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Dietary supplement

Black Cumin Seed Oil 500 mg Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Swanson

Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Black Cumin Seed Oil 500 mg is a dietary supplement by Swanson with 2 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for general antioxidant support, skin and hair care, heart health.Based on those ingredients, 1,310 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Black Cumin Seed Oil, Vitamin E. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Black Cumin Seed Oil 500 mg by Swanson

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 4 of its 4 active ingredients.
  • “Black Cumin Seed Oil” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label gives one combined amount (500 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.

This product contains 4 ingredients, 2 of which are active. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that helps protect cells.

Black cumin seed oil (also listed as its component ingredients linoleic acid and oleic acid) is the main ingredient — linoleic and oleic acids are naturally occurring fats in the seed oil. The product also contains hypromellose, a capsule material.

Does it work?

Not established
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Not established

The graded evidence we hold for these ingredients covers different conditions than the ones this product is marketed for, so there's no established rating for its stated use.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: promotes total body wellness and immune health.
  • We looked for evidence on: Asthma, Allergic rhinitis (hay fever), Respiratory health, Inflammation, Antioxidant support.
  • The closest evidence on file: Vitamin E is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Asthma (Natural Medicines).

Vitamin E is effective for vitamin E deficiency and a rare genetic condition called AVED (ataxia with vitamin E deficiency). It's possibly effective for Alzheimer's disease, beta-thalassemia, G6PD deficiency (a blood disorder), and intracranial hemorrhage.

Oleic acid is possibly effective for high cholesterol and coronary heart disease. We don't have established effectiveness data for black cumin seed oil itself in the monographs we hold.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Vitamin E Black Seed Oleic Acid

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 1 of the 2 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 2 of 2.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 2 of 2.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Vitamin E from food and regular dietary supplements is generally well tolerated, but high-dose long-term supplementation may raise the risk of bleeding and other serious effects — including rare cases of hemorrhagic stroke, particularly in male smokers taking synthetic vitamin E long-term. There's also concern that high doses might increase bleeding risk if you have a vitamin K deficiency or take blood thinners.

If you're pregnant, food amounts and prenatal vitamins are fine, but avoid high-dose vitamin E supplements unless your doctor directs otherwise. If you're breastfeeding, normal dietary amounts are safe, but check with your doctor about high-dose supplements.

Oleic acid at food levels is well studied and safe in pregnancy and lactation, but concentrated supplement doses haven't been well studied in either.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Vitamin E Black Seed Oleic Acid

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 2 of the 2 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Vitamin E, Oleic Acid.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; cancer treatments; diabetes medications.
  • For scale: 845 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check with us before using this if you take blood thinners or antiplatelet drugs (like warfarin, aspirin, or clopidogrel), chemotherapy drugs (especially alkylating agents or antitumor antibiotics), cyclosporine, selumetinib, or niacin. Because of the vitamin E content, blood-thinning interactions are the most important to screen.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with no established evidence rating for its marketed use. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product is straightforward if you're taking no medications — vitamin E helps prevent deficiency and may support a few specific conditions. But if you take blood thinners, chemotherapy, cyclosporine, or niacin, talk to your pharmacist before starting.

Anyone concerned about bleeding, or pregnant or breastfeeding, should check with their doctor about the vitamin E dose here.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 2 of 4 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Mar 22, 2024.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Black Cumin Seed Oil 500 mg, straight from the product label.

Brand Swanson
Barcode (UPC) 087614170633
Net contents 60 Liq Veggie Cap(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Mar 22, 2024
DSLD ID 308482
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses Nutrient, All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Black Cumin Seed Oil 500 mg by Swanson, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 Liquid Veggie Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
1 Liquid Veggie Capsule(s)
Servings per container
60
UPC/BARCODE
087614170633
IngredientAmount% DV
Stearic Acid10 mg--
Vitamin E3.4 mg22%
Black Cumin Seed Oil500 mg--
Linoleic Acid200 mg--
Oleic Acid85 mg--

Other ingredients: Hypromellose

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General Statements

Swanson.com or call 1-800-437-4148

Science-Backed Quality Since 1969

Formula

Contains both omega-6 linoleic acid and omega-9 oleic acids

Black Cumin Seed Oil 500mg per capsule Source of omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids

Formulation

Promotes total body wellness Supports immune health

Total body wellness

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested use: As a dietary supplement, take one liquid veggie capsule one to two times per day with water.

Precautions

Warning: For adults only. Keep out of reach of children.

Consult your physician before using this or any product if you are pregnant or nursing, taking medication or have a medical condition.

Do not use if seal is broken.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

See for yourself

Black Cumin Seed Oil 500 mg by Swanson label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

What’s inside

The Ingredients in Black Cumin Seed Oil 500 mg by Swanson

These are the 2 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 Liquid Veggie Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container60 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Vitamin E

Interacts with
764 drugs
3.4 mg per serving Form: D-Alpha-Tocopherol Acetate

Vitamin E is an essential fat-soluble vitamin and antioxidant that most people get in adequate amounts from a normal diet. Supplements can help correc...

Vitamin E monograph & interactions

Black Cumin Seed Oil

Interacts with
912 drugs
500 mg per serving

Black seed (Nigella sativa) is a traditional spice and remedy that has been studied for asthma, blood sugar, cholesterol, and blood pressure, with ear...

Black Cumin Seed Oil monograph & interactions
  • › Stearic Acid
  • › Linoleic Acid
  • Oleic Acid

Other (inactive) ingredients: Hypromellose. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Black Cumin Seed Oil 500 mg by Swanson Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Black Cumin Seed Oil 500 mg?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

Go to the checker
1,310Drugs
1,309 Moderate 1 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Vitamin E 764

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Black Cumin Seed Oil 500 mg with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Black Cumin Seed Oil14 drug types · 912 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, black seed may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro and animal research suggests that black seed extract can inhibit platelet aggregation and clotting, and increase bleeding time. In addition, decreased platelet counts have occurred in a human case report and in animal research.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, taking black seed with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Some clinical research and numerous animal studies suggest that black seed, especially its constituent thymoquinone, can have hypoglycemic effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, taking black seed with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Clinical research suggests that black seed powder and oil might reduce blood pressure by 2-3 mmHg. In animal research, black seed modestly reduces blood pressure and concomitant use of black seed and amlodipine (Norvasc) or metoprolol (Lopressor) increased the blood pressure lowering effects of these drugs.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Clopidogrel (Plavix)

Theoretically, black seed may increase the risk of bleeding if used with clopidogrel.
Animal research shows that taking black seed extract daily for 2 weeks prior to a single dose of clopidogrel increases maximum concentrations of clopidogrel by approximately 31% and modestly decreases oral clearance. Furthermore, bleeding time was increased by 12%. This has not been shown in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cns Depressants

Theoretically, concomitant use with drugs that have sedative properties may cause additive effects.
Animal research suggests that black seed may have CNS depressant effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)

Theoretically taking black seed might reduce the levels and clinical effects of cyclosporine.
In animal research, black seed extract decreased the maximal levels of cyclosporine in the blood by 35.5%. This has not been shown in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates

Theoretically, black seed might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.
In vitro research suggests that thymoquinone, a constituent of black seed, can decrease the metabolism of phenytoin by a mechanism possibly related to the inhibition of CYP2C9. The effect of black seed on CYP2C9 is unclear. This has not been shown in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Diuretic Drugs

Theoretically, taking black seed with diuretic drugs might increase potassium loss and the risk of hypokalemia.
Black seed extract has shown diuretic effects in animals, which could theoretically increase potassium loss. This has not been shown in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Immunosuppressants

Theoretically, black seed might interfere with immunosuppressive therapy.
Animal and in vitro studies suggest that black seed might stimulate immune function. However, other animal studies suggest that black seed may suppress immune function.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Phenytoin (Dilantin)

Theoretically, black seed might increase or decrease levels and effects of phenytoin.
In vitro research suggests that thymoquinone, a constituent of black seed, can decrease the metabolism of phenytoin. This effect may be due to inhibition of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9). However, animal research shows that black seed decreases the maximum concentration of and total systemic exposure to phenytoin by 57% and 87%, respectively. This seems to be related to increased clearance and steady state volume of distribution. This interaction has not been shown in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Serotonergic Drugs

Theoretically, combining serotonergic drugs with black seed might increase the risk of serotonergic side effects, including serotonin syndrome and cerebral vasoconstrictive disorders.
Animal research suggests that black seed can increase brain serotonin levels. In one case report, a 35-year-old man undergoing endoscopic surgery experienced immediate postoperative serotonin syndrome that was likely associated with the use of black seed oil 600 mg daily starting 4 days before surgery, and precipitated by the use of serotonergic pain medications, including fentanyl and oxycodone. Monitor patients for signs of serotonin syndrome and other serotonergic side effects if using black seed with serotonergic drugs.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Sildenafil (Viagra)

Theoretically, black seed might reduce plasma levels and the therapeutic effects of sildenafil.
Animal research shows that black seed reduces the total systemic exposure to sildenafil by 43%. So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, black seed might increase levels of warfarin and increase the risk of bleeding.
In vitro research suggests that thymoquinone, a constituent of black seed, can decrease the metabolism of warfarin. This effect may be due to inhibition of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9). The effect of black seed on warfarin metabolism is unclear. This has not been shown in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Prednisolone

Theoretically black seed might reduce plasma levels and therapeutic effects of prednisolone.
In animal research, oral administration of a single dose of black seed oil 15 minutes prior to oral prednisolone decreases the prednisolone maximum plasma concentration by 65% and area under the curve by 25%. This has not been shown in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D

Vitamin E8 drug types · 764 drugs

Alkylating Agents

Theoretically, antioxidant effects of vitamin E might reduce the effectiveness of alkylating agents.
There's concern that antioxidants could reduce the activity of chemotherapy drugs which generate free radicals, such as cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, carmustine, busulfan, and thiotepa. However, some researchers theorize that antioxidants might make chemotherapy more effective by reducing oxidative stress that might interfere with apoptosis (cell death) of cancer cells. More evidence is needed to determine what effect, if any, antioxidants such as vitamin E have on chemotherapy. Advise patients to consult their oncologist before using vitamin E supplements, especially in high doses.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Concomitant use of vitamin E and anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents might increase the risk of bleeding.
Vitamin E seems to inhibit of platelet aggregation and antagonize the effects of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. These effects appear to be dose-dependent, and are probably only likely to be clinically significant with doses of at least 800 units daily. Mixed tocopherols, such as those found in food, might have a greater antiplatelet effect than alpha-tocopherol. RRR alpha-tocopherol (natural vitamin E) 1000 IU daily antagonizes vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Advise patients to avoid high doses of vitamin E, especially in people with low vitamin K intake or other risk factors for bleeding.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Antitumor Antibiotics

Theoretically, antioxidant effects of vitamin E might reduce the effectiveness of antitumor antibiotics.
There's concern that antioxidants could reduce the activity of antitumor antibiotic drugs such as doxorubicin, which generate free radicals. However, some researchers theorize that antioxidants might make chemotherapy more effective by reducing oxidative stress that might interfere with apoptosis (cell death) of cancer cells. More evidence is needed to determine what effect, if any, antioxidants such as vitamin E have on chemotherapy involving antitumor antibiotics. Advise patients to consult their oncologist before using vitamin E supplements, especially in high doses.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)

A specific form of vitamin E might increase absorption and levels of cyclosporine.
There is some evidence that one specific formulation of vitamin E (D-alpha-tocopheryl-polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate, TPGS, tocophersolan, Liqui-E) might increase absorption of cyclosporine. This vitamin E formulation forms micelles which seems to increase absorption of cyclosporine by 40% to 72% in some patients. However, this interaction is unlikely to occur with the usual forms of vitamin E.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, vitamin E might induce metabolism of CYP3A4, possibly reducing the levels CYP3A4 substrates.
Vitamin E appears to bind with the nuclear receptor, pregnane X receptor (PXR), which results in increased expression of CYP3A4. Although the clinical significance of this is not known, use caution when considering concomitant use of vitamin E and other drugs affected by these enzymes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Selumetinib (Koselugo)

Taking selumetinib with vitamin E can result in a total daily dose of vitamin E that exceeds safe limits and therefore might increase the risk of bleeding.
Selumetinib contains 48-54 IU vitamin E per capsule. The increased risk of bleeding with vitamin E appears to be dose-dependent. Be cautious when using selumetinib in combination with supplemental vitamin E, especially in patients at higher risk of bleed, such as those with chronic conditions and those taking antiplatelet drugs.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Using vitamin E with warfarin might increase the risk of bleeding.
Due to interference with production of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors, use of more than 400 IU of vitamin E daily with warfarin might increase prothrombin time (PT), INR, and the risk of bleeding,. At a dose of 1000 IU per day, vitamin E can antagonize vitamin K-dependent clotting factors even in people not taking warfarin. Limited clinical evidence suggests that doses up to 1200 IU daily may be used safely by patients taking warfarin, but this may not be applicable in all patient populations.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Niacin

Vitamin E might decrease the beneficial effects of niacin on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels.
A combination of niacin and simvastatin (Zocor) effectively raises high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels in people with coronary disease and low HDL levels. Clinical research shows that taking a combination of antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, and selenium) along with niacin and simvastatin (Zocor) attenuates this rise in HDL, specifically the HDL-2 and apolipoprotein A1 fractions, by more than 50%. Vitamin E alone combined with a statin does not seem to decrease HDL levels. It is not known whether the adverse effect on HDL is due to one of the other antioxidants or to the combination. It also is not known whether it will occur in other patient populations.

Likelihood Possible Evidence A
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Black Cumin Seed Oil 500 mg, from the product label.

Swanson

See all Swanson products
Name
Swanson Health Products
City
Fargo
State
ND
ZipCode
58104
Phone Number
1-800-437-4148
Web Address
swanson.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Black Cumin Seed Oil 500 mg by Swanson: Common Questions

Does Black Cumin Seed Oil 500 mg by Swanson interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Black Cumin Seed Oil 500 mg has a known interaction with 1,310 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Black Cumin Seed Oil 500 mg contains 2 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Will this interact with my blood thinner?
Yes — vitamin E in this product can increase your bleeding risk, especially with warfarin and other blood thinners. That's a Moderate concern and the main one to watch. Bring your medication list in so we can check your specific drug.
Can I take this if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
Food amounts of vitamin E are fine in pregnancy and lactation, but this is a supplement with concentrated amounts. The oleic acid component hasn't been well studied at supplement doses in either. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist for personalized advice based on your situation.
Is vitamin E safe at high doses?
Not long-term. High-dose supplements may raise your risk of bleeding and, rarely, hemorrhagic stroke — especially if you're a male smoker or take blood thinners. Stick to normal food amounts unless your doctor recommends otherwise.
What does black cumin seed oil do?
Black cumin seed is mainly linoleic and oleic acids — natural fats that are possibly effective for cholesterol and heart health. We don't have separate effectiveness data for the seed oil itself, but oleic acid in foods like olive oil supports those uses.
What is vitamin E in here for?
Vitamin E is effective for preventing vitamin E deficiency and a rare genetic blood condition. It's also possibly effective for Alzheimer's disease, certain blood disorders, and a few other conditions. In this product, it's likely there for both its nutritional role and as a preservative.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Black Cumin Seed Oil 500 mg label
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Black Cumin Seed Oil 500 mg's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 143 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Vitamin E 64 references
  1. Kim JM, White RH. Effect of vitamin E on the anticoagulant response to warfarin. Am J Cardiol 1996;77:545-6. PubMed
  2. Corrigan JJ Jr. The effect of vitamin E on warfarin-induced vitamin K deficiency. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1982;393:361-8. PubMed
  3. Corrigan JJ Jr. Coagulation problems relating to vitamin E. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1979;1:169-73.
  4. Corrigan JJ Jr, Marcus FI. Coagulopathy associated with vitamin E ingestion. JAMA 1974;230:1300-1. DOI
  5. Labriola D, Livingston R. Possible interactions between dietary antioxidants and chemotherapy. Oncology 1999;13:1003-8.
  6. Chang T, Benet LZ, Hebert MF. The effect of water-soluble vitamin E on cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996;59:297-303. PubMed
  7. Pan SH, Lopez RR Jr, Sher LS, et al. Enhanced oral cyclosporine absorption with water-soluble vitamin E early after liver transplantation. Pharmacother 1996;16:59-65. DOI
  8. Anon. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Soprawivenza nell'Infarto miocardico. Lancet 1999;354:447-55. DOI
  9. Chappell LC, Seed PT, Briley AL, et al. Effect of antioxidants on the occurrence of pre-eclampsia in women at increased risk: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999;354:810-6. DOI
  10. Yusuf S, Dagenais G, Pogue J, et al. Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The heart outcomes prevention evaluation study investigators. N Engl J Med 2000;342:154-60. PubMed
  11. Stephens NG, Parsons A, Schofield PM, et al. Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study. Lancet 1996;347:781-6.
  12. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1029-35. PubMed
  13. Takahashi O. Haemorrhagic toxicity of a large dose of alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherols, ubiquinone, beta-carotene, retinol acetate and L-ascorbic acid in the rat. Food Chem Toxicol 1995;33:121-8.
  14. Briggs GB, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1998.
  15. Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas RG, et al. A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer's disease. The Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1216-22. PubMed
  16. Liede KE, Haukka JK, Saxen LM, Heinonen OP. Increased tendency towards gingival bleeding caused by joint effect of alpha-tocopherol supplementation and acetylsalicylic acid. Ann Med 1998;30:542-6.
  17. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309069351/html/.
  18. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1583-93. DOI
  19. Liu M, Wallmon A, Olsson-Mortlock C, et al. Mixed tocopherols inhibit platelet aggregation in humans: potential mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:700-6. PubMed
  20. Sokol RJ, Johnson KE, Karrer FM, et al. Improvement of cyclosporin absorption in children after liver transplantation by means of water-soluble vitamin E. Lancet 1991;338:212-4.. PubMed
  21. Stein JH, Carlsson CM, Papcke-Benson K, et al. The effects of lipid-lowering and antioxidant vitamin therapies on flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery in older adults with hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:1806-13.. PubMed
  22. Carlsson CM, Papcke-Benson K, Carnes M, et al. Health-related quality of life and long-term therapy with pravastatin and tocopherol (vitamin E) in older adults. Drugs Aging 2002;19:793-805. . PubMed
  23. Cheung MC, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al. Antioxidant supplements block the response of HDL to simvastatin-niacin therapy in patients with coronary artery disease and low HDL. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21:1320-6. PubMed
  24. Schrogie JJ. Coagulopathy and fat-soluble vitamins (letter). JAMA 1975;232:19. DOI
  25. Celestini A, Pulcinelli FM, Pignatelli P, et al. Vitamin E potentiates the antiplatelet activity of aspirin in collagen-stimulated platelets. Haematologica 2002;87:420-6.
  26. Stampfer MJ, Jakubowski JA, Faigel D, et al. Vitamin E supplementation effect on human platelet function, arachidonic acid metabolism, and plasma prostacyclin levels. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;47:700-6. PubMed
  27. Jandak J, Steiner M, Richardson PD. Alpha-tocopherol, an effective inhibitor of platelet adhesion. Blood 1989;73:141-9. DOI
  28. Freedman JE, Farhat JH, Loscalzo J, Keaney JF. Alpha-tocopherol inhibits aggregation of human platelets by a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism. Circulation 1996;94:2434-40. PubMed
  29. Steiner M. Vitamin E, a modifier of platelet function: rationale and use in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Nutr Rev 1999;57:306-9. PubMed
  30. Brodkin RH, Bleiberg J. Sensitivity to topically applied vitamin E. Arch Dermatol 1965;92:76-7. DOI
  31. Booth SL, Golly I, Sacheck JM, et al. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on vitamin K status in adults with normal coagulation status. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:143-8. PubMed
  32. Miller ER 3rd, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, et al. Meta-analysis: High-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:60520-53. PubMed
  33. Lonn E, Bosch J, Yusuf S, et al. HOPE and HOPE-TOO Trial Investigators. Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005;293:1338-47. PubMed
  34. Landes N, Pfluger P, Kluth D, et al. Vitamin E activates gene expression via the pregnane X receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2003;65:269-73. . PubMed
  35. Brigelius-Flohe R. Vitamin E and drug metabolism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003;305:737-40. PubMed
  36. Prasad KN. Rationale for using high-dose multiple dietary antioxidants as an adjunct to radiation therapy and chemotherapy. J Nutr 2004;134:3182S-3S. PubMed
  37. Conklin KA. Cancer chemotherapy and antioxidants. J Nutr 2004;134:3201S-3204S. PubMed
  38. Schurks M, Glynn RJ, Rist PM, et al. Effects of vitamin E on stroke subtypes: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMJ 2010;341: c5702. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c5702.
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Black Seed 60 references
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  59. Abutaima R, Al-Ebini Y, Alkofahi A, et al. In vivo assessment of black seed oil single dose on prednisolone pharmacokinetics. J Pharm Pharmacol 2024;76(1):57-63.
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Oleic Acid 19 references
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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

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