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Dietary supplement

Flora Biome Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Triquetra

Flora Biome label
See full label image
Liquid Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Flora Biome against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Flora Biome is a dietary supplement by Triquetra with 3 active ingredients.Based on those ingredients, 1,675 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

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Check Your Meds Against Flora Biome by Triquetra

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Flora Biome by Triquetra — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Flora Biome by Triquetra

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 0 of its 39 active ingredients.
  • “Flora Biome Fermented Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (15 mL) without saying how much of each component you get.
  • “10 Strain Probiotic Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label doesn't break down how much of each component you get.
  • “Fermented Herbal Prebiotic & Enzyme Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label doesn't break down how much of each component you get.

Flora Biome contains 39 active and inactive ingredients in liquid form. The active components include several live probiotic bacteria—Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium longum, and Streptococcus thermophilus—intended to support gut flora, plus herbal extracts (ginger, sage, licorice, elderberry, parsley, oregano, juniper, fennel, and fenugreek), fulvic acid, humic acid, and other compounds like amino acids, polyphenols, and oligosaccharides.

The inactive ingredients are water, molasses, and active cultures.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: Complete gut health and digestive microbiome support.
  • We looked for evidence on: Antibiotic-associated diarrhea, Digestive upset, Gut dysbiosis, Digestive enzyme support.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Lactobacillus Acidophilus is rated "Possibly Effective" for Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Basil is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Diarrhea.
  • Also on file: German Chamomile is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Diarrhea.

Evidence for the individual ingredients in this product varies widely. Bifidobacterium bifidum is possibly effective for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and respiratory tract infections, though evidence for hay fever and anxiety is insufficient.

Lactobacillus acidophilus is possibly effective for IBS, Helicobacter pylori infection, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and bacterial vaginosis. Streptococcus thermophilus has insufficient evidence to rate for antibiotic-associated diarrhea, bacterial vaginosis, fatty liver disease, constipation, diabetes, and diabetic kidney damage.

Ginger is possibly effective for pregnancy-related nausea, period pain (dysmenorrhea), and osteoarthritis, but possibly ineffective for exercise-related muscle soreness. Licorice is possibly effective for eczema and canker sores.

Sage is possibly effective for menopausal symptoms, cholesterol, and cognitive function. Fenugreek is possibly effective for sexual function and dysmenorrhea.

The remaining herbal ingredients have insufficient evidence to rate, and we hold no effectiveness data for fulvic acid, humic acid, or most of the other components.

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 23 of the 25 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 24 of 25.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 25 of 25.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

The probiotic bacteria in this product are generally well tolerated in healthy people, though those with weakened immune systems should use caution. Rare but serious infections (bacteremia, sepsis) have been reported in critically ill patients using probiotics.

One case of vomiting and fever was reported in a child taking Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus together, though causation is unclear. Ginger is generally well tolerated at typical food and supplement doses; at doses above 5 grams daily, side effects like heartburn, diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort increase.

Licorice can cause headache, nausea, and vomiting and carries serious concerns with long-term or high-dose use, affecting blood pressure and potassium balance. Sage is generally safe as food or tea but should be used cautiously in concentrated extracts due to thujone content; avoid medicinal amounts in pregnancy.

Parsley in food amounts is fine, but large doses carry rare risks of serious toxicity. Elderberry prepared from ripe fruit is well tolerated; raw or unripe parts contain toxic compounds eliminated by cooking.

Fennel, fenugreek, oregano, and juniper are generally tolerated in food amounts but have limited safety data as supplements. Fulvic acid appears well tolerated short-term but lacks robust human safety data.

We cannot assess pregnancy or breastfeeding safety for several ingredients (Lactobacillus paracasei, rhamnosus, casei, plantarum, Bifidobacterium animalis, Vitamins, Amino Acids, Polyphenols, Oligosaccharides, Acetic Acid, Juniper lactation, Parsley lactation, Licorice lactation, Oregano lactation, and Fennel lactation data are not on file).

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 22 of the 25 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Rosemary, Angelica Archangelica, Basil, Fennel, Elderberry, among others.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; seizure medications; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; diabetes medications; heart-rhythm medications; lithium.
  • For scale: 1,676 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

If you take blood thinners (anticoagulants like warfarin or clopidogrel) or antiplatelet drugs like aspirin, double-check this product first — ginger, parsley, oregano, fennel, and fenugreek all carry Moderate bleeding-risk interactions. If you take diabetes medications, review with your pharmacist — ginger, parsley, oregano, juniper, and fenugreek may lower blood sugar further.

If you take antibiotics, separate them by at least 2 hours from this product; the probiotics may be killed and become ineffective. Heart medications (digoxin, beta-blockers like metoprolol), thyroid hormone, immunosuppressants, and cancer drugs metabolized by the liver (via CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19) all have documented Moderate interactions with ingredients here and warrant a pharmacist check before starting.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This is a complex multi-ingredient probiotic and herbal product best suited for people interested in gut health support through live bacteria and traditional herbal remedies. If you take blood thinners, diabetes medications, heart drugs, thyroid medication, immunosuppressants, or any liver-metabolized prescription, you should check each medication against the interaction tool on this page before starting.

Separate any antibiotic doses from the probiotics by at least two hours. Talk to your pharmacist or doctor before use, especially if you're pregnant, breastfeeding, have a weakened immune system, or take multiple medications.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 25 of 39 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Nov 22, 2022.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Flora Biome, straight from the product label.

Brand Triquetra
Barcode (UPC) 854552007853
Net contents 16 Fluid Ounce(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Nov 22, 2022
DSLD ID 276287
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Liquid
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Vegan, Vegetarian, Adult (18 - 50 Years), Organic, Gluten Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Flora Biome by Triquetra, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
15 mL
Maximum serving Sizes:
15 mL
Servings per container
32
UPC/BARCODE
854552007853
IngredientAmount% DV
Bifidobacterium bifidum0 NP--
Lactobacillus paracasei0 NP--
Ginger0 NP--
Lactobacillus rhamnosus0 NP--
Streptococcus thermophilus0 NP--
Lactobacillus acidophilus0 NP--
Bifidobacterium longum0 NP--
Lactobacillus casei0 NP--
Lactobacillus plantarum0 NP--
Bifidobacterium animalis0 NP--
Vitamins0 NP--
Sage0 NP--
Licorice0 NP--
Humic Acid0 NP--
Fulvic Acid0 NP--
Amino Acids0 NP--
Polyphenols0 NP--
Oligosaccharides0 NP--
Acetic Acid0 NP--
Elderberry0 NP--
Parsley0 NP--
Oregano0 NP--
Juniper0 NP--
Fennel0 NP--
Fenugreek0 NP--
Nettle0 NP--
Rosemary0 NP--
Peppermint0 NP--
Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis0 NP--
Flora Biome Fermented Blend15 mL--
10 Strain Probiotic Blend0 NP--
Fermented Herbal Prebiotic & Enzyme Blend0 NP--
Angelica archangelica0 NP--
Anise0 NP--
Basil0 NP--
Chamomile0 NP--
Chervil0 NP--
Dill0 NP--
Thyme0 NP--
Postbiotic Metabolites0 NP--
Short Chain Fatty Acid0 NP--
Organic Acids0 NP--
3-Phenyllactic Acid0 NP--
Chelated Minerals0 NP--

Other ingredients: Water, Molasses, Active Cultures

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Serving instructions Take 1 tablespoon, 1 to 2 times daily. Can be consumed directly or mixed with water or juice. Best to consume the first dose upon waking in the morning. Tip: It is recommended to swish liquid in your mouth lightly to promote oral microbiome. For tips on best use and targeted dosing instructions visit: www.TriqueraHealth.com/Best-Use

Refrigerate after opening. For best quality, consume within 45 days of opening.

Formula

A living, full-spectrum microbiome Flora Biome is probiotics as nature intended. Using nature's own synthesis process of fermentation, 10 probiotic cultures and 19 herbs coherently produce a perfectly balanced microbiome & living ecosystem. 50 billion SFU 10 live strains 19 fermented herbs

Live probiotic 50 billion CFU Live cultures Fermented 3 in 1 Prebiotic Probiotic Postbiotic

Formulation

Complete Gut Health In A Bottle It is a living microbiome in a bottle that perfectly replicates a healthy gut and digestive system, delivering not only the probiotics, but also the prebiotics, enzymes, and postbiotics necessary for vital health. 100% shelf stable The total microbiome optimizer The microbiome within your body contains over 100 trillion microbes. A healthy microbiome is foundational to vital health, energy, digestion, weight, and brain function. Flora Biome promotes the health of all facets of your inner microbiome, delivering the essential bacteria to create a healthy probiotic population. It provides the herbal prebiotics that feeds and promotes healthy probiotic bacteria growth and the end-stage postbiotics that heal the gut and deliver health benefits across your entire body. Everything you need to restore your inner microbiome is contain in this bottle.

Total microbiome optimizer Shelf stable

GMO free Gluten free Soy free

Vegan

Organic Exclusively crafted with certified organic ingredients.

Flora Biome is considered self-preserving by FDA low acid regulations.

This ensures no toxic preservatives, sterilization, or pasteurization is used in production.

USDA Organic

Storage

Shelf stable for 1 year The living microbiome within Flora Biome is perfectly preserved by the natural lactic acid produced in fermentation. It has a 1-year shelf life and does not require refrigeration until opened.

General Statements

Visit www.Triquetra.com for more details.

Precautions

Keep this product out of reach of children.

Warning: If you have a medical condition or are taking medication, contact a physician before taking any supplement.

Seals/Symbols

USDA Organic

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Flora Biome by Triquetra label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Flora Biome label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Flora Biome by Triquetra

These are the 3 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size15 mL Dosage formLiquid Servings per container32 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Flora Biome Fermented Blend

15 mL per serving
  • › 10 Strain Probiotic Blend
  • › Fermented Herbal Prebiotic & Enzyme Blend
  • › Postbiotic Metabolites

Other (inactive) ingredients: Water, Molasses, Active Cultures. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Flora Biome by Triquetra Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Flora Biome?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
1,675Drugs
1,673 Moderate 2 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Flora Biome interact with 1,675 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

0 of the 3 ingredients in Flora Biome interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible.

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Flora Biome with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Flora Biome, from the product label.

Triquetra

See all Triquetra products
Name
Triquetra Health LLC
City
Lithia
State
Fl
ZipCode
33547
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Flora Biome by Triquetra: Common Questions

Does Flora Biome by Triquetra interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Flora Biome has a known interaction with 1,675 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Flora Biome contains 3 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Can I take this if I'm on antibiotics?
You can, but timing matters. The probiotics in this product contain live bacteria that antibiotics can kill, making them less effective. Space your antibiotic dose and this product at least 2 hours apart — take one in the morning and the other in the evening, or ask your pharmacist for the best schedule.
Is this safe during pregnancy?
Several ingredients have safety data issues in pregnancy. Ginger is likely safe, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus acidophilus are possibly safe, but licorice, sage, parsley, and fenugreek are unsafe or likely unsafe in medicinal amounts during pregnancy. Talk with your doctor before starting, as pregnancy safety varies by ingredient and dose.
Does this actually help with gut health?
The evidence is mixed. Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus acidophilus are possibly effective for irritable bowel syndrome and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Streptococcus thermophilus has insufficient evidence to rate for most gut conditions. Many of the herbal ingredients lack reliable evidence for digestive health specifically, though some have other documented benefits.
Can I take this with blood pressure or heart medications?
Several ingredients interact with heart and blood pressure drugs. Ginger may increase bleeding risk with certain heart medications; licorice may affect digoxin; and fenugreek and sage theoretically alter blood pressure medication effects. Check with your pharmacist before starting, especially if you take warfarin, digoxin, or beta-blockers.
What side effects should I watch for?
The probiotics and most herbs at food amounts are generally mild, but bloating, gas, and diarrhea occur with probiotics in some people. Ginger can cause heartburn and stomach upset at higher doses. Licorice, sage in large amounts, and parsley in very high doses carry serious toxicity risks. Start with a small dose and watch for any new symptoms, then talk to your pharmacist if they don't improve.
Is this okay while breastfeeding?
Safety data for breastfeeding are limited or absent for many ingredients in this product. Ginger is likely safe, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species are possibly safe, but licorice, parsley, elderberry, juniper, oregano, and fennel have insufficient or no safety data. Talk with your doctor before use while breastfeeding.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Flora Biome is safe with your meds?

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Ask a pharmacist

Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Flora Biome label
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Flora Biome's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 503 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Bifidobacterium Bifidum 7 references
  1. Pierce A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines. New York: The Stonesong Press, 1999:19.
  2. Xiao JZ, Takahashi S, Odamaki T, et al. Antibiotic susceptibility of bifidobacterial strains distributed in the Japanese market. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2010;74(2):336-42. PubMed
  3. Rerksuppaphol S, Rerksuppaphol L. Randomized controlled trial of probiotics to reduce common cold in schoolchildren. Pediatr Int. 2012;54(5):682-7. PubMed
  4. Karamali M, Dadkhah F, Sadrkhanlou M, et al. Effects of probiotic supplementation on glycaemic control and lipid profiles in gestational diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Metab 2016;42(4):234-41. PubMed
  5. Badehnoosh B, Karamali M, Zarrati M, et al. The effects of probiotic supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018 May;31(9):1128-1136.
  6. Pruccoli G, Silvestro E, Pace Napoleone C, Aidala E, Garazzino S, Scolfaro C. Are probiotics safe? Bifidobacterium bacteremia in a child with severe heart failure. Infez Med. 2019;27(2):175-178.
  7. Esaiassen E, Hjerde E, Cavanagh JP, Simonsen GS, Klingenberg C; Norwegian Study Group on Invasive Bifidobacterial Infections. Bifidobacterium bacteremia: Clinical characteristics and a genomic approach to assess pathogenicity. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;55(7) PubMed

See these in context on the Bifidobacterium Bifidum monograph →

Ginger 64 references
  1. Fischer-Rasmussen W, Kjaer SK, Dahl C, Asping U. Ginger treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1991;38:19-24. PubMed
  2. Jewell D, Young G. Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(2):CD000145. PubMed
  3. Vutyavanich T, Kraisarin T, Ruangsri R. Ginger for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2001;97:577-82. DOI
  4. Backon J. Ginger in preventing nausea and vomiting of pregnancy; a caveat due to its thromboxane synthetase activity and effect on testosterone binding. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1991;42:163-4. PubMed
  5. Srivastava KC. Effect of onion and ginger consumption on platelet thromboxane production in humans. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1989;35:183-5. PubMed
  6. Stewart JJ, Wood MJ, Wood CD, Mims ME. Effects of ginger on motion sickness susceptibility and gastric function. Pharmacology 1991;42:111-20. PubMed
  7. Smith C, Crowther C, Willson K, et al. A randomized controlled trial of ginger to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:639-45. PubMed
  8. Portnoi G, Chng LA, Karimi-Tabesh L, et al. Prospective comparative study of the safety and effectiveness of ginger for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;189:1374-7.. PubMed
  9. Wigler I, Grotto I, Caspi D, Yaron M. The effects of Zintona EC (a ginger extract) on symptomatic gonarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003;11:783-9. PubMed
  10. Ghayur MN, Gilani AH. Ginger lowers blood pressure through blockade of voltage-dependent calcium channels. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2005;45:74-80. PubMed
  11. Thomson M, Al-Qattan KK, Al-Sawan SM, et al. The use of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) as a potential anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic agent. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2002;67:475-8. PubMed
  12. Kanerva L, Estlander T, Jolanki R. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from spices. Contact Dermatitis 1996;35:157-62. PubMed
  13. Akhani SP, Vishwakarma SL, Goyal RK. Anti-diabetic activity of Zingiber officinale in streptozotocin-induced type I diabetic rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2004;56:101-5.
  14. Kruth P, Brosi E, Fux R, et al. Ginger-associated overanticoagulation by phenprocoumon. Ann Pharmacother 2004;38:257-60. PubMed
  15. Jiang X, Williams KM, Liauw WS, et al. Effect of ginkgo and ginger on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2005;59:425-32. PubMed
  16. Borrelli F, Capasso R, Aviello G, et al. Effectiveness and safety of ginger in the treatment of pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting. Obstet Gynecol 2005;105:849-56. PubMed
  17. Smith C, Crowther C, Wilson K et al. A randomized controlled trial of ginger to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:639-45. PubMed
  18. Jiang X, Blair EY, McLachlan AJ. Investigation of the effects of herbal medicines on warfarin response in healthy subjects: a population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling approach. J Clin Pharmacol 2006;46:1370-8. PubMed
  19. Chittumma P, Kaewkiattikun K, Wiriyasiriwach B. Comparison of the effectiveness of ginger and vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai 2007;90:15-20.
  20. Ozgoli G, Goli M, Moattar F. Comparison of effects of ginger, mefenamic acid, and ibuprofen on pain in women with primary dysmenorrhea. J Altern Complement Med 2009;15:129-32. PubMed
  21. Black CD, Herring MP, Hurley DJ, O'Connor PJ. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) reduces muscle pain caused by eccentric exercise. J Pain 2010;11:894-903. PubMed
  22. Heitmann K, Nordeng H, Holst L. Safety of ginger use in pregnancy: results from a large population-based cohort study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2012 Jun 17. PubMed
  23. Ryan JL, Heckler CE, Roscoe JA, et al. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) reduces acute chemotherapy-induced nausea: a URCC CCOP study of 576 patients. Support Care Cancer. 2012;20:1479-89. PubMed
  24. Backon J. Ginger as an antiemetic: possible side effects due to its thromboxane synthetase activity. Anaesthesia. 1991;46(8):705-6.. PubMed
  25. Abebe W. Herbal medication: potential for adverse interactions with analgesic drugs. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2002;27:391-401. PubMed
  26. Argento A, Tiraferri E, Marzaloni M. [Oral anticoagulants and medicinal plants. An emerging interaction]. Ann Ital Med Int. 2000;15:139-43.
  27. Young HY, Liao JC, Chang YS, et al. Synergistic effect of ginger and nifedipine on human platelet aggregation: a study in hypertensive patients and normal volunteers. Am J Chin Med. 2006;34:545-51. PubMed
  28. Greenway FL, Liu Z, Martin CK, et al. Safety and efficacy of NT, an herbal supplement, in treating human obesity. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006;30:1737-41. PubMed
  29. Shalansky S, Lynd L, Richardson K, et al. Risk of warfarin-related bleeding events and supratherapeutic international normalized ratios associated with complementary and alternative medicine: a longitudinal analysis. Pharmacotherapy. 2007;27:1237-47. PubMed
  30. Lesho EP, Saullo L, Udvari-Nagy S. A 76-year-old woman with erratic anticoagulation. Cleve Clin J Med. 2004;71:651-6. PubMed
  31. Okonta JM, Uboh M, Obonga WO. Herb-Drug Interaction: A Case Study of Effect of Ginger on the Pharmacokinetic of Metronidazole in Rabbit. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (India) 2008;70(230):232. PubMed
  32. Chiang HM, Chao PD, Hsiu SL, et al. Ginger significantly decreased the oral bioavailability of cyclosporine in rats. Am J Chin Med. 2006;34:845-55. PubMed
  33. Bhandari U, Kanojia R, Pillai KK. Effect of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale on dyslipidaemia in diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;97:227-30. PubMed
  34. Ojewole JA. Analgesic, antiinflammatory and hypoglycaemic effects of ethanol extract of Zingiber officinale (Roscoe) rhizomes (Zingiberaceae) in mice and rats. Phytother Res. 2006;20:764-72.
  35. Al-Amin ZM, Thomson M, Al-Qattan KK, et al. Anti-diabetic and hypolipidaemic properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Br J Nutr. 2006;96:660-6.
  36. Islam MS, Choi H. Comparative effects of dietary ginger (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum) investigated in a type 2 diabetes model of rats. J Med Food. 2008;11:152-9.
  37. Cady RK, Goldstein J, Nett R, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study of sublingual feverfew and ginger (LipiGesic M) in the treatment of migraine. Headache 2011;51:1078-86.
  38. Futrell, J. M. and Rietschel, R. L. Spice allergy evaluated by results of patch tests. Cutis 1993;52(5):288-290.
  39. Sripramote, M. and Lekhyananda, N. A randomized comparison of ginger and vitamin B6 in the treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. J Med Assoc.Thai. 2003;86(9):846-853.
  40. Lohsiriwat, S., Rukkiat, M., Chaikomin, R., and Leelakusolvong, S. Effect of ginger on lower esophageal sphincter pressure. J.Med.Assoc.Thai. 2010;93(3):366-372.
  41. Liu, P. H. and Ho, H. L. Ginger and drug bezoar induced small bowel obstruction. J R.Coll.Surg.Edinb. 1983;28(6):397-398.
  42. Maghbooli M, Golipour F, Moghimi Esfandabadi A, Yousefi M. Comparison between the efficacy of ginger and sumatriptan in the ablative treatment of the common migraine. Phytother Res 2014;28(3):412-5. PubMed
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Streptococcus Thermophilus 21 references
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Lactobacillus Acidophilus 15 references
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Bifidobacterium Longum 21 references
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Sage 27 references
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Licorice 92 references
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Humic Acid 3 references
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Parsley 21 references
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Oregano 12 references
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Juniper 7 references
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Stinging Nettle 23 references
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Rosemary 20 references
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Peppermint 41 references
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Angelica Archangelica 3 references
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Anise 12 references
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Basil 7 references
  1. Blumenthal M, ed. The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Trans. S. Klein. Boston, MA: American Botanical Council, 1998.
  2. McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, eds. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC 1997.
  3. Tognolini, M., Barocelli, E., Ballabeni, V., Bruni, R., Bianchi, A., Chiavarini, M., and Impicciatore, M. Comparative screening of plant essential oils: phenylpropanoid moiety as basic core for antiplatelet activity. Life Sci. 2-23-2006;78(13):1419-1432. PubMed
  4. Tohti, I., Tursun, M., Umar, A., Turdi, S., Imin, H., and Moore, N. Aqueous extracts of Ocimum basilicum L. (sweet basil) decrease platelet aggregation induced by ADP and thrombin in vitro and rats arterio--venous shunt thrombosis in vivo. Thromb.Res 200 PubMed
  5. Amrani, S., Harnafi, H., Gadi, D., Mekhfi, H., Legssyer, A., Aziz, M., Martin-Nizard, F., and Bosca, L. Vasorelaxant and anti-platelet aggregation effects of aqueous Ocimum basilicum extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 8-17-2009;125(1):157-162. PubMed
  6. Umar, A., Imam, G., Yimin, W., Kerim, P., Tohti, I., Berke, B., and Moore, N. Antihypertensive effects of Ocimum basilicum L. (OBL) on blood pressure in renovascular hypertensive rats. Hypertens.Res 5-7-2010; PubMed
  7. Kiec-Swierczynska M, Krecisz B, Chomiczewska D, et al. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by basil (Ocimum basilicum). Contact Dermatitis 2010;63(6):365-7.

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German Chamomile 15 references
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  2. Budzinski JW, Foster BC, Vandenhoek S, Arnason JT. An in vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition by selected commercial herbal extracts and tinctures. Phytomedicine 2000;7:273-82. PubMed
  3. Viola H, Wasowski C, Levi de Stein M, et al. Apigenin, a component of Matricaria recutita flowers, is a central benzodiazepine receptors-ligand with anxiolytic effects. Planta Med 1995;61:213-6.
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  13. Benito P, Rodríguez-Perez R, García F, Juste S, Moneo I, Caballero ML. Occupational allergic rhinoconjunctivitis induced by Matricaria chamomilla with tolerance of chamomile tea. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2014;24(5):369-70. No abstract available.
  14. Braga FT, Santos AC, Bueno PC, et al. Use of Chamomilla recutita in the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a randomized, controlled, phase II clinical trial. Cancer Nurs 2015;38(4):32 PubMed
  15. Sarris J, Ravindran A, Yatham LN, et al. Clinician guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders with nutraceuticals and phytoceuticals: The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) and Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety T

See these in context on the German Chamomile monograph →

Chervil 1 reference
  1. McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, eds. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC 1997.

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Dill 17 references
  1. Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
  2. McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, eds. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC 1997.
  3. Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.
  4. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 -- Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182
  5. Freeman, G. L. Allergy to fresh dill. Allergy 1999;54(5):531-532. PubMed
  6. Chiu, A. M. and Zacharisen, M. C. Anaphylaxis to dill. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2000;84(5):559-560.
  7. Monteseirin, J., Perez-Formoso, J. L., Sanchez-Hernandez, M. C., Hernandez, M., Camacho, M. J., Bonilla, I., Guardia, P., and Conde, J. Occupational contact dermatitis to dill. Allergy 2002;57(9):866-867. PubMed
  8. Monteseirin, J., Perez-Formoso, J. L., Hernandez, M., Sanchez-Hernandez, M. C., Camacho, M. J., Bonilla, I., Chaparro, A., and Conde, J. Contact urticaria from dill. Contact Dermatitis 2003;48(5):275. PubMed
  9. Kojuri, J., Vosoughi, A. R., and Akrami, M. Effects of anethum graveolens and garlic on lipid profile in hyperlipidemic patients. Lipids Health Dis. 2007;6:5. PubMed
  10. Panda, S. The effect of Anethum graveolens L. (dill) on corticosteroid induced diabetes mellitus: involvement of thyroid hormones. Phytother.Res 2008;22(12):1695-1697.
  11. Madani H, Mahmoodabady NA Vahdati A. Effects of hydroalchoholic [sic] extract of Anethum graveolens (DILL) on plasma glucose an [sic] lipid levels in diabetes induced rats. Iranian Journal of Diabetes & Lipid Disorders 2006;5(2):E13.
  12. Hekmatzadeh SF, Bazarganipour F, Malekzadeh J, Goodarzi F, Aramesh S. A randomized clinical trial of the efficacy of applying a simple protocol of boiled Anethum Graveolens seeds on pain intensity and duration of labor stages. Complement Ther Med. 2014;22 PubMed
  13. Sohm B, Cenizo V, André V, Zahouani H, Pailler-Mattei C, Vogelgesang B. Evaluation of the efficacy of a dill extract in vitro and in vivo. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2011;33(2):157-63.
  14. Hekmatzadeh SF, Bazarganipour F, Allan H, Aramesh S, Mohammadi J. Effects of boiled dill seed on anxiety during labor: A randomized clinical trial. Chin J Integr Med. 2020;26(2):100-105. PubMed
  15. Omidvar S, Nasiri-Amiri F, Bakhtiari A, Begum K. Clinical trial for the management dysmenorrhea using selected spices. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2019;36:34-38. PubMed
  16. Haidari F, Zakerkish M, Borazjani F, Ahmadi Angali K, Amoochi Foroushani G. The effects of Anethum graveolens (dill) powder supplementation on clinical and metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes. Trials 2020;21(1):483. PubMed
  17. Mousavi SM, Beatriz Pizarro A, Akhgarjand C, et al. The effects of Anethum graveolens (dill) supplementation on lipid profile and glycemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022;62(21):5

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Thyme 18 references
  1. Zava DT, Dollbaum CM, Blen M. Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1998;217:369-78. PubMed
  2. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 -- Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182
  3. Okazaki K, Kawazoe K, Takaishi Y. Human platelet aggregation inhibitors from thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Phytother Res 2002;16:398-9. .
  4. Spiewak R, Skorska C, Dutkiewicz J. Occupational airborne contact dermatitis caused by thyme dust. Contact Dermatitis 2001;44:235-9. . PubMed
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  6. Yamamoto J, Yamada K, Naemura A, et al. Testing various herbs for antithrombotic effect. Nutrition 2005;21(5):580-7. PubMed
  7. Tognolini, M., Barocelli, E., Ballabeni, V., Bruni, R., Bianchi, A., Chiavarini, M., and Impicciatore, M. Comparative screening of plant essential oils: phenylpropanoid moiety as basic core for antiplatelet activity. Life Sci. 2-23-2006;78(13):1419-1432. PubMed
  8. Mackiewicz, B., Skorska, C., Dutkiewicz, J., Michnar, M., Milanowski, J., Prazmo, Z., Krysinska-Traczyk, E., and Cisak, E. Allergic alveolitis due to herb dust exposure. Ann Agric Environ Med 1999;6(2):167-170.
  9. Martinez-Gonzalez, M. C., Goday Bujan, J. J., Martinez, Gomez W., and Fonseca, Capdevila E. Concomitant allergic contact dermatitis due to Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) and Thymus vulgaris (thyme). Contact Dermatitis 2007;56(1):49-50.
  10. Jukic, M., Politeo, O., Maksimovic, M., Milos, M., and Milos, M. In vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties of thymol, carvacrol and their derivatives thymoquinone and thymohydroquinone. Phytother.Res 2007;21(3):259-261.
  11. Marzian, O. [Treatment of acute bronchitis in children and adolescents. Non-interventional postmarketing surveillance study confirms the benefit and safety of a syrup made of extracts from thyme and ivy leaves]. MMW.Fortschr.Med 6-28-2007;149(27-28 Suppl
  12. Cuzzolin, L. and Benoni, G. Attitudes and knowledge toward natural products safety in the pharmacy setting: an Italian study. Phytother.Res 2009;23(7):1018-1023. PubMed
  13. Berova, N., Stransky, L., and Krasteva, M. Studies on contact dermatitis in stomatological staff. Dermatol.Monatsschr. 1990;176(1):15-18.
  14. Smeenk, G., Kerckhoffs, H. P., and Schreurs, P. H. Contact allergy to a reaction product in Hirudoid cream: an example of compound allergy. Br.J Dermatol. 1987;116(2):223-231.
  15. Le Roy, R., Grosshans, E., and Foussereau, J. [Investigation of contact allergies in 100 cases of ulcus cruris (author's transl)]. Derm.Beruf.Umwelt. 1981;29(6):168-170.
  16. Lorenzi, S., Placucci, F., Vincenzi, C., Bardazzi, F., and Tosti, A. Allergic contact dermatitis due to thymol. Contact Dermatitis 1995;33(6):439-440. PubMed
  17. Bahadoran P, Rokni FK, Fahami F. Investigating the therapeutic effect of vaginal cream containing garlic and thyme compared to clotrimazole cream for the treatment of mycotic vaginitis. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 2010;15(Suppl 1):343-9.
  18. Erol S, Aydin B, Dilli D, Okumus N, Zenciroglu A, Gündüz M. An interesting newborn case of fructose 1-6 diphosphatase deficiency triggered after thyme juice ingestion. Clin Lab. 2014;60(1):151-3. PubMed

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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

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