Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 3 of 5 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Alphadex Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Myokem

Alphadex label
See full label image
Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 23, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Alphadex against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Alphadex is a dietary supplement by Myokem with 5 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for heart and cholesterol support, skin moisturizing, menstrual cramps.Based on those ingredients, 1,019 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Bioperine Black Pepper extract, Safflower seed extract, Mangosteen extract. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Alphadex by Myokem

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Alphadex by Myokem — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Alphadex by Myokem

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 12, 2026

What’s inside

Partial disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Partial

Most active ingredients list an amount, but at least one is hidden in a blend or missing.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 4 of its 5 active ingredients.
  • “Alphadex Lean Muscle Enhancement Matrix” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (450 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.
  • “Nutrient Bioavailability Enhancer” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label gives one combined amount (5 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.

Alphadex contains five active ingredients. Safflower seed extract, mangosteen extract, and black pepper extract (Bioperine) are the ones we can identify with specific roles in the formulation.

The product also includes a proprietary blend called the Alphadex Lean Muscle Enhancement Matrix and a Nutrient Bioavailability Enhancer (which likely contains the black pepper extract and possibly other absorption-boosting compounds). Brassaiopsis glomerulata extract and acacetin round out the formula.

The capsule itself contains inactive ingredients like brown rice flour, gelatin, and food colorings to hold everything together.

Does it work?

Not established
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Not established

The graded evidence we hold for these ingredients covers different conditions than the ones this product is marketed for, so there's no established rating for its stated use.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: muscle hardening and lean muscle enhancement.
  • We looked for evidence on: Athletic performance, Muscle fatigue, Muscle strength, body composition, lean mass, muscle definition.
  • The closest evidence on file: Black Pepper is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Athletic performance (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Black Pepper is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Fatigue.
  • Also on file: Mangosteen is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Muscle fatigue, Muscle strength.

The evidence on these ingredients for muscle building or fitness is not established in the data we hold. Safflower shows insufficient evidence for heart disease, diabetes, and related conditions.

Mangosteen is possibly effective for gum disease (periodontitis) but has insufficient evidence for hair loss, Alzheimer's disease, and eczema. Black pepper has insufficient evidence for hay fever, asthma, athletic performance, headache, depression, and diarrhea.

In short, we don't have reliable evidence that this product works for its intended purpose.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Safflower Mangosteen Black Pepper

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 3 of the 3 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 3 of 3.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 3 of 3.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Black pepper is generally well tolerated in the amounts used in supplements, though some people report a burning aftertaste, indigestion, or reduced taste perception. Rare allergic reactions have been reported.

Mangosteen extract has been associated with mild tiredness, headache, dizziness, constipation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and upper-respiratory symptoms in trial participants at doses up to 560 mg daily — though it's unclear whether mangosteen itself caused these. Safflower is a concern: concentrated flower extracts and high-dose supplements have less safety data than food amounts, and there are at least seven case reports of acute liver failure tied to over-use of safflower oil, usually for weight loss.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Safflower Mangosteen Black Pepper

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 3 of the 3 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Safflower, Black Pepper, Mangosteen.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; diabetes medications; lithium.
  • For scale: 1,020 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check with your pharmacist before starting if you take blood thinners (anticoagulants) like warfarin, diabetes medications, the heart drug propranolol, HIV drugs like nevirapine, antibiotics like rifampin, seizure medications like phenytoin, cyclosporine, barbiturates, cholesterol drugs like atorvastatin, theophylline (for breathing), or the Alzheimer's drug donepezil. These are the medications with documented Moderate or Minor interactions with ingredients in this product.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glancePartially disclosed formula with no established evidence rating for its marketed use. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product isn't right for you if you take blood thinners, diabetes drugs, seizure medications, heart medications like propranolol, or HIV antiretrovirals — the interaction risks are real and potentially serious. Anyone considering it should talk to their pharmacist first, especially if they have liver concerns or take multiple prescriptions.

The evidence that it works for muscle building isn't established in our data, so know that going in.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 3 of 5 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Feb 26, 2020.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Alphadex, straight from the product label.

Brand Myokem
Barcode (UPC) 850698006200
Net contents 56 Capsule(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Feb 26, 2020
DSLD ID 214588
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years), Women (not pregnant or lactating)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Alphadex by Myokem, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
1 Capsule(s)
Servings per container
56
UPC/BARCODE
850698006200
IngredientAmount% DV
Alphadex Lean Muscle Enhancement Matrix450 mg--
Safflower seed extract200 mg--
Brassaiopsis glomerulata extract125 mg--
Acacetin100 mg--
Mangosteen extract25 mg--
Nutrient Bioavailability Enhancer5 mg--
Bioperine Black Pepper extract0 NP--

Other ingredients: Brown Rice Flour, Gelatin, Magnesium Stearate, FD&C Red #40, FD&C Blue #1, Sodium Lauryl Sulfate

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Formulation

Alphadex is a next-generation muscle hardening agent that utilizes clinically researched ingredients and is engineered for both the professional and recreational bodybuilder and athlete. The comprehensive formula in Alphadex allows users to achieve a dramatically leaner and more defined physique, while simultaneously continuing to increase strength and lean muscle mass.

High performance muscle hardening agent

Enhanced muscular definition Increased hard, lean muscle Heightened strength & endurance

Precautions

Warning: Alphadex is a maximum strength lean muscle enhancing formula, and should not be consumed by persons under the age of 18.

Do not exceed the recommended serving.

Do not use if pregnant or nursing. If you have heart disease, diabetes, prostate, kidney, liver or thyroid disease, or any other medical condition, or if you are taking prescription or over-the-counter medication, consult your physician or licensed healthcare professional before use. Do not use if you are taking an MAO inhibitor.

Before beginning any weight loss or fitness program, consult your health-care professional.

Keep out of reach of children.

Disclosure: Due to the unique restrictions of many organizations (Law Enforcement, Military, WADA, IOC, NCAA, NFL, MBA, NBA, etc) it is recommeded that you consult with the appropriate governing body before taking this or any other dietary supplement.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Formula

Clinically researched ingredients

BioPerine Enhanced with BioPerine for maximum bioavailability

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested use: Take one (1) capsule in the morning with your first meal of the day. Take an additional one (1) capsule with a meal in the evening. Do not exceed two (2) capsules per day. Drink 8-10 glasses of water throughout the day while taking Alphadex. For best results, it is recommended to take Alphadex continuously for 8 weeks, followed by an off-period of 2 weeks. Each bottle lasts for a 4 week cycle.

Brand IP Statement(s)

Bioperine is a registered trademark of Sabinsa Corporation

General Statements

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Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Alphadex by Myokem label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Alphadex label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Alphadex by Myokem

These are the 5 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container56 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Alphadex Lean Muscle Enhancement Matrix

450 mg per serving

Nutrient Bioavailability Enhancer

5 mg per serving

Other (inactive) ingredients: Brown Rice Flour, Gelatin, Magnesium Stearate, FD&C Red #40, FD&C Blue #1, Sodium Lauryl Sulfate. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Alphadex by Myokem Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Alphadex?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
1,019Drugs
976 Moderate 43 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Bioperine Black Pepper extract 1,019
Safflower seed extract 208
Mangosteen extract 125

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Alphadex interact with 1,019 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

3 of the 5 ingredients in Alphadex interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Bioperine Black Pepper extract Safflower seed extract Mangosteen extract

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Alphadex with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Bioperine Black Pepper extract17 drug types · 1,019 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, black pepper might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs.
In vitro research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, seems to inhibit platelet aggregation. This has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, black pepper might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Animal research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, can reduce blood glucose levels. Monitor blood glucose levels closely. Dose adjustments might be necessary.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Atorvastatin (Lipitor)

Theoretically, black pepper might increase blood levels of atorvastatin.
Animal research shows that taking piperine, a constituent of black pepper, 35 mg/kg can increase the maximum serum concentration of atorvastatin three-fold. This has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)

Theoretically, black pepper might increase the effects and side effects of cyclosporine.
In vitro research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, increases the bioavailability of cyclosporine. This has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (Cyp2D6) Substrates

Theoretically, black pepper might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
In vitro research suggests that some constituents of black pepper inhibit CYP2D6. This has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, black pepper might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
In vitro research and pharmacokinetic simulation data suggest that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, as well as the pepper fruit seem to inhibit CYP3A4. This has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Lithium

Theoretically, black pepper might increase blood levels of lithium due to its diuretic effects. The dose of lithium might need to be reduced.
Black pepper is thought to have diuretic properties.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Nevirapine (Viramune)

Black pepper might increase blood levels of nevirapine.
Clinical research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, increases the plasma concentration of nevirapine. However, no adverse effects were observed in this study.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
P-Glycoprotein Substrates

Theoretically, black pepper might increase levels of P-glycoprotein substrates.
In vitro research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, seems to inhibit P-glycoprotein.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Pentobarbital (Nembutal)

Theoretically, black pepper might increase the sedative effects of pentobarbital.
Animal research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, increases pentobarbital-induced sleeping time.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Phenytoin (Dilantin)

Black pepper might increase blood levels of phenytoin.
Clinical research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, seems to increase absorption, slow elimination, and increase levels of phenytoin. Taking a single dose of black pepper 1 gram along with phenytoin seems to double the serum concentration of phenytoin. Consuming a soup with black pepper providing piperine 44 mg/200 mL of soup along with phenytoin also seems to increase phenytoin levels when compared with consuming the same soup without black pepper.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Propranolol (Inderal)

Black pepper might increase blood levels of propranolol.
Clinical research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, seems to increase absorption and slow elimination of propranolol.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Rifampin (Rifadin)

Black pepper might increase blood levels of rifampin.
Clinical research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, seems to increase absorption and serum levels of rifampin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Theophylline

Black pepper might increase blood levels of theophylline.
Clinical research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, seems to increase absorption and slow elimination of theophylline.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Amoxicillin (Amoxil, Trimox)

Theoretically, black pepper might increase the effects and side effects of amoxicillin.
Animal research shows that taking piperine, a constituent of black pepper, with amoxicillin increases plasma levels of amoxicillin. This has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)

Theoretically, black pepper might increase blood levels of carbamazepine, potentially increasing the effects and side effects of carbamazepine.
One clinical study in patients taking carbamazepine 300 mg or 500 mg twice daily shows that taking a single 20 mg dose of purified piperine, a constituent of black pepper, increases carbamazepine levels. Piperine may increase carbamazepine absorption by increasing blood flow to the GI tract, increasing the surface area of the small intestine, or inhibiting cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) in the gut wall. Absorption was significantly increased by 7-10 mcg/mL/hour. The time to eliminate carbamazepine was also increased by 4-8 hours. Although carbamazepine levels were increased, this did not appear to increase side effects. In vitro research also shows that piperine can increase carbamazepine levels by 11% in a time-dependent manner.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, black pepper might decrease levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
In vitro research suggests that black pepper induces CYP1A2. This has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Bioperine Black Pepper extract full monograph & interactions

Safflower seed extract3 drug types · 208 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

High doses of safflower oil might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Small clinical studies show that taking safflower oil, approximately 55 grams daily for 2-3 weeks, decreases platelet aggregation. However, taking lower doses of safflower oil, such as 5 grams daily for 4 weeks, does not seem to affect platelet function. In one case report, a 74-year-old male stabilized on warfarin developed urinary tract bleeding and an elevated INR after taking a safflower extract 20 grams daily for 14 days.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, safflower oil might alter the effects of antidiabetes drugs.
Some clinical research shows that taking safflower oil 10 grams daily for 3 weeks can increase fasting blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, clinical research in patients with metabolic syndrome with or without impaired glucose tolerance shows that taking safflower oil 8 grams daily for 12 weeks reduces fasting glucose levels by around 8 mg/dL. Some clinical research also shows that taking safflower oil 8 grams daily for 16 weeks does not affect fasting glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Warfarin

Theoretically, safflower oil might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with warfarin.
In one case report, a 74-year-old male stabilized on warfarin developed urinary tract bleeding and an elevated INR after taking a safflower extract 20 grams daily for 14 days.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Safflower seed extract full monograph & interactions

Mangosteen extract2 drug types · 125 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, concomitant use of mangosteen with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs may increase the risk of bleeding.
In vitro and animal research shows that gamma-mangostin, a constituent of mangosteen, is a potent and competitive antagonist of the serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor. Antagonism of the 5-HT2A receptor is believed to reduce platelet aggregation.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Donepezil (Aricept)

Theoretically, concomitant use of mangosteen with donepezil might increase the effects of donepezil.
Animal research shows that concomitant use of an aqueous extract of mangosteen pericarp with donepezil increases brain concentrations of donepezil at 4 hours by 64% without associated effects on systemic exposure.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Mangosteen extract full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Alphadex, from the product label.

Myokem

See all Myokem products
Name
Wellston-Lamont Holdings, LLC
Street Address
PO Box 67
City
Pen Argyl
State
PA
ZipCode
18072
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Alphadex by Myokem: Common Questions

Does Alphadex by Myokem interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Alphadex has a known interaction with 1,019 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Alphadex contains 5 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Can I take Alphadex if I'm pregnant?
No — safflower seed extract in this product is rated likely unsafe in pregnancy because it may stimulate the uterus. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist before considering any supplement while pregnant.
Does Alphadex actually work for building lean muscle?
The evidence we hold doesn't establish that it does. None of the identified ingredients have reliable evidence supporting their use for muscle building or athletic performance.
What side effects might I experience?
Black pepper commonly causes a burning aftertaste, indigestion, or altered taste. Mangosteen has been tied to tiredness, headache, dizziness, constipation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea in trial participants, though causation isn't clear. Safflower at high doses carries a serious risk of liver problems — that's the biggest safety concern with this product.
Can I use Alphadex while breastfeeding?
There isn't enough safety information on safflower and mangosteen in supplement amounts while breastfeeding, so it's best to avoid them beyond normal food use. Talk to your pharmacist for personalized advice.
What's Bioperine, and why is it in this product?
Bioperine is black pepper extract containing piperine, added to enhance how the body absorbs the other ingredients. However, piperine also increases absorption and blood levels of many medications, which is why the drug interactions are extensive.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Alphadex label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Alphadex’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Safflower

Interacts with 208 drugs

Safflower is a thistle-like plant used mainly for its seed oil (a common cooking oil) and its colorful flowers. Safflower oil is a reasonable source of unsaturated fats, but strong proof tha...

Read the full Safflower monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Mangosteen

Interacts with 125 drugs

Mangosteen is a tropical fruit whose rind is rich in plant compounds called xanthones that act as antioxidants. While it is popular in juices and supplements for inflammation, immune support...

Read the full Mangosteen monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Black Pepper

Interacts with 1,019 drugs

Black pepper is a common kitchen spice that is generally safe in the amounts used in food. Its extract, piperine, is mostly added to supplements to help the body absorb other ingredients (li...

Read the full Black Pepper monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Alphadex's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 49 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Safflower 14 references
  1. The Review of Natural Products by Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.
  2. Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
  3. McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, eds. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC 1997.
  4. Borkman M, Chisholm DJ, Furler SM, et al. Effects of fish oil supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism in NIDDM. Diabetes 1989;38:1314-9.. PubMed
  5. Amato, P. and Quercia, R. A. A historical perspective and review of the safety of lipid emulsion in pregnancy. Nutr Clin Pract. 1991;6(5):189-192. PubMed
  6. Demke, D. M., Peters, G. R., Linet, O. I., Metzler, C. M., and Klott, K. A. Effects of a fish oil concentrate in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1988;70(1-2):73-80. PubMed
  7. Kaji, K., Yoshida, S., Nagata, N., Yamashita, T., Mizukoshi, E., Honda, M., Kojima, Y., and Kaneko, S. An open-label study of administration of EH0202, a health-food additive, to patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Gastroenterol. 2004;39(9):873-878. PubMed
  8. Kwon, J. S., Snook, J. T., Wardlaw, G. M., and Hwang, D. H. Effects of diets high in saturated fatty acids, canola oil, or safflower oil on platelet function, thromboxane B2 formation, and fatty acid composition of platelet phospholipids. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. PubMed
  9. Lloyd-Still, J. D., Simon, S. H., Wessel, H. U., and Gibson, L. E. Negative effects of oral fatty acid supplementation on sweat chloride in cystic fibrosis. Pediatrics 1979;64(1):50-52. DOI
  10. Challen, A. D., Branch, W. J., and Cummings, J. H. The effect of aspirin and linoleic acid on platelet aggregation, platelet fatty acid composition and haemostasis in man. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1983;37(3):197-208.
  11. Asp ML, Collene AL, Norris LE, Cole RM, Stout MB, Tang SY, Hsu JC, Belury MA. Time-dependent effects of safflower oil to improve glycemia, inflammation and blood lipids in obese, post-menopausal women with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-masked, cro
  12. Liu Y, Liu S, Shi Y, et al. Effects of safflower injection on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of warfarin in rats. Xenobiotica. 2017 Oct 25:1-6. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed
  13. de Ataide EC, Reges Perales S, de Oliveira Peres MA, et al. Acute liver failure induced by Carthamus tinctorius oil: Case reports and literature review. Transplant Proc. 2018;50(2):476-477. PubMed
  14. Ruyvaran M, Zamani A, Mohamadian A, et al. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) oil could improve abdominal obesity, blood pressure, and insulin resistance in patients with metabolic syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. PubMed

See these in context on the Safflower monograph →

Mangosteen 6 references
  1. Chairungsrilerd N, Furukawa K, Ohta T, et al. Histaminergic and serotonergic receptor blocking substances from the medicinal plant Garcinia mangostana. Planta Med 1996;62:471-2.
  2. Wong LP, Klemmer PJ. Severe lactic acidosis associated with juice of the mangosteen fruit Garcinia mangostana. Am J Kidney Dis 2008;51:829-33. PubMed
  3. Furukawa, K., Chairungsrilerd, N., Ohta, T., Nozoe, S., and Ohizumi, Y. [Novel types of receptor antagonists from the medicinal plant Garcinia mangostana]. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 1997;110 Suppl 1:153P-158P. PubMed
  4. Chairungsrilerd, N., Furukawa, K., Tadano, T., Kisara, K., and Ohizumi, Y. Effect of gamma-mangostin through the inhibition of 5-hydroxy-tryptamine2A receptors in 5-fluoro-alpha-methyltryptamine-induced head-twitch responses of mice. Br J Pharmacol. 1998
  5. Suthammarak W, Numpraphrut P, Charoensakdi R, et al. Antioxidant-enhancing property of the polar fraction of mangosteen pericarp extract and evaluation of its safety in humans. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016;2016:1293036. PubMed
  6. Bae M, Han SY, Kim ES, et al. Effect of Water Extract of Mangosteen Pericarp on Donepezil Pharmacokinetics in Mice. Molecules 2021;26(17):5246. PubMed

See these in context on the Mangosteen monograph →

Black Pepper 29 references
  1. Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
  2. Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.
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See these in context on the Black Pepper monograph →

Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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