebo. There was no evidence of a greater or earlier response with the two higher doses compared with lansoprazole 15 mg. Based on this study and the second study described below, the recommended dose of lansoprazole in duodenal ulcer is 15 mg per day ( Table 9 ).

Table 9 . Duodenal Ulcer Healing Rates Week Lansoprazole Placebo (N=72) 15 mg daily (N=68) 30 mg daily (N=74) 60 mg daily (N=70) 2 42.4% * 35.6% * 39.1% * 11.3% 4 89.4% * 91.7% * 89.9% * 46.1% * (p≤0.001) vs placebo. Lansoprazole 15 mg was significantly more effective than placebo in relieving day and nighttime abdominal pain and in decreasing the amount of antacid taken per day.

In a second U.S. multi-center study, also double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose- comparison (15 and 30 mg of lansoprazole once daily), and including a comparison with ranitidine, in 280 patients with endoscopically documented duodenal ulcer, the percentage of patients healed after four weeks was significantly higher with both doses of lansoprazole than with placebo. There was no evidence of a greater or earlier response with the higher dose of lansoprazole. Although the 15 mg dose of lansoprazole was superior to ranitidine at four weeks, the lack of significant difference at two weeks and the absence of a difference between 30 mg of lansoprazole and ranitidine leaves the comparative effectiveness of the two agents undetermined ( Table 10 ) [see Indications and Usage ( 1.1 )] .

Table 10. Duodenal Ulcer Healing Rates Week Lansoprazole Ranitidine Placebo (N=41) 15 mg daily (N=80) 30 mg daily (N=77) 300 mg h.s (N=82) 2 35.0% 44.2% 30.5% 34.2% 4 92.3% * 80.3% † 70.5% † 47.5% * (p ≤ 0.05) vs placebo and ranitidine. † (p ≤ 0.05) vs placebo

14.2Eradication of H. pylori to Reduce the Risk of Duodenal Ulcer Recurrence Randomized, double-blind clinical studies performed in the U.S. in patients with H. pylori and duodenal ulcer disease (defined as an active ulcer or history of an ulcer within one year) evaluated the efficacy of lansoprazole in combination with amoxicillin and clarithromycin as triple 14 day therapy or in combination with amoxicillin as dual 14 day therapy for the eradication of H. pylori . Based on the results of these studies, the safety and efficacy of two different eradication regimens were established: Triple therapy: Lansoprazole 30 mg twice daily/amoxicillin 1 g twice daily/clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily Dual therapy: Lansoprazole 30 mg three times daily/amoxicillin 1 g three times daily All treatments were for 14 days.

H. pylori eradication was defined as two negative tests (culture and histology) at four to six weeks following the end of treatment. Triple therapy was shown to be more effective than all possible dual therapy combinations. Dual therapy was shown to be more effective than both monotherapies.

Eradication of H. pylori has been shown to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence. A randomized, double-blind clinical study performed in the U.S. in patients with H. pylori and duodenal ulcer disease (defined as an active ulcer or history of an ulcer within one year) compared the efficacy of lansoprazole triple therapy for 10 and 14 days. This study established that the 10 day triple therapy was equivalent to the 14 day triple therapy in eradicating H. pylori ( Tables 11 and 12 ) [see Indications and Usage ( 1.2 )] .

Based on evaluable patients with confirmed duodenal ulcer (active or within one year) and H. pylori infection at baseline defined as at least two of three positive endoscopic tests from CLOtest, histology and/or culture. Patients were included in the analysis if they completed the study. Additionally, if… [Excerpted — this section continues on DailyMed.]

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

13.1Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility In two 24 month carcinogenicity studies, Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with oral lansoprazole doses of 5 to 150 mg/kg/day, about one to 40 times the exposure on a body surface (mg/m 2 ) basis of a 50 kg person of average height [1.46 m 2 body surface area (BSA)] given the recommended human dose of 30 mg/day. Lansoprazole produced dose-related gastric enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia and ECL cell carcinoids in both male and female rats. It also increased the incidence of intestinal metaplasia of the gastric epithelium in both sexes.

In male rats, lansoprazole produced a dose-related increase of testicular interstitial cell adenomas. The incidence of these adenomas in rats receiving doses of 15 to 150 mg/kg/day (four to 40 times the recommended human dose based on BSA) exceeded the low background incidence (range = 1.4 to 10%) for this strain of rat. In a 24 month carcinogenicity study, CD-1 mice were treated with oral lansoprazole doses of 15 to 600 mg/kg/day, two to 80 times the recommended human dose based on BSA.

Lansoprazole produced a dose-related increased incidence of gastric ECL cell hyperplasia. It also produced an increased incidence of liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma plus carcinoma). The tumor incidences in male mice treated with 300 and 600 mg/kg/day (40 to 80 times the recommended human dose based on BSA) and female mice treated with 150 to 600 mg/kg/day (20 to 80 times the recommended human dose based on BSA) exceeded the ranges of background incidences in historical controls for this strain of mice.

Lansoprazole treatment produced adenoma of rete testis in male mice receiving 75 to 600 mg/kg/day (10 to 80 times the recommended human dose based on BSA). A 26 week p53 (+/-) transgenic mouse carcinogenicity study was not positive. Lansoprazole was positive in the Ames test and the in vitro human lymphocyte chromosomal aberration assay.

Lansoprazole was not genotoxic in the ex vivo rat hepatocyte unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) test, the in vivo mouse micronucleus test, or the rat bone marrow cell chromosomal aberration test. Lansoprazole at oral doses up to 150 mg/kg/day (40 times the recommended human dose based on BSA) was found to have no effect on fertility and reproductive performance of male and female rats.