Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 3 of 4 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

OptiKrill 500 Lemon-Lime Flavor Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Purity Products

OptiKrill 500 Lemon-Lime Flavor label
See full label image
Softgel Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking OptiKrill 500 Lemon-Lime Flavor against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

OptiKrill 500 Lemon-Lime Flavor is a dietary supplement by Purity Products with 4 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for bone health and osteoporosis, correcting vitamin d deficiency, immune system support.Based on those ingredients, 990 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Vitamin D, natural Astaxanthin, Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against OptiKrill 500 Lemon-Lime Flavor by Purity Products

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with OptiKrill 500 Lemon-Lime Flavor by Purity Products — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of OptiKrill 500 Lemon-Lime Flavor by Purity Products

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Aug 27, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 6 of its 6 active ingredients.
  • “Omega-3 Fatty Acids” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label gives one combined amount (420 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.
  • “PurityKrill Omega-3 Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (1,000 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.

OptiKrill 500 contains 6 active ingredients centered on omega-3 fatty acids from krill and fish oil, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), plus vitamin D and natural astaxanthin. The inactive ingredients are the enriched krill and fish oil blend itself, the softgel capsule shell, an astaxanthin extract, and a proprietary freshness system called LemonLock.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: cardiovascular, brain, joint health support.
  • We looked for evidence on: Cardiovascular disease (CVD), Coronary heart disease (CHD), Heart failure, Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, Atrial fibrillation — and 4 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Vitamin D is rated "Possibly Effective" for Heart failure (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Vitamin D is rated "Possibly Ineffective" for Cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  • Also on file: Vitamin D is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Age-related cognitive decline, Alzheimer disease, Atrial fibrillation, Cognitive function, and more.

Vitamin D in this product is effective for familial hypophosphatemia, osteomalacia, renal osteodystrophy, rickets, and hypoparathyroidism. For astaxanthin's uses — age-related cognitive decline, macular degeneration, aging skin, Alzheimer disease, athletic performance, and carpal tunnel syndrome — the evidence we hold is insufficient to rate effectiveness.

The omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) we could not fully evaluate for their own effects.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Vitamin D Docosahexaenoic Acid (dha) Astaxanthin

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 2 of the 2 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 2 of 2.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 2 of 2.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Vitamin D is generally well tolerated at recommended doses but can cause toxicity if taken in very high doses over time, with symptoms including high blood calcium (hypercalcemia), kidney problems, and anemia. It's likely safe in pregnancy at recommended amounts and likely safe while breastfeeding, but use only under your doctor's guidance.

Astaxanthin is generally well tolerated in studies, though long-term safety data are limited. It's best avoided in pregnancy and while breastfeeding due to insufficient safety information.

The most common side effects from astaxanthin are abdominal pain, diarrhea, and red-colored stools; higher doses have caused severe stomach pain in rare cases.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Vitamin D Docosahexaenoic Acid (dha) Astaxanthin

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 2 of the 2 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Vitamin D, Astaxanthin.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: heart-rhythm medications.
  • For scale: 744 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check with your doctor or pharmacist before taking this product if you use thiazide diuretics, verapamil, atorvastatin, digoxin, diltiazem, calcipotriene, or aluminum-containing products — vitamin D can raise blood calcium or reduce how these drugs work. If you take medications broken down by CYP3A4 or CYP2B6 enzymes, let your pharmacist know, as both vitamin D and astaxanthin may theoretically affect their levels.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

OptiKrill 500 is built on omega-3s with vitamin D and astaxanthin for general wellness. If you take blood pressure or heart medications (especially diuretics, verapamil, diltiazem, digoxin), cholesterol drugs like atorvastatin, or psoriasis treatments like calcipotriene, check with your doctor or pharmacist before starting — vitamin D at high doses interacts with several of these.

If you're pregnant, breastfeeding, or take any prescription medication, talk it over with your doctor or pharmacist first.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 2 of 6 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Nov 21, 2019.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about OptiKrill 500 Lemon-Lime Flavor, straight from the product label.

Brand Purity Products
Barcode (UPC) 793573922083
Net contents 60 Softgel(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Nov 21, 2019
DSLD ID 210013
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Softgel Capsule
Dietary claims / uses Nutrient, All Other, Qualified Health, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for OptiKrill 500 Lemon-Lime Flavor by Purity Products, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
2 Softgel(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
2 Softgel(s)
Servings per container
30
UPC/BARCODE
793573922083
IngredientAmount% DV
Calories10 Calorie(s)--
Calories from Fat10 Calorie(s)--
Omega-3 Fatty Acids420 mg--
Eicosapentaenoic Acid210 mg--
Docosahexaenoic Acid130 mg--
Cholesterol15 mg5%
Total Fat1 Gram(s)2%
Vitamin D500 IU125%
Other Omega-3 Fatty Acids80 mg--
Total Phospholipids200 mg--
PurityKrill Omega-3 Blend1000 mg--
natural Astaxanthin500 mcg--

Other ingredients: Enriched Krill and Fish Oil Omega-3 Blend, Capsule Shell, Astaxanthin extract, Proprietary LemonLock Freshness System

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General Statements

Evidence-based nutritional supplements

Non-repeating lemon-lime flavor!

Third-party tested

Vitamin angels

To reorder call: 1-800-281-7781

Formula

LemonLock Freshness System 500 mg Krill 500 mg Omega-3 fish oil 500 IU Vitamin D

Contains soy, fish and crustacean shellfish.

Purity's LemomLock Freshness System locks in purity and seals in freshness. OptiKrill 500 optimizes 500 mg of Krill with 500 mg of Omega-3 fish oil plus 500 IU of Vitamin D3 to support cardiovascular health, cognitive function and joint health.

Formulation

Supports cardiovascular health and function Promotes brain health and cognitive function Supports joint health and function Heart, joint, brain and energy support

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Precautions

Contains soy, fish and crustacean shellfish.

Do not use if safety seal is broken.

Brand IP Statement(s)

PurityKrill is a trademark of Purity Products. BioMarine is a registered trademark of Marine Ingredients.

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested use: As a dietary supplement, take 2 softgels daily with a meal, or take as directed by your health care professional. For daily use.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statement have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

OptiKrill 500 Lemon-Lime Flavor by Purity Products label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

OptiKrill 500 Lemon-Lime Flavor label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in OptiKrill 500 Lemon-Lime Flavor by Purity Products

These are the 4 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size2 Softgel(s) Dosage formSoftgel Capsule Servings per container30 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Vitamin D

Interacts with
715 drugs
500 IU per serving Form: Cholecalciferol

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that helps your body absorb calcium and is important for healthy bones, muscles, and immune function. Many people,...

Vitamin D monograph & interactions

Total Phospholipids

200 mg per serving

PurityKrill Omega-3 Blend

1000 mg per serving

Natural Astaxanthin

Interacts with
671 drugs
500 mcg per serving Form: Haematococcus pluvialis, Krill Oil

Astaxanthin is a reddish carotenoid pigment with strong antioxidant activity in the lab, and it is widely promoted for skin, eye, heart, and exercise...

Natural Astaxanthin monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Enriched Krill and Fish Oil Omega-3 Blend, Capsule Shell, Astaxanthin extract, Proprietary LemonLock Freshness System. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

OptiKrill 500 Lemon-Lime Flavor by Purity Products Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against OptiKrill 500 Lemon-Lime Flavor?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
990Drugs
990 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Vitamin D 715
natural Astaxanthin 671
Omega-3 Fatty Acids 375

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in OptiKrill 500 Lemon-Lime Flavor interact with 990 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

3 of the 4 ingredients in OptiKrill 500 Lemon-Lime Flavor interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Vitamin D natural Astaxanthin Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in OptiKrill 500 Lemon-Lime Flavor with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Vitamin D8 drug types · 715 drugs

Aluminum

Vitamin D might increase aluminum absorption and toxicity, but this has only been reported in people with renal failure.
The protein that transports calcium across the intestinal wall can also bind and transport aluminum. This protein is stimulated by vitamin D, which may therefore increase aluminum absorption. This mechanism may contribute to increased aluminum levels and toxicity in people with renal failure, when they take vitamin D and aluminum-containing phosphate binders chronically.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Atorvastatin (Lipitor)

Vitamin D might reduce absorption of atorvastatin.
A small, low-quality clinical study shows that taking vitamin D reduces levels of atorvastatin and its active metabolites by up to 55%. However, while atorvastatin levels decreased, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels did not substantially change. Atorvastatin is metabolized in the gut by CYP3A4 enzymes, and researchers theorized that vitamin D might induce CYP3A4, causing reduced levels of atorvastatin. However, this proposed mechanism was not specifically studied.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Calcipotriene (Dovonex)

Taking calcipotriene with vitamin D increases the risk for hypercalcemia.
Calcipotriene is a vitamin D analog used topically for psoriasis. It can be absorbed in sufficient amounts to cause systemic effects, including hypercalcemia. Theoretically, combining calcipotriene with vitamin D supplements might increase the risk of hypercalcemia.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Digoxin (Lanoxin)

Theoretically, hypercalcemia induced by high-dose vitamin D can increase the risk of arrhythmia from digoxin.
High doses of vitamin D can cause hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia increases the risk of fatal cardiac arrhythmias with digoxin. Avoid vitamin D doses above the tolerable upper intake level (4000 IU daily for adults) and monitor serum calcium levels in people taking vitamin D and digoxin concurrently.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Diltiazem (Cardizem, Others)

Theoretically, hypercalcemia induced by high-dose vitamin D can reduce the therapeutic effects of diltiazem for arrhythmia.
High doses of vitamin D can cause hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia can reduce the effectiveness of verapamil in atrial fibrillation. Theoretically this could also occur with diltiazem. Avoid vitamin D doses above the tolerable upper intake level (4000 IU daily for adults) and monitor serum calcium levels in people taking vitamin D and diltiazem concurrently.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Thiazide Diuretics

Theoretically, taking thiazide diuretics and high-dose vitamin D can increase the risk of hypercalcemia.
Thiazide diuretics decrease urinary calcium excretion, which could lead to hypercalcemia if vitamin D supplements are taken concurrently. This has been reported in people being treated with vitamin D for hypoparathyroidism, and also in elderly people with normal parathyroid function who were taking a thiazide, vitamin D, and calcium-containing antacids daily.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Verapamil (Calan, Others)

Hypercalcemia induced by high-dose vitamin D can reduce the therapeutic effects of verapamil for arrhythmia.
Hypercalcemia due to high doses of vitamin D can reduce the effectiveness of verapamil in atrial fibrillation. Avoid vitamin D doses above the tolerable upper intake level (4000 IU daily for adults) and monitor serum calcium levels in people taking vitamin D and verapamil concurrently.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Vitamin D might induce CYP3A4 enzymes and reduce the bioavailability of CYP3A4 substrates.
There is some concern that vitamin D might induce CYP3A4. In vitro research suggests that vitamin D induces CYP3A4 transcription. Additionally, observational research has found that increased UV light exposure and serum vitamin D levels are associated with decreased serum levels of CYP3A4 substrates such as tacrolimus and sirolimus, while no association between UV light exposure or vitamin D levels and levels of mycophenolic acid, a non-CYP3A4 substrate, was found. A small, low-quality clinical study shows that taking vitamin D reduces levels of the CYP3A4 substrate atorvastatin and its active metabolites by up to 55%; however, the clinical effects of atorvastatin were not reduced. While researchers theorized that vitamin D might induce CYP3A4, this proposed mechanism was not specifically studied.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Vitamin D full monograph & interactions

natural Astaxanthin2 drug types · 671 drugs

Cytochrome P450 2B6 (Cyp2B6) Substrates

Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2B6.
In vitro research shows that astaxanthin induces cytochrome CYP2B6 enzyme activity in human hepatocytes. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
In vitro research shows that astaxanthin induces CYP3A4 enzyme activity in human hepatocytes. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
natural Astaxanthin full monograph & interactions

Omega-3 Fatty Acids3 drug types · 375 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, DHA may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Although some clinical evidence suggests that DHA might reduce collagen-stimulated platelet aggregation and thromboxane release, most clinical evidence suggests that DHA alone does not affect blood clotting. However, theoretically, when given in combination with EPA as fish oil, concomitant use with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs (including aspirin) might increase risk of bleeding.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, taking DHA with antidiabetes drugs might reduce the effects of these medications.
In people with type 2 diabetes, including those taking oral hypoglycemic medications, DHA seems to increase fasting blood glucose levels.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, taking DHA with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Fish oils containing DHA can lower blood pressure and might have additive effects in patients treated with antihypertensives; use with caution.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Omega-3 Fatty Acids full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for OptiKrill 500 Lemon-Lime Flavor, from the product label.

Purity Products

See all Purity Products products
Name
Purity Products
Street Address
200 Terminal Dr.
City
Plainview
State
NY
ZipCode
11803
Phone Number
1-888-769-7873
Web Address
www.purityproducts.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

OptiKrill 500 Lemon-Lime Flavor by Purity Products: Common Questions

Does OptiKrill 500 Lemon-Lime Flavor by Purity Products interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, OptiKrill 500 Lemon-Lime Flavor has a known interaction with 990 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
OptiKrill 500 Lemon-Lime Flavor contains 4 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
What's the vitamin D in OptiKrill actually for?
Vitamin D in this product is established for treating bone and mineral disorders like rickets, osteomalacia, familial hypophosphatemia, and hypoparathyroidism. Many people also take it for general bone health, though that use isn't confirmed in the data we hold for this supplement.
Is astaxanthin really effective for memory or joint health?
The evidence we hold on astaxanthin for those uses — cognitive decline, macular degeneration, skin health, Alzheimer disease, athletic performance, and carpal tunnel — is insufficient to rate. That doesn't mean it doesn't work; we just don't have strong clinical data yet.
Can I take this if I'm pregnant?
Vitamin D at recommended doses is likely safe in pregnancy and is often used under doctor guidance. Astaxanthin, though, has not been studied enough in pregnancy — the safety data advises against it. Talk with your doctor about whether OptiKrill is right for you during pregnancy.
What if I get red poop after taking it?
Red or reddish-colored stools are a known side effect of astaxanthin and aren't dangerous — they're just the color of the supplement coming through. Abdominal pain and diarrhea are also possible. If symptoms are severe or don't settle, check with your pharmacist.
Can vitamin D at the dose in this product cause toxicity?
Vitamin D is generally safe at recommended doses. Toxicity happens with very high doses taken over a long time, not from standard supplement levels. If you're taking high-dose vitamin D separately or have kidney problems, mention that to your doctor before adding this product.
Is this just fish oil with extra stuff, or are the krill omega-3s different?
OptiKrill uses krill and fish oil omega-3s together — both contain EPA and DHA, the active omega-3 fatty acids. Krill oil sometimes absorbs differently than fish oil, but the data we hold don't detail specific advantages for this blend over others.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

OptiKrill 500 Lemon-Lime Flavor label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind OptiKrill 500 Lemon-Lime Flavor’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Vitamin D

Interacts with 715 drugs

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that helps your body absorb calcium and is important for healthy bones, muscles, and immune function. Many people, especially those with low sun exposure,...

Read the full Vitamin D monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Docosahexaenoic Acid (dha)

Interacts with 375 drugs

DHA is an omega-3 fatty acid found in fatty fish and algae that is a building block for the brain, nervous system, and eyes. It is widely used and generally well tolerated, with the stronges...

Read the full Docosahexaenoic Acid (dha) monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Astaxanthin

Interacts with 671 drugs

Astaxanthin is a reddish carotenoid pigment with strong antioxidant activity in the lab, and it is widely promoted for skin, eye, heart, and exercise benefits. Early human studies are promis...

Read the full Astaxanthin monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

OptiKrill 500 Lemon-Lime Flavor's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 78 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Docosahexaenoic Acid (dha) 49 references
  1. Akedo I, Ishikawa H, Nakamura T, et al. Three cases with familial adenomatous polyposis diagnosed as having malignant lesions in the course of a long-term trial using docosahexanoic acid (DHA)-concentrated fish oil capsules (abstract). Jpn J Clin Oncol PubMed
  2. Prisco D, Paniccia R, Bandinelli B, et al. Effect of medium-term supplementation with a moderate dose of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood pressure in mild hypertensive patients. Thromb Res 1998;1:105-12.
  3. Grimsgaard S, Bonaa KH, Hansen JB, Nordoy A. Highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in humans have similar triacylglycerol-lowering effects but divergent effects on serum fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:649-59.
  4. Toft I, Bonaa KH, Ingebretsen OC, et al. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on glucose homeostasis and blood pressure in essential hypertension. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:911-8.
  5. Sacks FM, Hebert P, Appel LJ, et al. Short report: the effect of fish oil on blood pressure and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in phase I of the trials of hypertension prevention. J Hypertens 1994;12:209-13.
  6. Vandongen R, Mori TA, Burke V, et al. Effects on blood pressure of omega 3 fats in subjects at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Hypertension 1993;22:371-9. PubMed
  7. FDA. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Letter regarding dietary supplement health claim for omega-3 fatty acids and coronary heart disease. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/95s0316/95s-0316-Rpt0272-38-Appendix-D-Reference
  8. Pedersen HS, Mulvad G, Seidelin KN, et al. N-3 fatty acids as a risk factor for haemorrhagic stroke. Lancet 1999;353:812-3. PubMed
  9. Ito Y, Suzuki K, Imai H, et al. Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on atrophic gastritis in a Japanese population. Cancer Lett 2001;163:171-8. PubMed
  10. Kris-Ehterton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ, et al. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2002;106:2747-57. PubMed
  11. Woodman RJ, Mori TA, Burke V, et al. Effects of purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on glycemic control, blood pressure, and serum lipids in type 2 diabetic patients with treated hypertension. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:1007-15.. PubMed
  12. Marangell LB, Martinez JM, Zboyan HA, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid in the treatment of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:996-8.. PubMed
  13. Leng GC, Smith FB, Fowkes FG, et al. Relationship between plasma essential fatty acids and smoking, serum lipids, blood pressure and haemostatic and rheological factors. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1994;51:101-8. PubMed
  14. Nelson GJ, Schmidt PS, Bartolini GL, et al. The effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid on platelet function, platelet fatty acid composition, and blood coagulation in humans. Lipids 1997;32:1129-36. PubMed
  15. Wheaton DH, Hoffman DR, Locke KG, et al. Biological safety assessment of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in a randomized clinical trial for X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121:1269-78. PubMed
  16. Malcolm CA, McCulloch DL, Montgomery C, et al. Maternal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during pregnancy and visual evoked potential development in term infants: a double blind, prospective, randomised trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2003;88: DOI
  17. Sanjurjo P, Ruiz-Sanz JI, Jimeno P, et al. Supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid in the last trimester of pregnancy: maternal-fetal biochemical findings. J Perinat Med 2004;32:132-6.
  18. Montgomery C, Speake BK, Cameron A, et al. Maternal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and fetal accretion. Br J Nutr 2003;90:135-45. DOI
  19. Lauritzen L, Hoppe C, Straarup EM, Michaelsen KF. Maternal fish oil supplementation in lactation and growth during the first 2.5 years of life. Pediatr Res 2005;58:235-42. PubMed
  20. Hawkes JS, Bryan DL, Makrides M, et al. A randomized trial of supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid-rich tuna oil and its effects on the human milk cytokines interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75:75
  21. Uauy R, Hoffman DR, Mena P, et al. Term infant studies of DHA and ARA supplementation on neurodevelopment: Results of randomized controlled trials. J Pediatr 2003;143:S17-25. PubMed
  22. Decsi, T., Campoy, C., and Koletzko, B. Effect of N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in pregnancy: the Nuheal trial. Adv.Exp Med Biol 2005;569:109-113. PubMed
  23. Mori, T. A., Bao, D. Q., Burke, V., Puddey, I. B., and Beilin, L. J. Docosahexaenoic acid but not eicosapentaenoic acid lowers ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in humans. Hypertension 1999;34(2):253-260. PubMed
  24. Otto, S. J., van Houwelingen, A. C., and Hornstra, G. The effect of supplementation with docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid derived from single cell oils on plasma and erythrocyte fatty acids of pregnant women in the second trimester. Prostaglandins Le PubMed
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Vitamin D 26 references
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Astaxanthin 3 references
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See these in context on the Astaxanthin monograph →

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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

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