Drug-induced nutrient depletion

Vonoprazan, Amoxicillin & Nutrient Depletion

Also searched as Voquezna Dual. What the clinical evidence reports, what it may mean, and what to discuss with your pharmacist.

7Nutrient associations
Insignificant DepletionHighest rating
The bottom line

Vonoprazan, Amoxicillin has been associated with depletion of BIOTIN, FOLIC ACID, RIBOFLAVIN and THIAMINE and 3 more. This does not mean a deficiency will occur — it means these are worth knowing about and, if you take Vonoprazan, Amoxicillin long-term, worth raising with your pharmacist or healthcare provider.

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The evidence

Reported nutrient depletions with Vonoprazan, Amoxicillin

Each record below is shown as published in our licensed clinical database, with its evidence rating and citations. Expand a section for food sources and talking points.

BIOTIN

Insignificant Depletion

ANTIBIOTIC DRUGS

There is some concern that antibiotic drugs might reduce biotin levels, but this has not been demonstrated in clinical research.
Interference with the normal gastrointestinal flora by antibiotics may reduce bacterial synthesis of biotin. Although some bacterially-synthesized biotin can be absorbed from the lower intestine, this appears to contribute less than 20% of a person's daily requirement for biotin. Therefore it's unlikely that antibiotics would contribute to biotin deficiency.
Taking Vonoprazan, Amoxicillin? A supplement is not needed for most patients.
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Biotin is a B vitamin your body uses to convert food into energy and keep your skin, hair, and nerves healthy. The amoxicillin in this combination can affect the natural bacteria living in your gut, and those bacteria do make a small amount of biotin. That said, the gut bacteria only contribute a modest share of your daily biotin needs, and clinical studies have not shown that antibiotics actually cause a meaningful drop in biotin levels. This is rated insignificant, so most people taking this short-course treatment do not need to do anything extra, but feel free to mention it to your pharmacist if you have questions.

Learn more about this nutrient: Biotin — uses, safety & interactions

References (4)
  1. Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
  2. Hill MJ. Intestinal flora and endogenous vitamin synthesis. Eur J Cancer Prev 1997;6:S43-5. PubMed
  3. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (2000). Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Available at: http://b
  4. Grundy WE, Freed M, Johnson H.C., et al. The effect of phthalylsulfathiazole (sulfathalidine) on the excretion of B-vitamins by normal adults. Arch Biochem. 1947 Nov;15:187-94.

FOLIC ACID

Insignificant Depletion

ANTIBIOTIC DRUGS

Theoretically, antibiotics might reduce folate absorption; however, this is not likely to be clinically significant.

Antibiotic therapy can disrupt the normal gastrointestinal (GI) flora, interfering with enterohepatic recirculation (reabsorption) of folic acid. The normal GI flora also synthesizes and consumes folic acid, which may also be disrupted by antibiotics. Folic acid synthesized by GI bacteria can be absorbed in the large intestine, but the amount synthesized and absorbed is variable. For instance, it can depend on dietary fiber intake and gastric pH; hypochlorhydria causes bacterial overgrowth and increased folate synthesis. In most people it's unlikely that a course of antibiotics will reduce folic acid levels significantly, and therefore supplements are unnecessary. For information on foods that are rich in folate, see our chart.
Taking Vonoprazan, Amoxicillin? A supplement is not needed for most patients.
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Folic acid is a B vitamin your body counts on for healthy cell growth and DNA repair. The amoxicillin in this combination is the piece that could theoretically nudge folate levels, because antibiotics can disrupt the gut bacteria that normally help absorb and recycle folate. In practice, though, a short course like this is very unlikely to make a meaningful dent in your levels, and the evidence rates this as insignificant for most people. No action is needed, but if you have any concerns about your diet or nutrient levels, your pharmacist or doctor is a good person to ask.

What Folic acid (folate) does & food sources

Folate is needed for cell division, red blood cell formation, and healthy fetal development.

Common food sources:

  • Leafy green vegetables
  • Beans, lentils, and peas
  • Fortified grains and cereals
  • Citrus fruits

HelloPharmacist pharmacist-reviewed education — separate from the licensed record above.

What to discuss with your clinician

Ask your provider whether folate monitoring or supplementation is appropriate for you — this matters most before and during pregnancy, and with long-term use of certain seizure or arthritis medications.

HelloPharmacist pharmacist-reviewed education — separate from the licensed record above.

Supplement considerations

Folate needs are individual. With some medications (for example, methotrexate), folic acid is often prescribed deliberately on a specific schedule — follow your prescriber's instructions rather than adding your own.

Do not start or stop medications or supplements without professional guidance — supplements can interact with prescription medications.

HelloPharmacist pharmacist-reviewed education — separate from the licensed record above.

Caution: High-dose folic acid can mask vitamin B12 deficiency, so the two are often evaluated together.

Learn more about this nutrient: Folic Acid — uses, safety & interactions

References (5)
  1. Gorbach SL. Bengt E. Gustafsson memorial lecture. Function of the normal human microflora. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl 1986;49:17-30.
  2. Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
  3. Hill MJ. Intestinal flora and endogenous vitamin synthesis. Eur J Cancer Prev 1997;6:S43-5. PubMed
  4. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (2000). Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Available at: http://b
  5. Russell RM, Krasinski SD, Samloff IM, et al. Folic acid malabsorption in atrophic gastritis: possible compensation by bacterial folate synthesis. Gastroenterology 1986;91:1476-82. PubMed

RIBOFLAVIN

Insignificant Depletion

ANTIBIOTIC DRUGS

Antibiotic drugs might reduce riboflavin levels; however, this is not likely to be clinically significant.
Interference with the normal gastrointestinal flora by antibiotics may reduce bacterial synthesis of riboflavin. However, this synthesis doesn't seem to significantly contribute to the body's supply of riboflavin, which is primarily obtained from dietary sources. Riboflavin supplements aren't necessary during antibiotic therapy.
Taking Vonoprazan, Amoxicillin? A supplement is not needed for most patients.
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Riboflavin (vitamin B2) helps your body convert food into energy and supports healthy skin and nerves. Amoxicillin, the antibiotic in this combination, can alter the natural bacteria living in your gut, and those bacteria do produce small amounts of riboflavin. That said, because most of your riboflavin comes from food rather than gut bacteria, this effect is considered insignificant, and a supplement is not needed for most people taking this regimen.

What Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) does & food sources

Riboflavin helps the body produce energy and process other B vitamins.

Common food sources:

  • Dairy products and eggs
  • Lean meats
  • Fortified grains
  • Green vegetables

HelloPharmacist pharmacist-reviewed education — separate from the licensed record above.

What to discuss with your clinician

Deficiency is uncommon with a varied diet; ask your provider if you have persistent mouth-corner cracking, sore tongue, or unexplained fatigue on a long-term associated medication.

HelloPharmacist pharmacist-reviewed education — separate from the licensed record above.

Supplement considerations

Riboflavin is water-soluble and excess is excreted (it turns urine bright yellow — harmless).

Do not start or stop medications or supplements without professional guidance — supplements can interact with prescription medications.

HelloPharmacist pharmacist-reviewed education — separate from the licensed record above.

Learn more about this nutrient: Riboflavin — uses, safety & interactions

References (3)
  1. Hill MJ. Intestinal flora and endogenous vitamin synthesis. Eur J Cancer Prev 1997;6:S43-5. PubMed
  2. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (2000). Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Available at: http://b
  3. McCormick DB. Riboflavin. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1999. pg.391-9.

THIAMINE

Insignificant Depletion

ANTIBIOTIC DRUGS

Theoretically, antibiotics might reduce thiamine absorption; however, this is not likely to be clinically significant.
Interference with the normal gastrointestinal flora by antibiotics may reduce bacterial synthesis of thiamine. However, the majority of the daily thiamine requirement is obtained from the diet, rather than synthesis by the GI flora. Therefore this isn't likely to be clinically significant, and thiamine supplements aren't necessary.
Taking Vonoprazan, Amoxicillin? A supplement is not needed for most patients.
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Thiamine is a B vitamin your body depends on for turning food into energy and keeping your nerves working properly. Amoxicillin, the antibiotic in this combination, can theoretically shift the balance of bacteria living in your gut, and those bacteria do produce a small amount of thiamine. That said, because most of the thiamine you need comes straight from the food you eat rather than from gut bacteria, this interaction is considered insignificant for the vast majority of people taking this short course of treatment. No supplement is needed, but if you have questions or notice anything unusual, your pharmacist is a great first stop.

What Vitamin B1 (thiamine) does & food sources

Thiamine helps convert food into energy and is essential for nerve and heart function.

Common food sources:

  • Whole grains and fortified cereals
  • Pork
  • Beans and lentils
  • Nuts and seeds

HelloPharmacist pharmacist-reviewed education — separate from the licensed record above.

What to discuss with your clinician

Ask about thiamine if you take an associated medication (for example, a long-term loop diuretic in heart failure) and have symptoms like fatigue or worsening heart failure control — this is an area your care team can weigh.

HelloPharmacist pharmacist-reviewed education — separate from the licensed record above.

Supplement considerations

Thiamine is water-soluble and generally low-risk, but supplementing to treat a suspected problem should still be clinician-guided so the real cause is not missed.

Do not start or stop medications or supplements without professional guidance — supplements can interact with prescription medications.

HelloPharmacist pharmacist-reviewed education — separate from the licensed record above.

Learn more about this nutrient: Thiamine — uses, safety & interactions

References (1)
  1. Goldin BR, Lichtenstein AH, Gorbach SL. Nutritional and metabolic roles of intestinal flora. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 8th ed. Malvern, PA: Lea & Febiger, 1994.

VITAMIN B12

Insignificant Depletion

ANTIBIOTIC DRUGS

Antibiotics might reduce the absorption of vitamin B12, but this effect is unlikely to be clinically significant.

Disruption of the normal gastrointestinal (GI) flora may interrupt enterohepatic recirculation of vitamin B12 and increase fecal excretion. Vitamin B12 is also synthesized by the GI flora, but mainly in the colon where absorption is poor. The majority of bacterially-synthesized vitamin B12 is therefore excreted in the feces and does not significantly contribute to the body's store of vitamin B12. The effects of antibiotics on gastrointestinal bacteria are unlikely to have clinically significant effects on vitamin B12 levels. In people with bacterial overgrowth of the small bowel, antibiotics such as metronidazole (Flagyl) can actually improve vitamin B12 status. An increased bacterial load can bind significant amounts of vitamin B12 in the gut, preventing its absorption.
Taking Vonoprazan, Amoxicillin? A supplement is not needed for most patients.
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Vitamin B12 is something your nerves and red blood cells genuinely depend on, so it is worth understanding this one. Amoxicillin, the antibiotic in this combination, can temporarily shift the balance of bacteria living in your gut, and those bacteria play a small supporting role in how your body handles B12. That said, for most people taking a short course of this therapy, the practical effect on B12 levels is considered insignificant, and a supplement is not something most patients need to think about. If you have any concerns or take antibiotics frequently, a quick conversation with your pharmacist or doctor can put your mind at ease.

What Vitamin B12 does & food sources

Vitamin B12 supports red blood cell formation, nerve function, and DNA synthesis.

Common food sources:

  • Meat, poultry, and fish
  • Eggs and dairy products
  • Fortified cereals and nutritional yeast

HelloPharmacist pharmacist-reviewed education — separate from the licensed record above.

What to discuss with your clinician

If you take an associated medication long-term, ask your healthcare provider whether checking a vitamin B12 level (sometimes with methylmalonic acid) is appropriate — especially if you notice fatigue, numbness, tingling, or memory changes.

HelloPharmacist pharmacist-reviewed education — separate from the licensed record above.

Supplement considerations

B12 status is easy to check and low levels are usually straightforward to address, so testing before supplementing is often the sensible order. High-dose folic acid can mask a B12 deficiency, which is one reason B12 and folate questions are best sorted out together with your provider.

Do not start or stop medications or supplements without professional guidance — supplements can interact with prescription medications.

HelloPharmacist pharmacist-reviewed education — separate from the licensed record above.

Caution: B12 deficiency can look like other conditions — do not self-diagnose from symptoms alone.

Learn more about this nutrient: Vitamin B12 — uses, safety & interactions

References (3)
  1. Gorbach SL. Bengt E. Gustafsson memorial lecture. Function of the normal human microflora. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl 1986;49:17-30.
  2. Hill MJ. Intestinal flora and endogenous vitamin synthesis. Eur J Cancer Prev 1997;6:S43-5. PubMed
  3. Goldin BR, Lichtenstein AH, Gorbach SL. Nutritional and metabolic roles of intestinal flora. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 8th ed. Malvern, PA: Lea & Febiger, 1994.

VITAMIN B6

Insignificant Depletion

ANTIBIOTIC DRUGS

Theoretically, antibiotics might reduce levels of vitamin B6 in the blood.

Some sources suggest that destruction of the normal gastrointestinal flora by antibiotics can decrease production and plasma levels of vitamin B6. However, there is no evidence that the gastrointestinal flora is a significant source of vitamin B6 in humans. Supplementation with vitamin B6 is not necessary during antibiotic therapy. For information on foods that are rich in vitamin B6, see our chart.
Taking Vonoprazan, Amoxicillin? A supplement is not needed for most patients.
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Vitamin B6 is something your body needs for energy, brain function, and keeping your immune system running smoothly. The amoxicillin in this regimen could theoretically affect B6 by disrupting the bacteria that live in your gut, since those bacteria have some role in vitamin production. That said, researchers have found that gut bacteria are not a meaningful source of B6 for humans, so this concern does not really hold up in practice. For a short antibiotic course like this one, there is no need to worry about supplementing.

What Vitamin B6 does & food sources

Vitamin B6 is involved in protein metabolism, neurotransmitter production, and red blood cell formation.

Common food sources:

  • Poultry and fish
  • Potatoes and starchy vegetables
  • Bananas
  • Fortified cereals

HelloPharmacist pharmacist-reviewed education — separate from the licensed record above.

What to discuss with your clinician

With some medications (for example, isoniazid), B6 is intentionally co-prescribed — follow your prescriber's plan. Otherwise, ask whether testing or supplementation is appropriate if you have symptoms like numbness or tingling.

HelloPharmacist pharmacist-reviewed education — separate from the licensed record above.

Supplement considerations

Paradoxically, long-term high-dose B6 can itself cause nerve symptoms — this is a nutrient where more is definitely not better.

Do not start or stop medications or supplements without professional guidance — supplements can interact with prescription medications.

HelloPharmacist pharmacist-reviewed education — separate from the licensed record above.

Caution: Avoid high-dose B6 without medical guidance; sustained high intakes can cause neuropathy.

Learn more about this nutrient: Vitamin B6 — uses, safety & interactions

References (3)
  1. Gorbach SL. Bengt E. Gustafsson memorial lecture. Function of the normal human microflora. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl 1986;49:17-30.
  2. Hill MJ. Intestinal flora and endogenous vitamin synthesis. Eur J Cancer Prev 1997;6:S43-5. PubMed
  3. Goldin BR, Lichtenstein AH, Gorbach SL. Nutritional and metabolic roles of intestinal flora. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 8th ed. Malvern, PA: Lea & Febiger, 1994.

VITAMIN K

Moderate Depletion

ANTIBIOTIC DRUGS

Prolonged therapy with antibiotic drugs might decrease levels of vitamin K.

Vitamin K produced by intestinal bacteria is absorbed from the ileum. This contribution to overall vitamin K status is unclear, and likely varies. Destruction of vitamin K-producing bacteria by antibiotics can sometimes lead to vitamin K deficiency, prolonging clotting times and increasing bleeding risk. It's suggested that antibiotics such as cefamandole that are secreted into the bile in large amounts have a greater effect on vitamin K-producing bacteria. Also, some cephalosporins have a methylthiotetrazole side chain that may interfere with vitamin K activity, directly inhibiting clotting factor production in the liver. These cephalosporins include cefamandole, cefoperazone, cefmetazole, and cefotetan. This interaction is most likely to occur with prolonged antibiotic therapy (10 days or more) in people with poor dietary vitamin K intake. Vitamin K supplements aren't necessary for otherwise healthy people taking short courses of antibiotics. For information on foods that are rich in vitamin K, see our chart.
Taking Vonoprazan, Amoxicillin? Monitor for depletion; a supplement is needed for some patients.
Dr. Brian Staiger, Pharm.D explains

Vitamin K is what your body uses to form blood clots and keep bleeding under control. Amoxicillin, the antibiotic in this combination, can reduce the friendly gut bacteria that normally produce a portion of your vitamin K supply, and in some people that can nudge levels down over time. This concern is most relevant for longer treatment courses (roughly 10 days or more) or for people whose diet is already low in vitamin K. For a typical short course in an otherwise healthy person, extra vitamin K is usually not needed, but if you have any concerns or a reason for higher bleeding risk, it is worth a quick conversation with your pharmacist or doctor.

What Vitamin K does & food sources

Vitamin K is required for normal blood clotting and contributes to bone health.

Common food sources:

  • Leafy green vegetables (spinach, kale, broccoli)
  • Vegetable oils
  • Fermented foods like natto

HelloPharmacist pharmacist-reviewed education — separate from the licensed record above.

What to discuss with your clinician

If you take warfarin, vitamin K intake is a central part of your therapy — consistency matters more than avoidance. Discuss any planned change in vitamin K intake (diet or supplements) with the clinic that manages your INR.

HelloPharmacist pharmacist-reviewed education — separate from the licensed record above.

Supplement considerations

Never start or stop a vitamin K supplement on your own if you take warfarin — it directly changes how the medication works.

Do not start or stop medications or supplements without professional guidance — supplements can interact with prescription medications.

HelloPharmacist pharmacist-reviewed education — separate from the licensed record above.

Caution: Vitamin K interacts with warfarin: keep intake consistent and involve your anticoagulation clinic in any change.

Learn more about this nutrient: Vitamin K — uses, safety & interactions

References (8)
  1. Hill MJ. Intestinal flora and endogenous vitamin synthesis. Eur J Cancer Prev 1997;6:S43-5. PubMed
  2. Conly JM, Stein K, Worobetz L, Rutledge-Harding S. The contribution of vitamin K2 (menaquinones) produced by the intestinal microflora to human nutritional requirements for vitamin K. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:915-23.
  3. Goldin BR, Lichtenstein AH, Gorbach SL. Nutritional and metabolic roles of intestinal flora. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 8th ed. Malvern, PA: Lea & Febiger, 1994.
  4. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2002.
  5. Haubenstock A, Schmidt P, Zazgornik J, Balcke P, Kopsa H. Hypoprothrombobinaemic bleeding associated with ceftriaxone. Lancet 1983;1:1215-6.
  6. Hooper CA, Haney BB, Stone HH. Gastrointestinal bleeding due to vitamin K deficiency in patients on parenteral cefamandole. Lancet 1980;1:39-40. PubMed
  7. Bhat RV, Deshmukh CT. A study of Vitamin K status in children on prolonged antibiotic therapy. Indian Pediatr 2003;40:36-40.
  8. Sattler FR, Weitekamp MR, Ballard JO. Potential for bleeding with the new beta-lactam antibiotics. Ann Intern Med 1986;105:924-31. PubMed
Important

This tool is educational and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. An association is not a diagnosis and does not mean a deficiency will occur. Always talk to your pharmacist or healthcare provider before starting, stopping, or changing any medication or supplement.

Disclaimer: This checker finds which nutrients might be depleted by prescription or over-the-counter medications. Each nutrient depletion issue is rated based on clinical significance. Use your own professional judgment prior to making clinical decisions.

© 2026 Therapeutic Research Center Licensed records refresh weekly · last updated July 3, 2026.
Understand the basics

What drug-induced nutrient depletion means

Some medications can, over time, lower the levels of certain vitamins, minerals, or other nutrients — through reduced absorption, increased loss, or changes in how the body uses them.

Association is not deficiency

An entry here means a depletion has been reported or studied — not that it happens to everyone, or that you are deficient. Dose, duration, diet, and your own health all matter.

Evidence varies by pair

Some drug–nutrient links (like metformin and vitamin B12) are well studied; others rest on limited or preliminary research. Each entry shows the evidence rating from our licensed clinical database.

When to ask about labs

If you take an associated medication long-term, ask your healthcare provider whether monitoring is appropriate for you. Not everyone needs testing — your provider can weigh your dose, duration, and symptoms.

Don't self-supplement blindly

Supplements are not risk-free: some can interact with medications, and some (like potassium or magnesium) can be risky with kidney disease. Talk to your pharmacist before adding anything.

Never stop a medication over this

These medications are prescribed for good reasons, and the benefit usually far outweighs a manageable nutrient consideration. Any change belongs in a conversation with your prescriber.

Food first, usually

For many nutrients, a varied diet covers the gap. Each entry lists common food sources; a supplement is a decision to make with your pharmacist or provider, not a default.

Common questions

Vonoprazan, Amoxicillin & nutrients: FAQs

Does Vonoprazan, Amoxicillin deplete BIOTIN?
Vonoprazan, Amoxicillin has been associated with lower BIOTIN levels in the clinical literature — see the evidence rating and details above. An association is not a guarantee: dose, duration, diet, and your own health all matter. If you take Vonoprazan, Amoxicillin long-term, ask your healthcare provider whether checking your BIOTIN status is appropriate.
Should I take a supplement because I take Vonoprazan, Amoxicillin?
Not automatically. The right first step is usually a conversation with your pharmacist or provider — they can weigh your dose and duration, decide whether testing makes sense, and recommend food-first strategies or a supplement if genuinely needed. Some supplements can interact with medications, so do not add one without checking.
Should I stop taking Vonoprazan, Amoxicillin?
No — never stop a prescribed medication because of a nutrient association. Vonoprazan, Amoxicillin is prescribed for good reasons, and nutrient considerations are usually manageable with monitoring or diet. Any change to your medication belongs in a conversation with your prescriber.
Where does this information come from?
The depletion records come from the Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center) database — an evidence-graded clinical reference — and are displayed as published, with their citations. The plain-English context is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists.

Questions about Vonoprazan, Amoxicillin and your nutrition?

Ask a licensed pharmacist — free, no appointment needed.

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Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Nutrient depletion records for Vonoprazan, Amoxicillin are evidence-graded and sourced from the Natural Medicines database, and are displayed as published with their citations.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.