Phosphatidyl Choline Ingredients & Drug Interactions
by Carlson
What is this page for?
First and foremost: checking Phosphatidyl Choline against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.
Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy
Phosphatidyl Choline is a dietary supplement by Carlson with 2 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for liver health, memory and brain support, ulcerative colitis.Based on those ingredients, 16 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated minor. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.
Check Your Meds Against Phosphatidyl Choline by Carlson
Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Phosphatidyl Choline by Carlson — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.
AI summaries are generated from our interaction database for education only — always confirm with your pharmacist. How we use AI
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Phosphatidyl Choline by Carlson
Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.
What’s inside
Full disclosure
Phosphatidyl Choline by Carlson contains 2 active ingredients: choline and a phosphatidylcholine complex. Choline is a nutrient your body uses to make acetylcholine, a chemical messenger in your brain and nervous system, and to maintain cell membranes.
Phosphatidylcholine is a compound found naturally in foods like eggs and soybeans; it's a form of choline that may support liver health and brain function. The softgel also contains medium chain triglyceride oil and a soft gel shell as inactive ingredients.
Does it work?
Not established
The evidence for choline in this product is mixed. For athletic performance, choline is rated possibly ineffective.
For several other uses — age-related cognitive decline, Alzheimer disease, allergic rhinitis, and liver disease related to total parenteral nutrition — the evidence is too limited to rate. The phosphatidylcholine complex shows possibly effective evidence for ulcerative colitis, though evidence for other uses like nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and Alzheimer disease remains insufficient.
How safe is it?
Well-documented data
Choline is generally well tolerated at food amounts, but high-dose supplements can cause side effects. Doses above 3.5 grams daily carry risk; at 9 grams or more daily, fishy body odor, diarrhea, nausea, sweating, and vomiting have been reported.
Phosphatidylcholine is also generally well tolerated orally, though high doses (30 grams daily) can cause gastrointestinal upset, bloating, diarrhea, nausea, altered taste, and vomiting. During pregnancy, choline is important and rated likely safe, but use only the dose your doctor advises.
While breastfeeding, choline needs are higher, but supplement use beyond food sources should be discussed with your healthcare provider first — we hold insufficient data on phosphatidylcholine safety in breastfeeding.
Meds to double-check
Minor interactions only
Before taking this supplement, check with your doctor or pharmacist if you take atropine or any anticholinergic drugs (medications that block acetylcholine activity in your body). Choline may theoretically lower how well these medications work.
The bottom line
Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with no established evidence rating for its marketed use. Only minor medication interactions are documented, and safety information is well characterized.
This product may be worth considering if you're looking for choline or phosphatidylcholine support, though the evidence for specific conditions is limited. If you take atropine or other anticholinergic medications, check with your doctor or pharmacist before starting — choline may interfere with how they work.
Pregnant or breastfeeding? Talk it over with your healthcare provider to make sure the dose is right for you.
Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI
Assessment coverage: 2 of 2 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Dec 23, 2015.
This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed
General information
Key facts about Phosphatidyl Choline, straight from the product label.
| Brand | Carlson |
|---|---|
| Barcode (UPC) | 088395087622 |
| Net contents | 250 Softgel(s) |
| Market status | On market |
| Date entered into DSLD | Dec 23, 2015 |
| DSLD ID | 55032 |
| Product type | Other Combinations |
| Supplement form | Softgel Capsule |
| Dietary claims / uses | All Other, Structure/Function |
| Intended target group(s) | Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free, Sugar Free |
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.
Supplement Facts
The label details for Phosphatidyl Choline by Carlson, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.
Supplement Facts
| Ingredient | Amount | % DV |
|---|---|---|
| Calories | 10 {Calories} | -- |
| Calories from Fat | 10 {Calories} | -- |
| Total Fat | 1 Gram(s) | 2% |
| Choline | 54 mg | -- |
| Phosphatidyl Choline Complex | 1200 mg | -- |
| Phosphatidyl Choline | 400 mg | -- |
Other ingredients: Medium Chain Triglyceride Oil, Soft Gel Shell
Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Formula
Contains soy.
54 mg of Choline
Naturally contains Phosphatidyl ethanolamione and phosphatidyl inositol.
Precautions
Contains soy.
FDA Statement of Identity
Dietary Supplement
General Statements
Supports Healthy Brain Function*
Phosphatidyl Choline is the most plentiful of the phospholipids, a group of specialized fat molecules, found in plant and animal cells. An important building block of cell membranes, phosphatidyl choline helps form the lining around each cell. Carlson Phosphatidyl Choline is derived from soy lecithin, a natural source of choline. Vital to the body, choline is a precursor of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter required for healthy normal brain and nervous system function.*
Gluten-free Sugar-free Preservative-free
Potency & Quality Guaranteed
An FDA Regulated Facility
FDA Disclaimer Statement
* This statement has not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions
Directions: Take one soft gel one to three times daily, at mealtime.
General
8762-2b
Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.
Phosphatidyl Choline by Carlson label
The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.
Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.
View the full label (PDF)The Ingredients in Phosphatidyl Choline by Carlson
These are the 2 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.
Serving size1 Softgel(s) Dosage formSoftgel Capsule Amounts shown are per serving.
Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.
Phosphatidyl Choline Complex
No knowninteractions
Phosphatidylcholine is a phospholipid that is part of every cell membrane and a source of choline. People take it for liver, brain, and gut health, bu...
Phosphatidyl Choline Complex monograph & interactionsPhosphatidyl Choline
No knowninteractions
Phosphatidylcholine is a phospholipid that is part of every cell membrane and a source of choline. People take it for liver, brain, and gut health, bu...
Phosphatidyl Choline monograph & interactions- › Choline
Other (inactive) ingredients: Medium Chain Triglyceride Oil, Soft Gel Shell. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.
Phosphatidyl Choline by Carlson Drug Interactions
HelloPharmacist Interaction Report
Phosphatidyl Choline by Carlson can interact with medications, primarily through its choline content.
The most serious documented interaction is with atropine (a medication sometimes used for certain types of poisoning and eye conditions), where choline may theoretically decrease atropine's effects in the brain. This is rated Minor severity.
Read the full breakdown — every affected drug type, severity by severity
Choline is the only ingredient in this product with documented drug interactions in our data. The phosphatidylcholine complex component has no known interactions on file.
Altogether, these interactions span 16 individual medications.
Before you start this supplement, run your complete medication list through the interaction checker below — especially if you take atropine or any anticholinergic drugs (medications that block acetylcholine activity). Your doctor or pharmacist can tell you whether the timing or dose needs adjusting.
Check your own medications below · Editorial policy · How we use AI
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Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.
Go to the checkerIngredients driving the most interactions
Individual Drug Interactions
The ingredients in Phosphatidyl Choline interact with 16 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.
0 of the 2 ingredients in Phosphatidyl Choline interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible.
AtropineSal-Tropine
How Atropine interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Atropine interactionAtropine SulfateAtropine Sulfate, Isopto Atropine
How Atropine Sulfate interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Atropine Sulfate interactionAtropine, Benzoic Acid, Hyoscyamine, Methenamine, Methylene Blue, PhenylAtrosept
How Atropine, Benzoic Acid, Hyoscyamine, Methenamine, Methylene Blue, Phenyl interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Atropine, Benzoic Acid, Hyoscyamine, Methenamine, Methylene Blue, Phenyl interactionAtropine, Benzoic Acid, Hyoscyamine, Methenamine, Methylene Blue, Phenyl SalicylateUrinary Antiseptic 2, Urised
How Atropine, Benzoic Acid, Hyoscyamine, Methenamine, Methylene Blue, Phenyl Salicylate interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Atropine, Benzoic Acid, Hyoscyamine, Methenamine, Methylene Blue, Phenyl Salicylate interactionAtropine, Chlorpheniramine, Hyoscyamine, Phenylephrine, Phenylpropanolamine, ScopolamineAtrohist Plus, Pro Tuss, Ru-tuss, Stahist
How Atropine, Chlorpheniramine, Hyoscyamine, Phenylephrine, Phenylpropanolamine, Scopolamine interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Atropine, Chlorpheniramine, Hyoscyamine, Phenylephrine, Phenylpropanolamine, Scopolamine interactionAtropine, DifenoxinMotofen
How Atropine, Difenoxin interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Atropine, Difenoxin interactionAtropine, DiphenoxylateLofene, Lomotil
How Atropine, Diphenoxylate interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Atropine, Diphenoxylate interactionAtropine, Hyoscyamine, PhenobarbitalHypnaldyne
How Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Phenobarbital interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Phenobarbital interactionAtropine, Hyoscyamine, Phenobarbital, ScopolamineBarbidonna No. 2, Belladonna Phenobarbital
How Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Phenobarbital, Scopolamine interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Phenobarbital, Scopolamine interactionAtropine, Hyoscyamine, ScopolamineColytrol
How Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Scopolamine interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Scopolamine interactionAtropine, Hyoscyamine, Scopolamine, PhenobarbitalBarbeloid, Donnatal #2, Donphen
How Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Scopolamine, Phenobarbital interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Scopolamine, Phenobarbital interactionAtropine, PhenobarbitalAnthrocol
How Atropine, Phenobarbital interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Atropine, Phenobarbital interactionAtropine, MeperidineAtropine, Meperidine
How Atropine, Meperidine interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Atropine, Meperidine interactionAtropine, Morphine SulfateAtropine, Morphine Sulfate
How Atropine, Morphine Sulfate interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Atropine, Morphine Sulfate interactionBelladonna Alkaloids, PhenobarbitalBarbidonna, Donnatal
How Belladonna Alkaloids, Phenobarbital interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Belladonna Alkaloids, Phenobarbital interactionEdrophonium, AtropineEnlon-Plus
How Edrophonium, Atropine interacts with Phosphatidyl Choline — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CholineAtropine Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Read the full Choline + Edrophonium, Atropine interactionEach ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects
For each ingredient in Phosphatidyl Choline with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.
Brand information
Manufacturer and brand details for Phosphatidyl Choline, from the product label.
Carlson
See all Carlson products- Name
- Carlson Div. of J.R. Carlson Laboratories, Inc.
- City
- Arlington Heights
- State
- IL
- ZipCode
- 60004
- Phone Number
- 888-234-5656
- Web Address
- www.carlsonlabs.com
Phosphatidyl Choline by Carlson: Common Questions
Does Phosphatidyl Choline by Carlson interact with any medications?
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Where does this information come from?
Will this give me a fishy smell?
Is this safe to take while pregnant?
Can I take this while breastfeeding?
What is phosphatidylcholine used for?
What happens if I take too much?
Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy
Not sure if Phosphatidyl Choline is safe with your meds?
Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.
Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.
The Full Monographs Behind Phosphatidyl Choline’s Ingredients
Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.
Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylcholine is a phospholipid that is part of every cell membrane and a source of choline. People take it for liver, brain, and gut health, but solid human evidence is limited for mo...
Read the full Phosphatidylcholine monograph → Herb & supplement monographCholine
Interacts with 16 drugsCholine is an essential nutrient your body needs for liver function, brain health, and nerve signaling, and many people get enough from foods like eggs, meat, and fish. Supplements may help...
Read the full Choline monograph →Sources & How We Checked
Phosphatidyl Choline's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.
- NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) — The official product label on file for this supplement.
- Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center) — Evidence-graded clinical reference behind the ingredient interaction data.
Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.
The 29 references behind this product’s interaction data
Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.
Choline 14 references
- Yates AA, Schlicker SA, Suitor CW. Dietary reference intakes: The new basis for recommendations for calcium and related nutrients, B vitamins, and choline. J Am Diet Assoc 1998;98:699-706. PubMed
- Cho E, Willett WC, Colditz GA, et al. Dietary choline and betaine and the risk of distal colorectal adenoma in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:1224-31. PubMed
- Schmidt, C., Abicht, A., Krampfl, K., Voss, W., Stucka, R., Mildner, G., Petrova, S., Schara, U., Mortier, W., Bufler, J., Huebner, A., and Lochmuller, H. Congenital myasthenic syndrome due to a novel missense mutation in the gene encoding choline acetyl
- Tamminga, C., Smith, R. C., Chang, S., Haraszti, J. S., and Davis, J. M. Depression associated with oral choline. Lancet 10-23-1976;2(7991):905. PubMed
- Wood, J. L. and Allison, R. G. Effects of consumption of choline and lecithin on neurological and cardiovascular systems. Fed.Proc. 1982;41(14):3015-3021.
- Growdon, J. H. and Gelenberg, A. J. Choline and lecithin administration to patients with tardive dyskinesia. Trans.Am.Neurol.Assoc. 1978;103:95-99.
- Smith, C. M., Swash, M., Exton-Smith, A. N., Phillips, M. J., Overstall, P. W., Piper, M. E., and Bailey, M. R. Choline therapy in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 8-5-1978;2(8084):318. PubMed
- Morrison, L. M. and W. F. Gonzales. Choline in coronary atherosclerosis. Amer.Heart J. 1950;39:729.
- Christie, J. G. Blackburn 1. M. Glen A. I. M. Zeisel S. Shering A. & Yates C. M. Effects of choline and lecithin on CSF choline levels and on cognitive functioning in patients with presenile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Nutrition and the brain 1979;5
- Sidhu N, Davies S, Nadarajah A, et al. Oral choline supplementation for postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 2013;111(2):249-55. PubMed
- Wozniak JR, Fuglestad AJ, Eckerle JK, et al. Choline supplementation in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders has high feasibility and tolerability. Nutr Res. 2013;33(11):897-904. PubMed
- Wozniak JR, Fuglestad AJ, Eckerle JK, et al. Choline supplementation in children with fetal alcohol disorders: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(5): 1113-25.
- Ross RG, Hunter SK, McCarthy L, et al. Perinatal choline effects on neonatal pathophysiology related to later schizophrenia risk. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(3):290-8. PubMed
- Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Choline. Dietary Reference Intakes: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B-6, Vitamin B-12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press; 1998:390-422.
Phosphatidylcholine 15 references
- Domino EF, May WW, Demetriou S, et al. Lack of clinically significant improvement of patients with tardive dyskinesia following phosphatidylcholine therapy. Biol Psychiatry 1985;20:1189-96. PubMed
- Aronson PJ, Lorincz AL. Promotion of palmar sweating with oral phosphatidylcholine. Acta Derm Venereol 1985;65:19-24. DOI
- Hexsel DM, Serra M, de Oliveira Dal'Forno T, et al. Cosmetic uses of injectable phosphatidylcholine on the face. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2005;38:1119-29. PubMed
- Kopera D, Binder B, Toplak H, et al. Histopathologic changes after intralesional application of phosphatidylcholine for lipoma reduction: report of a case. Am J Dermatopathol 2006;28:331-3. PubMed
- Rittes PG. The use of phosphatidylcholine for correction of lower lid bulging due to prominent fat pads. Dermatol Surg 2001;27:391-2. PubMed
- Rotunda AM, Kolodney MS. Mesotherapy and phosphatidylcholine injections: historical clarification and review. Dermatol Surg 2006;32:465-80. PubMed
- Hexsel D, Serra M, Mazzuco R, et al. Phosphatidylcholine in the treatment of localized fat. J Drugs Dermatol 2003;2:511-8.
- Hasengschwandtner F. Phosphatidylcholine treatment to induce lipolysis. Cosmet Dermatol 2005;4:308-13. PubMed
- Rittes PG. The use of phosphatidylcholine for correction of localized fat deposits. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2003;27:315-8. PubMed
- Ablon G, Rotunda AM. Treatment of lower eyelid fat pads using phosphatidylcholine: clinical trial and review. Dermatol Surg 2004;30:422-7. PubMed
- Loguercio C, Andreone P, Brisc C, et al. Silybin combined with phosphatidylcholine and vitamin E in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial. Free Radic Biol Med 2012;52(9):1658-65. PubMed
- Panos, J. M., Palson, R., Johnson, R., Portmann, B., and Williams, R. Polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine for acute alcoholic hepatitis: a double blind randomized placebo controlled trial. Eur.J.Gastroenterol 1990;2:351-355.
- Stremmel W, Braun A, Hanemann A, Ehehalt R, Autschbach F, Karner M. Delayed release phosphatidylcholine in chronic-active ulcerative colitis: a randomized, double-blinded, dose finding study. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010;44(5):e101-7. PubMed
- Stremmel W, Ehehalt R, Autschbach F, Karner M. Phosphatidylcholine for steroid-refractory chronic ulcerative colitis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(9):603-10. PubMed
- Stremmel W, Vural H, Evliyaoglu O, Weiskirchen R. Delayed Release Phosphatidylcholine is Effective for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis: A Meta-Analysis. Dig Dis 2021;39(5):508-515. PubMed
Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.
DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.
© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC