Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 4 of 6 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Chain'd Reaction Exotic Fruit Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by APS

Chain'd Reaction Exotic Fruit label
See full label image
Powder Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Chain'd Reaction Exotic Fruit against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Chain'd Reaction Exotic Fruit is a dietary supplement by APS with 6 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for replacing fluids and electrolytes, preventing dehydration during exercise or illness, treating low blood sodium (under medical care).Based on those ingredients, 255 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Sodium, Ultra-Micronized & Pharmaceutical-Grade L-Glutamine, L-Glycine. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Chain'd Reaction Exotic Fruit by APS

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Chain'd Reaction Exotic Fruit by APS — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Chain'd Reaction Exotic Fruit by APS

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 2 of its 8 active ingredients.
  • “Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (500 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.
  • “Ultra-micronized & pharmaceutical-grade BCAA's” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label doesn't break down how much of each component you get.
  • “Proprietary Blend with Micro-Rx and Extend-Rx Technology” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (7,500 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.

Chain'd Reaction Exotic Fruit contains 8 active ingredients. Sodium is included as an essential mineral, though high intake requires caution.

L-Alanine, L-Glycine, and L-Glutamine are amino acids — building blocks your body uses for muscle, immune function, and recovery. The product also contains what the label calls ultra-micronized and pharmaceutical-grade BCAAs (branched-chain amino acids: L-Leucine, L-Isoleucine, and L-Valine), which are amino acids your muscles use directly during and after exercise.

Sustamine is listed as an active ingredient, though we hold no interaction data for it. The powder also contains several inactive ingredients — citric acid, malic acid, maltodextrin, natural and artificial flavors, sucralose, acesulfame potassium, silica, and FD&C Red #40 — which are used for taste, texture, and shelf life.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: muscle recovery and athletic performance.
  • We looked for evidence on: Athletic performance, Exercise-induced muscle damage, Physical performance, Postoperative recovery, Critical illness (trauma), Wound healing — and 4 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Glutamine is rated "Possibly Effective" for HIV/AIDS-related wasting (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Glutamine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Critical illness (trauma), Postoperative recovery.
  • Also on file: Glutamine is rated "Possibly Ineffective" for Athletic performance.

The evidence for this product's ingredients is mixed. L-Glutamine is effective for sickle cell disease and possibly effective for HIV/AIDS-related wasting, postoperative recovery, and critical illness.

Sodium is likely effective for cystic fibrosis and possibly effective for amphotericin B kidney toxicity. L-Glycine is possibly effective for schizophrenia, though other uses listed — like ADHD and benign prostatic hyperplasia — lack reliable evidence.

For most of the other stated uses (bipolar disorder and congestive heart failure with sodium, and ADHD and cystic fibrosis with glycine), the evidence isn't established well enough to rate. We hold no effectiveness data for L-Alanine, Sustamine, L-Leucine, L-Isoleucine, or L-Valine in the facts provided.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Sodium Alpha-alanine Glycine Glutamine

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 3 of the 4 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 4 of 4.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 4 of 4.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Sodium is well tolerated at normal dietary amounts up to the recommended daily limit of 2.3 grams, but too much is linked to high blood pressure and heart strain. Avoid sodium supplements or very high intake without talking to your doctor first.

Serious adverse effects from excess sodium are rare but can include worsened heart disease, high blood pressure, and kidney disease. L-Glycine is generally well tolerated at typical doses, though long-term safety data are limited; rare side effects include mild sedation, irritability, insomnia, nausea, and soft stools.

L-Glutamine is generally well tolerated in healthy adults, but people with kidney or liver disease should use it only under medical supervision. Common oral side effects include belching, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, flatulence, nausea, and vomiting — particularly at high doses of 10 to 30 grams daily.

For pregnancy and lactation: sodium is likely safe but possibly unsafe (the facts show conflicting ratings), and L-Glutamine is likely safe. Pregnancy and lactation data are not on file for L-Glycine.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Sodium Alpha-alanine Glycine Glutamine

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 3 of the 4 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Glutamine, Glycine, Sodium.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: seizure medications; lithium.
  • For scale: 255 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check your exact medications before taking this product, starting with these types: blood pressure medications (antihypertensives) and lithium may both be affected by the sodium content. Also double-check if you take corticosteroids, HIV medications like didanosine, anticonvulsants, clozapine (an antipsychotic), or any sodium-containing drugs or bowel-prep solutions — this product may interact with each.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

Chain'd Reaction Exotic Fruit may appeal to athletes and active people looking to support muscle recovery — L-Glutamine and the BCAAs are used for that purpose — but the sodium content and multiple drug interactions make this a product you should discuss with your pharmacist before taking, especially if you're on blood pressure medication, lithium, anticonvulsants, or HIV medications. If you take any prescription drugs, check them against this product first.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 4 of 8 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Apr 24, 2025.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Chain'd Reaction Exotic Fruit, straight from the product label.

Brand APS
Barcode (UPC) 649241878001
Net contents 300 Gram(s); 10.58 Ounce(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Apr 24, 2025
DSLD ID 326538
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Powder
Dietary claims / uses Nutrient, All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years), Women (not pregnant or lactating)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Chain'd Reaction Exotic Fruit by APS, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
6 Gram(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
18 Gram(s)
Servings per container
25
UPC/BARCODE
649241878001
IngredientAmount% DV
Sodium120 mg5%
L-Alanine0 NP--
L-Glycine0 NP--
Blend500 mg--
Sustamine0 NP--
Ultra-micronized & pharmaceutical-grade BCAA's0 NP--
Ultra-Micronized & Pharmaceutical-Grade L-Glutamine2 Gram(s)--
Proprietary Blend with Micro-Rx and Extend-Rx Technology7500 mg--
L-Leucine, Ultra-Micronized0 NP--
L-Isoleucine, Ultra-Micronized0 NP--
L-Valine, Ultra-Micronized0 NP--

Other ingredients: Citric Acid, Malic Acid, Maltodextrin, Natural & Artificial Flavors, Sucralose, Acesulfame Potassium, Silica, FD&C Red #40

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Formula

Chained Reaction is powered by the scientifically proven 2:1:1 ratio of BCAA's - Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine. Chained Reaction is also fortified with an elite blend of well-established adaptogens with numerous beneficial effects.

Exotic fruit Naturally and artificially flavored

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested use: As a dietary supplement, mix one (1) level scoop (10 grams) in 12 ounces of water and shake well, 1-3 times daily, (Depending on bodyweight, consume the following servings before and during your workout). <150 lbs: 1 scoop 150-200 lbs: 2 scoops >200 lbs: 3 scoops Use the included scoop for accurate measurement

Formulation

Chained Reaction supports the following: Positive support for key neurotransmitters Enhances focus, mood and stamina Possesses anti-catabolic and anti-cortisol effects Enhances nutrient utilization Fights fatigue and stress Enhances the immune system and recovery. Unlike regular BCAAs, Chained Reaction's Alpha-Hydroxy protected BCAAs cannot increase your blood sugar (glucose). In short, you get what you pay for, without the extra fat.

Proven 2:1:1 BCAA ratio Increase lean muscle mass Anti-catabolic Increase strength & size Improve nitrogen balance

Chained Reaction is produced in a cGMP compliant certified facility.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

General Statements

Innovators of advanced sports bioscience

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Precautions

Warning: Do not use if pregnant or nursing. Do not consume this product if you have a medical condition and/or are taking any prescription medication.

Keep out of reach of children.

This product is only intended to be consumed by healthy individuals. Do not exceed recommended serving. Consult your physician before starting any dietary supplement and/or exercise program.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Chain'd Reaction Exotic Fruit by APS label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Chain'd Reaction Exotic Fruit label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Chain'd Reaction Exotic Fruit by APS

These are the 6 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size6 Gram(s) Dosage formPowder Servings per container25 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Sodium

Interacts with
205 drugs
120 mg per serving

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets g...

Sodium monograph & interactions

Blend

500 mg per serving

Ultra-Micronized & Pharmaceutical-Grade L-Glutamine

Interacts with
50 drugs
2 Gram(s) per serving

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body and is usually made in your muscles. A prescription form is FDA-approved to help reduce sickle c...

Ultra-Micronized & Pharmaceutical-Grade L-Glutamine monograph & interactions

Proprietary Blend with Micro-Rx and Extend-Rx Technology

7500 mg per serving
  • › Ultra-micronized & pharmaceutical-grade BCAA's

Other (inactive) ingredients: Citric Acid, Malic Acid, Maltodextrin, Natural & Artificial Flavors, Sucralose, Acesulfame Potassium, Silica, FD&C Red #40. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Chain'd Reaction Exotic Fruit by APS Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Chain'd Reaction Exotic Fruit?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
255Drugs
255 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Sodium 205
Ultra-Micronized & Pharmaceutical-Grade L-Glutamine 50
L-Glycine 1

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Chain'd Reaction Exotic Fruit interact with 255 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

3 of the 6 ingredients in Chain'd Reaction Exotic Fruit interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Sodium Ultra-Micronized & Pharmaceutical-Grade L-Glutamine L-Glycine

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Chain'd Reaction Exotic Fruit with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Sodium7 drug types · 205 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
High intake of dietary sodium can increase systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Also, high intake of sodium may necessitate increased use of antihypertensive medications to achieve blood pressure control in some patients, such as those with chronic kidney disease.

Likelihood Probable Evidence A
Corticosteroids

Concomitant use of mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) cause sodium retention. This effect is dose-related and depends on mineralocorticoid potency. It is most common with hydrocortisone, cortisone, and fludrocortisone, followed by prednisone and prednisolone.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Didanosine (Videx)

Concomitant use of didanosine with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Didanosine formulations contain a significant amount of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Lithium

Altering dietary intake of sodium might alter the levels and clinical effects of lithium.
High sodium intake can reduce plasma concentrations of lithium by increasing lithium excretion. Reducing sodium intake can significantly increase plasma concentrations of lithium and cause lithium toxicity in patients being treated with lithium carbonate. Stabilizing sodium intake is shown to reduce the percentage of patients with lithium level fluctuations above 0.8 mEq/L. Patients taking lithium should avoid significant alterations in their dietary intake of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Sodium Phosphates

Theoretically, concomitant use of sodium phosphate with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Use of high doses (> 45 mL in 24 hours) of sodium phosphate, such as those used for bowel cleansing before surgery, can lead to serious electrolyte disturbances, including hypernatremia. The risk of hypernatremia is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Sodium-Containing Drugs

Concomitant use of sodium-containing drugs with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia and long-term sodium-related complications.
The Chronic Disease Risk Reduction (CDRR) intake level of 2.3 grams of sodium daily indicates the intake at which it is believed that chronic disease risk increases for the apparently healthy population. Some medications contain high quantities of sodium. When used in conjunction with sodium supplements or high-sodium diets, the CDRR may be exceeded. Additionally, concomitant use may increase the risk for hypernatremia; this risk is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tolvaptan (Samsca)

Theoretically, concomitant use of tolvaptan with sodium might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Tolvaptan is a vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist that is used to increase sodium levels in patients with hyponatremia. Patients taking tolvaptan should use caution with the use of sodium salts such as sodium chloride.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Sodium full monograph & interactions

Ultra-Micronized & Pharmaceutical-Grade L-Glutamine1 drug type · 50 drugs

Anticonvulsants

Theoretically, glutamine might antagonize the effects of anticonvulsant medications.
Glutamine is metabolized to the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Glutamate might have antagonistic effects with anticonvulsant drugs. However, this interaction has not yet been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Ultra-Micronized & Pharmaceutical-Grade L-Glutamine full monograph & interactions

L-Glycine1 drug type · 1 drug

Clozapine (Clozaril)

Theoretically, glycine might decrease the effectiveness of clozapine.
One small clinical study in patients with schizophrenia shows that adding glycine to clozapine therapy worsens symptoms of schizophrenia when compared with clozapine alone. The mechanism of this interaction is unclear.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
L-Glycine full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Chain'd Reaction Exotic Fruit, from the product label.

APS

See all APS products
Name
APS Distribution, Inc.
Street Address
6015-B Unity Drive
City
Norcross
State
GA
ZipCode
30071
Phone Number
800.920.5819
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Chain'd Reaction Exotic Fruit by APS: Common Questions

Does Chain'd Reaction Exotic Fruit by APS interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Chain'd Reaction Exotic Fruit has a known interaction with 255 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Chain'd Reaction Exotic Fruit contains 6 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Is there sodium in this product, and how much?
Yes — sodium is listed as an active ingredient. The label doesn't specify the exact amount per serving, so check the nutrition facts on the package or contact APS directly for the sodium content.
Will this help my muscle recovery after workouts?
The product contains L-Glutamine and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), which your muscles use during and after exercise. L-Glutamine is possibly effective for postoperative recovery and critical illness, but the evidence for healthy people exercising is not established in the data we hold.
Can I take this if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
The sodium in this product has conflicting safety ratings for pregnancy and lactation. L-Glutamine is likely safe in pregnancy and lactation. For L-Glycine, there isn't enough data on file. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist for personalized advice before taking any supplement during pregnancy or while breastfeeding.
What side effects might I experience?
L-Glutamine may cause belching, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, flatulence, nausea, or vomiting — especially at high doses. L-Glycine rarely causes mild sedation, irritability, insomnia, or nausea. These side effects usually resolve if you stop taking the product. Excess sodium can worsen heart disease, high blood pressure, or kidney disease in vulnerable people.
Is this safe to mix with other supplements or medications?
No — there are multiple documented interactions with prescription medications, especially blood pressure drugs and lithium. Use the medication checker on this page to see if any of your prescriptions or other supplements interact before you start.
What is L-Glutamine, and why is it in here?
L-Glutamine is an amino acid your body uses to build and repair muscle, support immunity, and fuel recovery after stress or illness. It's possibly effective for HIV/AIDS-related wasting and postoperative recovery.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Chain'd Reaction Exotic Fruit label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Chain'd Reaction Exotic Fruit’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Sodium

Interacts with 205 drugs

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets get more than enough—often too much—from...

Read the full Sodium monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Alpha-alanine

Alpha-alanine (usually called alanine) is a non-essential amino acid your body can make on its own and that you also get from protein foods. Most people do not need a supplement, and strong...

Read the full Alpha-alanine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Glycine

Interacts with 1 drug

Glycine is a non-essential amino acid your body makes on its own and that also appears in protein-rich foods. It is most studied for improving sleep quality, where early research is promisin...

Read the full Glycine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Glutamine

Interacts with 50 drugs

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body and is usually made in your muscles. A prescription form is FDA-approved to help reduce sickle cell disease complications, but for most...

Read the full Glutamine monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Chain'd Reaction Exotic Fruit's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 56 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Sodium 38 references
  1. Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, Ruffalo RL. Drug and nutrient interactions. Am Fam Physician 1986;33:165-74.
  2. Food and Drug Administration Science Background: Safety of Sodium Phosphates Oral Solution. September 17, 2001. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/safety/sodiumphospate.htm
  3. Coton T, Mallaret C, Coilliot C, Carre D, Guisset M. Severe acute ulcerated gastritis induced by salt. Presse Med 2009;38(3):499-500. PubMed
  4. Frings-Meuthen P, Buehlmeier J, Baecker N, et al. High sodium chloride intake exacerbates immobilization-induced bone resorption and protein losses. J Appl Physiol 2011;111(2):537-542. PubMed
  5. Frings-Meuthen P, Baecker N, Heer M. Low-grade metabolic acidosis may be the cause of sodium chloride-induced exaggerated bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23(4):517-524. PubMed
  6. Alam S, Johnson AG. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) among healthy normotensive and essential hypertensive elderly patients to determine the effect of high salt (NaCl) diet of blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 1999;13(6):367-74.
  7. Boudville N, Ward S, Benaroia M, House AA. Increased sodium intake correlates with greater use of antihypertensive agents by subjects with chronic kidney disease. Am J Hypertens 2005;18(10):1300-5. PubMed
  8. Bennett WM. Drug interactions and consequences of sodium restriction. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(2 Suppl):678S-681S. PubMed
  9. Okusa MD, Crystal LJ. Clinical manifestations and management of acute lithium intoxication. Am J Med 1994;97(4):383-9. PubMed
  10. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2005. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10925. DOI
  11. D'Elia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P. Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr 2012;31(4):489-98. PubMed
  12. Goldsmith SR. Hyponatremia in heart failure: time for a trial. J Card Fail 2013;19(6):398-400. PubMed
  13. Willocks L, Brettle R, Keen J, Valentine C, Pinching AJ. Formulations of didanosine (ddI) and salt overload. Lancet 1992;339(8786):190.
  14. Chen L, Zhang Z, Chen W, Whelton PK, Appel LJ. Lower Sodium Intake and Risk of Headaches: Results From the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(7):1270-5. PubMed
  15. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Lower levels of sodium intake and reduced cardiovascular risk. Circulation. 2014;129(9):981-9. PubMed
  16. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Sodium Intake and All-Cause Mortality Over 20 Years in the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(15):1609-1617. PubMed
  17. Mente A, O'Donnell M, Rangarajan S, et al. Associations of urinary sodium excretion with cardiovascular events in individuals with and without hypertension: a pooled analysis of data from four studies. Lancet. 2016;388(10043):465-75. PubMed
  18. Moosavian SP, Haghighatdoost F, Surkan PJ, Azadbakht L. Salt and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2017;68(3):265-277. PubMed
  19. O'Donnell M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, et al. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(7):612-23. DOI
  20. Poggio R, Gutierrez L, Matta MG, Elorriaga N, Irazola V, Rubinstein A. Daily sodium consumption and CVD mortality in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(4):695-704. PubMed
  21. Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium, Food and Nutrition Board, Health and Medicine Division, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington (DC): National Acad
  22. Mahtani KR, Heneghan C, Onakpoya I, et al. Reduced Salt Intake for Heart Failure: A Systematic Review. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1693-1700. PubMed
  23. Yancy CW. Sodium Restriction in Heart Failure: Too Much Uncertainty-Do the Trials. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1700-1701. PubMed
  24. He FJ, Campbell NRC, Ma Y, MacGregor GA, Cogswell ME, Cook NR. Errors in estimating usual sodium intake by the Kawasaki formula alter its relationship with mortality: implications for public health. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(6):1784-1795. PubMed
  25. Murthy K, Ondrey GJ, Malkani N, et al. THE EFFECTS OF HYPONATREMIA ON BONE DENSITY AND FRACTURES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. Endocr Pract. 2019;25(4):366-378. PubMed
  26. Messerli FH, Hofstetter L, Syrogiannouli L, et al. Sodium intake, life expectancy, and all-cause mortality. Eur Heart J 2021;42(21):2103-2112. PubMed
  27. Graudal NA, Hubeck-Graudal T, Jurgens G. Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;12(12):CD004022. PubMed
  28. Giatti S, Santos RB, Aielo AN, et al. Association of sodium with obstructive sleep apnea. The ELSA-Brasil study. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021;18(3):502-510. PubMed
  29. Nan X, Lu H, Wu J, et al. The interactive association between sodium intake, alcohol consumption and hypertension among elderly in northern China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2021;21(1):135. PubMed
  30. Kyozuka H, Fukusda T, Murata T, et al. Impact of preconception sodium intake on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: The Japan Environment and Children's study. Pregnancy Hypertens 2021;23:66-72. PubMed
  31. Zhao L, Ogden CL, Yang Q, et al. Association of usual sodium intake with obesity among US children and adolescents, NHANES 2009-2016. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021;29(3):587-594. PubMed
  32. Ma Y, He FJ, Sun Q, et al. 24-Hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 2022;386(3):252-263. PubMed
  33. Liu J, Yang X, Zhang P, et al. Association of urinary sodium excretion and left ventricular hypertrophy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021;12:728493. PubMed
  34. Filippini T, Malavolti M, Whelton PK, Vinceti M. Sodium intake and risk of hypertension: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational cohort studies. Curr Hypertens Rep 2022;24(5):133-144. PubMed
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  36. Kwak JH, Park CH, Eun CS, et al. The associations of dietary intake of high sodium and low zinc with gastric cancer mortality: A prospective cohort study in Korea. Nutr Cancer 2022;74(10):3501-3508. PubMed
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  38. Zhou TL, Schütten MTJ, Kroon AA, et al. Urinary Sodium Excretion and Salt Intake Are Not Associated With Blood Pressure Variability in a White General Population. J Am Heart Assoc 2023;12(1):e026578. PubMed

See these in context on the Sodium monograph →

Alpha-alanine 2 references
  1. Amino acids — MedlinePlus (NIH) Source
  2. Dietary Supplements: What You Need to Know — NIH Office of Dietary Supplements Source

See these in context on the Alpha-alanine monograph →

Glycine 5 references
  1. Heresco-Levy U, Javitt DC, Ermilov M, et al. Efficacy of high-dose glycine in the treatment of enduring negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:29-36.. PubMed
  2. Potkin SG, Jin Y, Bunney BG, Costa J, Gulasekaram B. Effect of clozapine and adjunctive high-dose glycine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:145-7.. PubMed
  3. Gusev EI, Skvortsova VI, Dambinova SA, et al. Neuroprotective effects of glycine for therapy of acute ischaemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2000;10:49-60. PubMed
  4. Inagawa K, Kawai N, Ono K, Sukegawa E, Tsubuku S, Takahashi M. Assessment of acute adverse effects of glycine ingestion at a high dose in human volunteers. Seikatsu Eisei. 2006; 50:27-32.
  5. Woods SW, Walsh BC, Hawkins KA, Miller TJ, Saksa JR, D'Souza DC, Pearlson GD, Javitt DC, McGlashan TH, Krystal JH. Glycine treatment of the risk syndrome for psychosis: report of two pilot studies. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013 Aug;23(8):931-40. PubMed

See these in context on the Glycine monograph →

Glutamine 11 references
  1. Miller AL. Therapeutic considerations of L-glutamine: a review of the literature. Altern Med Rev 1999;4:239-48..
  2. Bozzetti F, Biganzoli L, Gavazzi C, et al. Glutamine supplementation in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: a double-blind randomized study. Nutrition 1997;13:748-51.. PubMed
  3. Mebane AH. L-Glutamine and mania. Am J Psychiatry 984;141:1302-3.
  4. Meldrum BS. Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology. J Nutr 2000;130:1007S-15S.. PubMed
  5. Garlick PJ. Assessment of the safety of glutamine and other amino acids. J Nutr 2001;131:2556S-61S.. PubMed
  6. Chapman AG. Glutamate and epilepsy. J Nutr 2000;130:1043S-5S.. PubMed
  7. Ziegler TR. Glutamine supplementation in cancer patients receiving bone marrow transplantation and high dose chemotherapy. J Nutr 2001;131:2578S-84S.. PubMed
  8. Laviano A, Molfino A, Lacaria MT, Canelli A, De Leo S, Preziosa I, Rossi Fanelli F. Glutamine supplementation favors weight loss in nondieting obese female patients. A pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014 Nov;68(11):1264-6. PubMed
  9. Endari (l-glutamine) [package insert]. Torrance, CA: Emmaus Medical,Inc; 2017.
  10. Niihara Y, Miller ST, Kanter J, et al. A Phase 3 Trial of l-Glutamine in Sickle Cell Disease. N Engl J Med 2018;379(3):226-35. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1715971.
  11. Ogden HB, Child RB, Fallowfield JL, et al. Gastrointestinal Tolerance of Low, Medium and High Dose Acute Oral l-Glutamine Supplementation in Healthy Adults: A Pilot Study. Nutrients. 2020;12(10):2953. PubMed

See these in context on the Glutamine monograph →

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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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