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L-glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid in the body, produced primarily in skeletal muscle and then released into circulation. It serves vital roles in various tissues, including the immune system, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, and liver, where it supports essential functions such as maintaining intestinal integrity, immune response, and amino acid balance. Although traditionally classified as a non-essential amino acid, during periods of severe stress, glutamine becomes conditionally essential due to the body's increased demand. It acts as a critical nitrogen and carbon transporter between organs, and while the intestinal mucosa can synthesize glutamine, this production is insufficient during times of significant physiological stress. Dietary supplements generally contain L-glutamine as it is the biologically active form of the amino acid.

Amaranth is a diverse group of plants found in lowlands, wastelands, and gardens, with some species yielding seeds used as pseudocereals or for oil. Others, like Amaranthus dubius and Amaranthus tricolor, have large leaves used as vegetables. Common medicinal varieties include Amaranthus roxburghianus and Amaranthus spinosus. The whole amaranth plant is used medicinally. Its leaves contain some vitamin C and beta-carotene, with Amaranthus tricolor leaves also providing calcium, iron, and zinc. Amaranth seed oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), including linoleic, alpha-linolenic, and oleic acids, along with saturated fatty acids (SFAs) like palmitic and stearic acids, in a 1:3 SFA to UFA ratio, and also contains squalene, tocopherols, and sterols. Amaranth seeds, used as pseudocereals, are high in protein, vitamin E, antioxidant phenols, and minerals like iron. Amaranthus hypochondriacus seeds contain bioactive peptides like lunasin, vicilin, and 11S globulin. Amaranthus roxburghianus roots contain eugenol, benzene derivatives, and 3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydropyran-4-one, while Amaranthus spinosus bark contains betacyanins, quercetin, kaempferol, and amaranthoside.

L-Threonine is an essential amino acid, meaning it must be obtained through the diet since the body cannot produce it on its own. It plays a crucial role in supporting overall health and well-being. L-Threonine is involved in protein synthesis, aiding in the formation of collagen, elastin, and muscle tissue. It also contributes to maintaining proper immune function and balancing nitrogen levels within the body.