DGL Ingredients & Drug Interactions
What is this page for?
First and foremost: checking DGL against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.
Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy
DGL is a dietary supplement by Natural Factors with 3 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for sugar substitute / sweetener, blood sugar support in diabetes, weight management.Based on those ingredients, 1,119 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice extract, Stevia leaf powder, Anise seed powder. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.
Check Your Meds Against DGL by Natural Factors
Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with DGL by Natural Factors — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.
AI summaries are generated from our interaction database for education only — always confirm with your pharmacist. How we use AI
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of DGL by Natural Factors
Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.
What’s inside
Full disclosure
Natural Factors DGL is a tablet containing 3 active ingredients. Deglycyrrhizinated licorice extract is the main one—it's licorice with the compound that causes side effects removed, traditionally used for digestive comfort and mouth sores.
You also get stevia leaf powder, a natural sweetener, and anise seed powder, which adds flavor and has been used in herbal medicine. The tablet also contains inactive ingredients (xylitol, microcrystalline cellulose, stearic acid, silica, and magnesium stearate) that help hold it together and make it easy to swallow.
Does it work?
Not established
The evidence for what this product does is limited. For the licorice extract, there's possibly effective evidence for eczema and canker sores, but not enough reliable data for other uses like asthma or Addison disease.
Stevia and anise seed both lack sufficient reliable evidence to rate their effectiveness for the conditions they're traditionally used for—blood sugar control, blood pressure, migraines, and menstrual symptoms are all in the "not enough data" category.
How safe is it?
Well-documented data
Deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) is generally well tolerated when used as directed, and the removal of glycyrrhizin means fewer concerns than whole licorice. However, the product facts advise against it in pregnancy due to residual safety questions, and there isn't enough information to recommend it while breastfeeding.
Stevia at typical food amounts appears safe, though high-dose supplements lack good safety data—you might experience bloating, dizziness, headache, muscle aches, nausea, or numbness, usually mild and brief. Anise seed is generally safe as a food or tea; allergic reactions are rare but possible, especially anaphylaxis in very sensitive people.
The combination hasn't been formally tested for safety, so talk with your doctor or pharmacist about your individual situation.
Meds to double-check
Moderate interaction found
Before taking this product, double-check with your doctor or pharmacist if you take digoxin or other heart medications, blood thinners like warfarin, loop diuretics (water pills), heart rhythm drugs, diabetes medications, sedatives (diazepam, midazolam), antidepressants (fluoxetine, imipramine), lithium, birth control or hormone therapy, cancer medications, codeine, or caffeine supplements. The licorice extract and anise seed have documented moderate-level interactions with these drug types.
The bottom line
Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with no established evidence rating for its marketed use. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.
DGL by Natural Factors is primarily a licorice extract supplement marketed for digestive and mouth health, with modest evidence it may help with eczema and canker sores. If you take any heart medications, blood thinners, diabetes drugs, sedatives, or antidepressants—or have high blood pressure, take birth control, or use lithium—you need to clear this with your doctor or pharmacist before starting.
The interaction profile is broad, so check your medications carefully on this page.
Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI
Assessment coverage: 3 of 3 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated May 22, 2020.
This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed
General information
Key facts about DGL, straight from the product label.
| Brand | Natural Factors |
|---|---|
| Barcode (UPC) | 068958045078 |
| Net contents | 180 Chewable Tablet(s) |
| Market status | On market |
| Date entered into DSLD | May 22, 2020 |
| DSLD ID | 220933 |
| Product type | Botanical |
| Supplement form | Tablet Or Pill |
| Dietary claims / uses | All Other, Structure/Function |
| Intended target group(s) | Vegan, Vegetarian, Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free, Dairy Free, Sugar Free |
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.
Supplement Facts
The label details for DGL by Natural Factors, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.
Supplement Facts
| Ingredient | Amount | % DV |
|---|---|---|
| Calories | 5 Calorie(s) | -- |
| Total Carbohydrates | 1 Gram(s) | 1% |
| Stevia leaf powder | 2.6 mg | -- |
| Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice extract | 400 mg | -- |
| Anise seed powder | 55 mg | -- |
Other ingredients: Xylitol, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Stearic Acid, Silica, Magnesium Stearate
Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Seals/Symbols
isura Non-GMO - Mass Spec Documentation Lab tested
Purity & Potency Guaranteed
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions
Suggested Usage: Chew 1 tablet 1-3 times per day 20 minutes before each meal or as directed by a health professional.
Precautions
Cautions: As with any supplement, consult your health professional before use if you are pregnant, breastfeeding or trying to conceive, or if you are taking medication, have a medical condition or anticipate a surgery.
Keep out of the reach of children.
Sealed for your protection. Do not use if seal is broken.
Formula
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL) is a safe and effective licorice extract.
Deglycyrrhizinated licorice root extract
Formulation
It is specially processed to have glycyrrhizin removed to avoid potential side effects such as elevated blood pressure.
DGL supports the integrity of the natural mucus lining of the stomach and intestinal wall. It stimulates the protective factors which guard against weaknesses in these linings. Manufactured by Natural Factors to ensure safety and potency in accordance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) of the FDA and Health Canada.
Contains no artificial colors, preservatives, or sweeteners; no dairy, starch, sugar, wheat, gluten, yeast, soy, egg, fish, shellfish, animal products, salt, tree nuts, or GMOs.
Suitable for vegetarians/vegans.
Protects stomach lining & intestinal wall
Storage
For freshness, store in a cool, dry place.
FDA Disclaimer Statement
This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
General Statements
Product of Canada Recyclable container and label.
FDA Statement of Identity
Dietary Supplement
Brand IP Statement(s)
Isura is a trademark of Isura.
Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.
DGL by Natural Factors label
The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.
Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.
View the full label (PDF)The Ingredients in DGL by Natural Factors
These are the 3 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.
Serving size1 Tablet(s) Dosage formTablet Or Pill Amounts shown are per serving.
Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.
Stevia leaf powder
Interacts with259 drugs
Stevia is a plant-based, calorie-free sweetener that is widely used as a sugar alternative and is considered safe in normal food amounts by major regu...
Stevia leaf powder monograph & interactionsDeglycyrrhizinated Licorice extract
Interacts with1,040 drugs
Licorice root is a traditional remedy used for sore throats, coughs, and digestive complaints, but solid human evidence is limited for most uses. Regu...
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice extract monograph & interactionsAnise seed powder
Interacts with245 drugs
Anise is a fragrant, licorice-flavored seed used for centuries to ease digestion and soothe coughs. Most of its health claims are based on tradition a...
Anise seed powder monograph & interactionsOther (inactive) ingredients: Xylitol, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Stearic Acid, Silica, Magnesium Stearate. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.
DGL by Natural Factors Drug Interactions
HelloPharmacist Interaction Report
Natural Factors DGL contains three active ingredients—stevia leaf powder, deglycyrrhizinated licorice extract, and anise seed powder—that together interact with a significant number of medications.
The most serious interaction is between the licorice extract and digoxin (Lanoxin), a heart medication: licorice can theoretically increase digoxin levels in your blood, raising the risk of heart toxicity.
Read the full breakdown — every affected drug type, severity by severity
The licorice extract also has moderate-severity interactions with blood thinners like warfarin, where it may reduce their effectiveness; with heart rhythm and blood pressure medications (loop diuretics); with certain cancer drugs (cisplatin and paclitaxel); with sedatives like midazolam; and with several drugs that your liver processes (those metabolized by CYP2B6, CYP2C19, and related enzymes). Stevia carries moderate-level concerns with lithium (a mood stabilizer), where it might raise lithium levels, and minor concerns with blood pressure and diabetes medications.
Anise seed has moderate interactions with contraceptive and hormone replacement therapy drugs, diabetes medications, fluoxetine (an antidepressant), caffeine, codeine (a painkiller), diazepam (a sedative), and imipramine (another antidepressant).
Altogether, these interactions span 1,120 individual medications. Because this product touches so many drug categories, run your exact medications through the interaction checker on this page before you start.
Check your own medications below · Editorial policy · How we use AI
Want to check YOUR meds against DGL?
Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.
Go to the checkerIngredients driving the most interactions
Individual Drug Interactions
The ingredients in DGL interact with 1,119 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.
3 of the 3 ingredients in DGL interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice extract Stevia leaf powder Anise seed powder
Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Phenylpropanolamine, PhenyltoloxamineNorel Plus
How Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Phenylpropanolamine, Phenyltoloxamine interacts with DGL — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Phenylpropanolamine, Phenyltoloxamine interactionAnise Seed PowderAcetaminophen (tylenol, Others) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, anise oil might decrease the levels and clinical effects of acetaminophen.
Read the full Anise Seed Powder + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Phenylpropanolamine, Phenyltoloxamine interactionAcetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, PseudoephedrineAlka-Seltzer PLUS Liquid Gels, Children's Tylenol Cold, Codimal, Comtrex, Extra Strength Tylenol Allergy Sinus, Lorsin +3 more
How Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Pseudoephedrine interacts with DGL — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Pseudoephedrine interactionAnise Seed PowderAcetaminophen (tylenol, Others) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, anise oil might decrease the levels and clinical effects of acetaminophen.
Read the full Anise Seed Powder + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Pseudoephedrine interactionAcetaminophen, Chlorzoxazone, CodeineAcetazone Forte C8, Parafon Forte C8
How Acetaminophen, Chlorzoxazone, Codeine interacts with DGL — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Anise Seed PowderAcetaminophen (tylenol, Others), Codeine Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, anise oil might decrease the levels and clinical effects of acetaminophen.
Read the full Anise Seed Powder + Acetaminophen, Chlorzoxazone, Codeine interactionDeglycyrrhizinated Licorice ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract + Acetaminophen, Chlorzoxazone, Codeine interactionAcetaminophen, CodeineTylenol No.3, Tylenol w/ Codeine
How Acetaminophen, Codeine interacts with DGL — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Anise Seed PowderCodeine, Acetaminophen (tylenol, Others) Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, anise oil might increase the effects and adverse effects of codeine.
Read the full Anise Seed Powder + Acetaminophen, Codeine interactionDeglycyrrhizinated Licorice ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract + Acetaminophen, Codeine interactionAcetaminophen, Codeine, DoxylamineMersyndol
How Acetaminophen, Codeine, Doxylamine interacts with DGL — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Anise Seed PowderAcetaminophen (tylenol, Others), Codeine Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, anise oil might decrease the levels and clinical effects of acetaminophen.
Read the full Anise Seed Powder + Acetaminophen, Codeine, Doxylamine interactionDeglycyrrhizinated Licorice ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract + Acetaminophen, Codeine, Doxylamine interactionAcetaminophen, Codeine, MethocarbamolAcetaminophen, Codeine, Methocarbamol, Robaxacet 8
How Acetaminophen, Codeine, Methocarbamol interacts with DGL — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Anise Seed PowderCodeine, Acetaminophen (tylenol, Others) Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, anise oil might increase the effects and adverse effects of codeine.
Read the full Anise Seed Powder + Acetaminophen, Codeine, Methocarbamol interactionDeglycyrrhizinated Licorice ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract + Acetaminophen, Codeine, Methocarbamol interactionAcetaminophen, DextromethorphanTylenol Cough Ex Strength
How Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan interacts with DGL — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract + Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan interactionAnise Seed PowderAcetaminophen (tylenol, Others) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, anise oil might decrease the levels and clinical effects of acetaminophen.
Read the full Anise Seed Powder + Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan interactionAcetaminophen, Dextromethorphan, Doxylamine, PseudoephedrineVicks NyQuil
How Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan, Doxylamine, Pseudoephedrine interacts with DGL — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract + Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan, Doxylamine, Pseudoephedrine interactionAnise Seed PowderAcetaminophen (tylenol, Others) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, anise oil might decrease the levels and clinical effects of acetaminophen.
Read the full Anise Seed Powder + Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan, Doxylamine, Pseudoephedrine interactionAcetaminophen, Dextromethorphan, Guaifenesin, PhenylephrineConar-A
How Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan, Guaifenesin, Phenylephrine interacts with DGL — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract + Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan, Guaifenesin, Phenylephrine interactionAnise Seed PowderAcetaminophen (tylenol, Others) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, anise oil might decrease the levels and clinical effects of acetaminophen.
Read the full Anise Seed Powder + Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan, Guaifenesin, Phenylephrine interactionAcetaminophen, Dextromethorphan, Guaifenesin, PhenylpropanolamineAnatuss
How Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan, Guaifenesin, Phenylpropanolamine interacts with DGL — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract + Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan, Guaifenesin, Phenylpropanolamine interactionAnise Seed PowderAcetaminophen (tylenol, Others) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, anise oil might decrease the levels and clinical effects of acetaminophen.
Read the full Anise Seed Powder + Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan, Guaifenesin, Phenylpropanolamine interactionAcetaminophen, Dextromethorphan, Guaifenesin, PseudoephedrineRobitussin Cold, Severe Cold, Suphedrine Cold/Cough
How Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan, Guaifenesin, Pseudoephedrine interacts with DGL — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract + Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan, Guaifenesin, Pseudoephedrine interactionAnise Seed PowderAcetaminophen (tylenol, Others) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, anise oil might decrease the levels and clinical effects of acetaminophen.
Read the full Anise Seed Powder + Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan, Guaifenesin, Pseudoephedrine interactionAcetaminophen, Dextromethorphan, Phenylpropanolamine, PyrilamineTheracaps
How Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan, Phenylpropanolamine, Pyrilamine interacts with DGL — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract + Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan, Phenylpropanolamine, Pyrilamine interactionAnise Seed PowderAcetaminophen (tylenol, Others) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, anise oil might decrease the levels and clinical effects of acetaminophen.
Read the full Anise Seed Powder + Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan, Phenylpropanolamine, Pyrilamine interactionAcetaminophen, Dextromethorphan, PseudoephedrineAlka-Seltzer PLUS Flu Liquid Gels, Non Aspirin Cold Caps, Tylenol Cold, Tylenol Flu Daytime Ex Strength, Tylenol Flu Ex Strength
How Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan, Pseudoephedrine interacts with DGL — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract + Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan, Pseudoephedrine interactionAnise Seed PowderAcetaminophen (tylenol, Others) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, anise oil might decrease the levels and clinical effects of acetaminophen.
Read the full Anise Seed Powder + Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan, Pseudoephedrine interactionAcetaminophen, HydrocodoneAnexsia, Anodynos DHC, Azdone, Co-Gesic, Doucet, Lorcet +9 more
How Acetaminophen, Hydrocodone interacts with DGL — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract + Acetaminophen, Hydrocodone interactionAnise Seed PowderAcetaminophen (tylenol, Others) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, anise oil might decrease the levels and clinical effects of acetaminophen.
Read the full Anise Seed Powder + Acetaminophen, Hydrocodone interactionAcetaminophen, IbuprofenCombogesic
How Acetaminophen, Ibuprofen interacts with DGL — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice ExtractCytochrome P450 2c9 (cyp2c9) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.
Read the full Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract + Acetaminophen, Ibuprofen interactionAnise Seed PowderAcetaminophen (tylenol, Others) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, anise oil might decrease the levels and clinical effects of acetaminophen.
Read the full Anise Seed Powder + Acetaminophen, Ibuprofen interactionAcetaminophen, OrphenadrineOrfenagesic
How Acetaminophen, Orphenadrine interacts with DGL — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice ExtractCytochrome P450 2b6 (cyp2b6) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2B6.
Read the full Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract + Acetaminophen, Orphenadrine interactionAnise Seed PowderAcetaminophen (tylenol, Others) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, anise oil might decrease the levels and clinical effects of acetaminophen.
Read the full Anise Seed Powder + Acetaminophen, Orphenadrine interactionAcetaminophen, Pamabrom, PyrilamineMidol Max Strength PMS, Pamprin, Pamprin ES
How Acetaminophen, Pamabrom, Pyrilamine interacts with DGL — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice ExtractDiuretic Drugs, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of licorice with diuretic drugs might increase the risk of hypokalemia.
Read the full Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract + Acetaminophen, Pamabrom, Pyrilamine interactionAnise Seed PowderAcetaminophen (tylenol, Others) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, anise oil might decrease the levels and clinical effects of acetaminophen.
Read the full Anise Seed Powder + Acetaminophen, Pamabrom, Pyrilamine interactionAcetaminophen, Phenylephrine, ChlorpheniramineSuper Cold Tabs
How Acetaminophen, Phenylephrine, Chlorpheniramine interacts with DGL — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract + Acetaminophen, Phenylephrine, Chlorpheniramine interactionAnise Seed PowderAcetaminophen (tylenol, Others) Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, anise oil might decrease the levels and clinical effects of acetaminophen.
Read the full Anise Seed Powder + Acetaminophen, Phenylephrine, Chlorpheniramine interactionAcetazolamideAk-Zol, Diamox
How Acetazolamide interacts with DGL — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs, Diuretic Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might reduce the effects of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract + Acetazolamide interactionStevia Leaf PowderAntihypertensive Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, combining stevia or stevia constituents with antihypertensive agents might increase the risk of hypotension.
Read the full Stevia Leaf Powder + Acetazolamide interactionAcetohexamideDymelor
How Acetohexamide interacts with DGL — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Anise Seed PowderAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, anise seed might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Read the full Anise Seed Powder + Acetohexamide interactionStevia Leaf PowderAntidiabetes Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, stevia might increase the risk for hypoglycemia when combined with antidiabetes drugs.
Read the full Stevia Leaf Powder + Acetohexamide interactionAdagrasibKrazati
How Adagrasib interacts with DGL — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract + Adagrasib interactionAerosphere Budesonide, Formoterol Fumarate, GlycopyrrolateBreztri
How Aerosphere Budesonide, Formoterol Fumarate, Glycopyrrolate interacts with DGL — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice ExtractCytochrome P450 2c19 (cyp2c19) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 2c9 (cyp2c9) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C19.
Read the full Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract + Aerosphere Budesonide, Formoterol Fumarate, Glycopyrrolate interactionAfatinib DimaleateGilotrif
How Afatinib Dimaleate interacts with DGL — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice ExtractP-glycoprotein Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the absorption of P-glycoprotein substrates.
Read the full Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract + Afatinib Dimaleate interactionAgomelatineValdoxan
How Agomelatine interacts with DGL — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice ExtractCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 2c19 (cyp2c19) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Read the full Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract + Agomelatine interactionAlbiglutideTanzeum
How Albiglutide interacts with DGL — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Anise Seed PowderAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, anise seed might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Read the full Anise Seed Powder + Albiglutide interactionStevia Leaf PowderAntidiabetes Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, stevia might increase the risk for hypoglycemia when combined with antidiabetes drugs.
Read the full Stevia Leaf Powder + Albiglutide interactionAlfentanilAlfenta
How Alfentanil interacts with DGL — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract + Alfentanil interactionAlfuzosinUroxatral
How Alfuzosin interacts with DGL — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract + Alfuzosin interactionAliskirenTekturna
How Aliskiren interacts with DGL — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Antihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract + Aliskiren interactionStevia Leaf PowderAntihypertensive Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, combining stevia or stevia constituents with antihypertensive agents might increase the risk of hypotension.
Read the full Stevia Leaf Powder + Aliskiren interactionAlmotriptanAlmogran, Axert
How Almotriptan interacts with DGL — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract + Almotriptan interactionAlogliptinNesina
How Alogliptin interacts with DGL — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice ExtractCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 2c8 (cyp2c8) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, licorice might increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice Extract + Alogliptin interactionAnise Seed PowderAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, anise seed might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Read the full Anise Seed Powder + Alogliptin interactionStevia Leaf PowderAntidiabetes Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, stevia might increase the risk for hypoglycemia when combined with antidiabetes drugs.
Read the full Stevia Leaf Powder + Alogliptin interactionEach ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects
For each ingredient in DGL with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice extract
Antihypertensive Drugs
Theoretically, licorice might reduce the effects of antihypertensive drugs.
In human research, licorice increases blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner.
Cisplatin (Platinol-Aq)
Theoretically, licorice might reduce the effects of cisplatin.
In animal research, licorice diminished the therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin.
Corticosteroids
Theoretically, concomitant use of licorice and corticosteroids might increase the side effects of corticosteroids.
Case reports suggest that concomitant use of licorice and oral corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone, can potentiate the duration of activity and increase blood levels of corticosteroids. Additionally, in one case report, a patient with neurogenic orthostatic hypertension stabilized on fludrocortisone 0.1 mg twice daily developed pseudohyperaldosteronism after recent consumption of large amounts of black licorice.
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (Cyp2B6) Substrates
Theoretically, licorice might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2B6.
In vitro research shows that licorice extract and glabridin, a licorice constituent, inhibit CYP2B6 isoenzymes. Licorice extract from the species G. uralensis seems to inhibit CYP2B6 isoenzymes to a greater degree than G. glabra extract in vitro. Theoretically, these species of licorice might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2B6; however, these interactions have not yet been reported in humans.
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (Cyp2C19) Substrates
Theoretically, licorice might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C19.
In vitro, licorice extracts from the species G. glabra and G. uralensis inhibit CYP2C19 isoenzymes in vitro. Theoretically, these species of licorice might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C19; however, this interaction has not yet been reported in humans.
Cytochrome P450 2C8 (Cyp2C8) Substrates
Theoretically, licorice might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C8.
In vitro, licorice extract from the species G. glabra and G. uralensis inhibits CYP2C8 isoenzymes. Theoretically, these species of licorice might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C8; however, this interaction has not yet been reported in humans.
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates
Theoretically, licorice might increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.
There is conflicting evidence about the effect of licorice on CYP2C9 enzyme activity. In vitro research shows that extracts from the licorice species G. glabra and G. uralensis moderately inhibit CYP2C9 isoenzymes. However, evidence from an animal model shows that licorice extract from the species G. uralensis can induce hepatic CYP2C9 activity. Until more is known, licorice should be used cautiously in people taking CYP2C9 substrates.
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates
Theoretically, licorice might increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Pharmacokinetic research shows that the licorice constituent glycyrrhizin, taken in a dosage of 150 mg orally twice daily for 14 days, modestly decreases the area under the concentration-time curve of midazolam by about 20%. Midazolam is a substrate of CYP3A4, suggesting that glycyrrhizin modestly induces CYP3A4 activity. Animal research also shows that licorice extract from the species G. uralensis induces CYP3A4 activity. However, licorice extract from G. glabra species appear to inhibit CYP3A4-induced metabolism of testosterone in vitro. It is thought that the G. glabra inhibits CYP3A4 due to its constituent glabridin, which is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor in vitro and not present in other licorice species. Until more is known, licorice should be used cautiously in people taking CYP3A4 substrates.
Digoxin (Lanoxin)
Theoretically, concomitant use of licorice with digoxin might increase the risk of cardiac toxicity.
Overuse or misuse of licorice with cardiac glycoside therapy might increase the risk of cardiac toxicity due to potassium loss.
Diuretic Drugs
Theoretically, concomitant use of licorice with diuretic drugs might increase the risk of hypokalemia.
Overuse of licorice might compound diuretic-induced potassium loss. In one case report, a 72-year-old male with a past medical history of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, arrhythmia, stroke, and hepatic dysfunction was hospitalized with severe hypokalemia and uncontrolled hypertension due to pseudohyperaldosteronism. This was thought to be provoked by concomitant daily consumption of a product containing 225 mg of glycyrrhizin, a constituent of licorice, and hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg for 1 month.
Estrogens
Theoretically, licorice might increase or decrease the effects of estrogen therapy.
Theoretically, licorice might interfere with estrogen therapy due to estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects.
Loop Diuretics
Theoretically, loop diuretics might increase the mineralocorticoid effects of licorice.
Theoretically, loop diuretics might enhance the mineralocorticoid effects of licorice by inhibiting the enzyme that converts cortisol to cortisone; however, bumetanide (Bumex) does not appear to have this effect.
Midazolam (Versed)
Theoretically, licorice might decrease levels of midazolam.
In humans, the licorice constituent glycyrrhizin appears to moderately induce the metabolism of midazolam. This is likely due to induction of cytochrome P450 3A4 by licorice. Until more is known, licorice should be used cautiously in people taking midazolam.
P-Glycoprotein Substrates
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the absorption of P-glycoprotein substrates.
In vitro research shows that licorice can increase P-glycoprotein activity.
Paclitaxel (Abraxane, Onxol)
Theoretically, licorice might decrease plasma levels and clinical effects of paclitaxel.
Multiple doses of licorice taken concomitantly with paclitaxel might reduce the effectiveness of paclitaxel. Animal research shows that licorice 3 grams/kg given orally for 14 days before intravenous administration of paclitaxel decreases the exposure to paclitaxel and increases its clearance. Theoretically, this occurs because licorice induces cytochrome P450 3A4 enzymes, which metabolize paclitaxel. Notably, a single dose of licorice did not affect exposure or clearance of paclitaxel.
Warfarin (Coumadin)
Theoretically, licorice might decrease plasma levels and clinical effects of warfarin.
Licorice seems to increase metabolism and decrease levels of warfarin in animal models. This is likely due to induction of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) metabolism by licorice. Advise patients taking warfarin to avoid taking licorice.
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates
Theoretically, licorice might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
In vitro research shows that licorice induces CYP1A2 enzymes.
Methotrexate (Trexall, Others)
Theoretically, licorice might increase levels of methotrexate.
Animal research suggests that intravenous administration of glycyrrhizin, a licorice constituent, and high-dose methotrexate may delay methotrexate excretion and increase systemic exposure, leading to transient elevations in liver enzymes and total bilirubin. This interaction has not yet been reported in humans.
Stevia leaf powder
Lithium
Theoretically, stevia might decrease clearance and increase levels of lithium.
Animal research suggests that stevia extracts might have diuretic activity. Theoretically, increased reabsorption of lithium along with sodium might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium.
Antidiabetes Drugs
Theoretically, stevia might increase the risk for hypoglycemia when combined with antidiabetes drugs.
Preliminary clinical research in patients with type 2 diabetes suggests that taking a single dose of stevia extract 1000 mg reduces postprandial blood glucose levels when taken with a meal. However, other clinical research in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes suggests that taking stevioside 250 mg three times daily does not significantly affect blood glucose levels or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) after three months of treatment.
Antihypertensive Drugs
Theoretically, combining stevia or stevia constituents with antihypertensive agents might increase the risk of hypotension.
Stevia extract and stevioside might lower blood pressure in patients with hypertension. However, other clinical research suggests that stevioside does not significantly lower blood pressure in patients with hypertension.
Anise seed powder
Antidiabetes Drugs
Theoretically, anise seed might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
A small clinical study shows that anise seed powder decreases fasting blood glucose levels by 36% when compared to baseline.
Caffeine
Theoretically, anise oil might decrease the efficacy of caffeine.
Animal research shows that taking anise oil with caffeine decreases the bioavailability of caffeine. Whether this interaction will occur in humans is unclear.
Codeine
Theoretically, anise oil might increase the effects and adverse effects of codeine.
Animal research shows that anise oil increases the analgesic effects of codeine, possibly by inducing its phase I metabolism and increasing conversion to morphine. Whether this interaction occurs in humans is unclear.
Contraceptive Drugs
Theoretically, anise might interfere with contraceptive drug therapy.
Some in vitro research suggests that anise has estrogenic effects, while other in vitro research suggests that anise has antiestrogenic effects.
Diazepam (Valium)
Theoretically, anise oil might increase the effects and adverse effects of diazepam.
Animal research shows that taking anise oil with diazepam increases the motor impairment associated with diazepam, possibly by inhibiting its breakdown by cytochrome P450 3A4. Whether this interaction occurs in humans is unclear.
Estrogens
Theoretically, anise might interfere with estrogen-based hormone replacement therapy.
Some in vitro research suggests that anise has estrogenic effects, while other in vitro research suggests that anise has antiestrogenic effects.
Fluoxetine (Prozac)
Theoretically, anise oil might decrease the efficacy of fluoxetine.
Animal research shows that taking anise oil with fluoxetine reduces the antidepressant effects of fluoxetine, possibly by promoting its breakdown by cytochrome P450 2D6. Whether this interaction occurs in humans is unclear.
Imipramine (Tofranil)
Theoretically, anise oil might decrease the efficacy of imipramine.
Animal research shows that taking anise oil with imipramine reduces the antidepressant effects of imipramine, possibly by promoting its breakdown by cytochrome P450 2D6. Whether this interaction occurs in humans is unclear.
Midazolam (Versed)
Theoretically, anise oil might increase the effects and adverse effects of midazolam.
Animal research shows that taking anise oil with midazolam increases the motor impairment associated with midazolam, possibly by inhibiting its breakdown by cytochrome P450 3A4. Whether this interaction occurs in humans is unclear.
Tamoxifen (Nolvadex)
Theoretically, anise might interfere with tamoxifen therapy.
Some in vitro research suggests that anise has estrogenic effects, while other in vitro research suggests that anise has antiestrogenic effects.
Acetaminophen (Tylenol, Others)
Theoretically, anise oil might decrease the levels and clinical effects of acetaminophen.
Animal research shows that taking anise oil with acetaminophen decreases peak plasma levels of acetaminophen but does not reduce overall bioavailability. Whether this interaction will occur in humans is unclear.
Brand information
Manufacturer and brand details for DGL, from the product label.
DGL by Natural Factors: Common Questions
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Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy
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The Full Monographs Behind DGL’s Ingredients
Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.
Stevia
Interacts with 259 drugsStevia is a plant-based, calorie-free sweetener that is widely used as a sugar alternative and is considered safe in normal food amounts by major regulators. Purified stevia extracts have a...
Read the full Stevia monograph → Herb & supplement monographLicorice
Interacts with 1,040 drugsLicorice root is a traditional remedy used for sore throats, coughs, and digestive complaints, but solid human evidence is limited for most uses. Regular licorice contains glycyrrhizin, whic...
Read the full Licorice monograph → Herb & supplement monographAnise
Interacts with 245 drugsAnise is a fragrant, licorice-flavored seed used for centuries to ease digestion and soothe coughs. Most of its health claims are based on tradition and small or laboratory studies rather th...
Read the full Anise monograph →Sources & How We Checked
DGL's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.
- NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) — The official product label on file for this supplement.
- Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center) — Evidence-graded clinical reference behind the ingredient interaction data.
Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.
The 114 references behind this product’s interaction data
Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.
Stevia 10 references
- Chan P, Xu DY, Liu JC, et al. The effect of stevioside on blood pressure and plasma catecholamines in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Life Sci 1998;63:1679-84. PubMed
- Melis MS. A crude extract of Stevia rebaudiana increases the renal plasma flow of normal and hypertensive rats. Braz J Med Biol Res 1996;29:669-75.
- Melis MS. Chronic administration of aqueous extract of Stevia rebaudiana in rats: renal effects. J Ethnopharmacol 1995;47:129-34. PubMed
- Melis MS, Sainati AR. Effect of calcium and verapamil on renal function of rats during treatment with stevioside. J Ethnopharmacol 1991;33:257-622. PubMed
- Hsieh MH, Chan P, Sue YM, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of oral stevioside in patients with mild essential hypertension: a two-year, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Clin Ther 2003;25:2797-808. PubMed
- Chan P, Tomlinson B, Chen YJ, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of the effectiveness and tolerability of oral stevioside in human hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000;50:215-20. PubMed
- Gregersen S, Jeppesen PB, Holst JJ, Hermansen K. Antihyperglycemic effects of stevioside in type 2 diabetic subjects. Metabolism 2004;53:73-6. PubMed
- Barriocanal LA, Palacios M, Benitez G, et al. Apparent lack of pharmacological effect of steviol glycosides used as sweeteners in humans. A pilot study of repeated exposures in some normotensive and hypotensive individuals and in Type 1 and Type 2 diabeti
- Ferri LA, Alves-Do-Prado W, Yamada SS, et al. Investigation of the antihypertensive effect of oral crude stevioside in patients with mild essential hypertension. Phytother Res 2006;20:732-6. PubMed
- Almiron-Roig E, Navas-Carretero S, Castelnuovo G, et al. Impact of acute consumption of beverages containing plant-based or alternative sweetener blends on postprandial appetite, food intake, metabolism, and gastro-intestinal symptoms: Results of the SWEE
Licorice 92 references
- Farese RV Jr, Biglieri EG, Shackleton CH, et al. Licorice-induced hypermineralocorticoidism. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1223-7. PubMed
- Sigurjonsdottir HA, Ragnarsson J, Franzson L, Sigurdsson G. Is blood pressure commonly raised by moderate consumption of liquorice? J Hum Hypertens 1995;9:345-8.
- Armanini D, Lewicka S, Pratesi C, et al. Further studies on the mechanism of the mineralocorticoid action of licorice in humans. J Endocrinol Invest 1996;19:624-9. PubMed
- Zhang YD, Lorenzo B, Reidenberg MM. Inhibition of 11 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase obtained from guinea pig kidney by furosemide, naringenin and some other compounds. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1994;49:81-5.
- Strandberg TE, Jarvenpaa AL, Vanhanen H, McKeigue PM. Birth outcome in relation to licorice consumption during pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 2001;153:1085-8. PubMed
- Sigurjonsdottir HA, Franzson L, Manhem K, et al. Liquorice-induced rise in blood pressure: a linear dose-response relationship. J Hum Hypertens 2001;15:549-52. PubMed
- Amato P, Christophe S, Mellon PL. Estrogenic activity of herbs commonly used as remedies for menopausal symptoms. Menopause 2002;9:145-50. PubMed
- Kent UM, Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Hollenberg PF. The licorice root derived isoflavan glabridin inhibits the activities of human cytochrome P450S 3A4, 2B6, and 2C9. Drug Metab Dispos 2002;30:709-15.. PubMed
- Yoshida S, Takayama Y. Licorice-induced hypokalemia as a treatable cause of dropped head syndrome. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2003;105:286-7.. PubMed
- Strandberg TE, Andersson S, Jarvenpaa AL, et al. Preterm birth and licorice consumption during pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 2002;156:803-5.. PubMed
- Hussain RM. The sweet cake that reaches parts other cakes can't! Postgrad Med J 2003;79:115-6.. PubMed
- Morris DJ, Davis E, Latif SA. Licorice, tobacco chewing, and hypertension. N Engl J Med 1990;322:849-50. PubMed
- Quinkler M, Stewart PM. Hypertension and the cortisol-cortisone shuttle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:2384-92. PubMed
- Westman EC, Guthrie GP. Licorice, tobacco chewing, and hypertension. N Engl J Med 1990;322:850. PubMed
- Mu Y, Zhang J, Zhang S, et al. Traditional Chinese medicines Wu Wei Zi (Schisandra chinensis Baill) and Gan Cao (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch) activate pregnane X receptor and increase warfarin clearance in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006;316:1369-77. PubMed
- Yasue H, Itoh T, Mizuno Y, Harada E. Severe hypokalemia, rhabdomyolysis, muscle paralysis, and respiratory impairment in a hypertensive patient taking herbal medicines containing licorice. Intern Med 2007;46:575-8. PubMed
- Brayley J, Jones J. Life-threatening hypokalemia associated with excessive licorice ingestion (letter). Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:617-8. PubMed
- de Klerk GJ, Nieuwenhuis G, Beutler JJ. Hypokalaemia and hypertension associated with use of liquorice flavoured chewing gum. BMJ 1997;314:731-2.
- Dellow EL, Unwin RJ, Honour JW. Pontefract cakes can be bad for you: refractory hypertension and liquorice excess. Nephol Dial Transplant 1999;14:218-20. PubMed
- Elinav E, Chajek-Shaul T. Licorice consumption causing severe hypokalemic paralysis. Mayo Clin Proc 2003;78:767-8. PubMed
- Eriksson JW, Carlberg B, Hillom V. Life-threatening ventricular tachycardia due to liquorice-induced hypokalemia. J Intern Med 1999;245:307-10.
- Janse A, van Iersel M, Hoefnagels WH, Olde Rikker MG. The old lady who liked liquorice: hypertension due to chronic intoxication in a memory-impaired patient. Neth J Med 2005;63:149-50.
- Lin SH, Yang SS, Chau T, Halperin ML. An unusual cause of hypokalemic paralysis: chronic licorice ingestion. Am J Med Sci 2003;325:153-6. PubMed
- van den Bosch AE, van der Klooster JM, Zuidgeest DM, et al. Severe hypokalemic paralysis and rhabdomyolysis due to ingestion of liquorice. Neth J Med 2005;63:146-8.
- van Uum SH. Liquorice and hypertension. Neth J Med 2005;63:119-20.
- Russo S, Mastropasqua M, Mosetti MA, et al. Low doses of liquorice can induce hypertension encephalopathy. Am J Nephrol 2000;20:145-8. PubMed
- Stormer FC, Reistad R, Alexander J. Glycyrrhizic acid in liquorice - evaluation of health hazard. Food Chem Toxicol 1993;31:303-12. PubMed
- Sontia B, Mooney J, Gaudet L, Touyz RM. Pseudohyperaldosteronism, liquorice, and hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2008;10:153-7. PubMed
- Francini-Pesenti F, Puato M, Piccoli A, Brocadello F. Liquorice-induced hypokalaemia and water retention in the absence of hypertension. Phytother Res 2008;22:563-5. PubMed
- Lapi F, Gallo E, Bernasconi S, et al. Myopathies associated with red yeast rice and liquorice: spontaneous reports from the Italian Surveillance System of Natural Health Products. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008;66:572-4. PubMed
- Chen MF, Shimada F, Kato H, Yano S, Kanaoka M. Effect of glycyrrhizin on the pharmacokinetics of prednisolone following low dosage of prednisolone hemisuccinate. Endocrinol Jpn 1990;37:331-41. PubMed
- Teelucksingh S, Mackie AD, Burt D, McIntyre MA, Brett L, Edwards CR. Potentiation of hydrocortisone activity in skin by glycyrrhetinic acid. Lancet 1990;335(8697):1060-3. PubMed
- Heidemann HT, Kreuzfelder E. Hypokalemic rhabdomyolysis with myoglobinuria due to licorice ingestion and diuretic treatment. Klin Wochenschr 1983;61:303-5. PubMed
- Hukkanen J, Ukkola O, Savolainen MJ. Effects of low-dose liquorice alone or in combination with hydrochlorothiazide on the plasma potassium in healthy volunteers. Blood Press 2009;18:192-5. PubMed
- Bisogni V, Rossi GP, Calò LA. Apparent mineralcorticoid excess syndrome, an often forgotten or unrecognized cause of hypokalemia and hypertension: case report and appraisal of the pathophysiology. Blood Press. 2014 Jun;23(3):189-92. PubMed
- Dehours E, Vallé B, Rougé-Bugat ME, Florent B, Bounes V, Franchitto N. Suspected hypokalaemia following liquorice ingestion on board ship. J Telemed Telecare. 2013 Jun;19(4):227-8. PubMed
- Kormann R, Languille E, Amiot HM, Hertig A. Dying for a cup of tea. BMJ Case Rep. 2012 Oct 19;2012. PubMed
- Panduranga P, Al-Rawahi N. Licorice-induced severe hypokalemia with recurrent torsade de pointes. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2013 Nov;18(6):593-6. PubMed
- Räikkönen K, Seckl JR, Heinonen K, Pyhälä R, Feldt K, Jones A, Pesonen AK, Phillips DI, Lahti J, Järvenpää AL, Eriksson JG, Matthews KA, Strandberg TE, Kajantie E. Maternal prenatal licorice consumption alters hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis fu
- Robles BJ, Sandoval AR, Dardon JD, Blas CA. Lethal liquorice lollies (liquorice abuse causing pseudohyperaldosteronism). BMJ Case Rep. 2013 Sep 19;2013. PubMed
- Chamberlain, J. J. and Abolnik, I. Z. Pulmonary edema following a licorice binge. West J Med 1997;167(3):184-185.
- Barrella, M., Lauria, G., Quatrale, R., and Paolino, E. Hypokaliemic rhabdomyolysis associated with liquorice ingestion: report of an atypical case. Ital.J Neurol.Sci 1997;18(4):217-220. PubMed
- Fugh-Berman, A. Herb-drug interactions. Lancet 2000;355(9198):134-138. PubMed
- Hasegawa, J., Suyama, Y., Kinugawa, T., Morisawa, T., and Kishimoto, Y. Echocardiographic findings of the heart resembling dilated cardiomyopathy during hypokalemic myopathy due to licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism. Cardiovasc.Drugs Ther 1998;12(6):59 PubMed
- van Rossum, T. G., Vulto, A. G., Hop, W. C., Brouwer, J. T., Niesters, H. G., and Schalm, S. W. Intravenous glycyrrhizin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase I/II trial. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 199 PubMed
- Lozano, P., Flores, D., Martinez, S., Artigues, I., Rimbau, E. M., and Gomez, F. Upper limb ischemia induced by chronic licorice ingestion. J Cardiovasc.Surg (Torino) 2000;41(4):631-632.
- Brouwers, A. J. and van der, Meulen J. ['Licorice hypertension' also caused by licorice tea]. Ned.Tijdschr Geneeskd. 4-14-2001;145(15):744-747.
- van Rossum, T. G., Vulto, A. G., Hop, W. C., and Schalm, S. W. Glycyrrhizin-induced reduction of ALT in European patients with chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96(8):2432-2437. PubMed
- Sigurjonsdottir, H. A., Manhem, K., Axelson, M., and Wallerstedt, S. Subjects with essential hypertension are more sensitive to the inhibition of 11 beta-HSD by liquorice. J Hum Hypertens 2003;17(2):125-131.
- Shintani, S., Murase, H., Tsukagoshi, H., and Shiigai, T. Glycyrrhizin (licorice)-induced hypokalemic myopathy. Report of 2 cases and review of the literature. Eur Neurol 1992;32(1):44-51. PubMed
- Chen, M. F., Shimada, F., Kato, H., Yano, S., and Kanaoka, M. Effect of oral administration of glycyrrhizin on the pharmacokinetics of prednisolone. Endocrinol Jpn 1991;38(2):167-174. PubMed
- Lee, C. K., Park, K. K., Lim, S. S., Park, J. H., and Chung, W. Y. Effects of the licorice extract against tumor growth and cisplatin-induced toxicity in a mouse xenograft model of colon cancer. Biol Pharm Bull 2007;30(11):2191-2195. PubMed
- Isaia, G. C., Pellissetto, C., Ravazzoli, M., and Tamone, C. Acute adrenal crisis and hypercalcemia in a patient assuming high liquorice doses. Minerva Med 2008;99(1):91-94.
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