Taurine Ingredients & Drug Interactions
What is this page for?
First and foremost: checking Taurine against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.
Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy
Taurine is a dietary supplement by Endo-met Laboratories with 1 active ingredient. Its ingredients are commonly taken for exercise performance and endurance, heart health, energy support.Based on those ingredients, 173 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Taurine. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.
Check Your Meds Against Taurine by Endo-met Laboratories
Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Taurine by Endo-met Laboratories — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.
AI summaries are generated from our interaction database for education only — always confirm with your pharmacist. How we use AI
Ask the Pharmacist
A licensed pharmacist will answer your question by email — free, usually within 24 hours.
Got it — thank you!
A licensed pharmacist will answer within 24 hours. Keep an eye on your email (worth checking spam, just in case).
HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Taurine by Endo-met Laboratories
Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.
What’s inside
Full disclosure
This product contains one active ingredient: taurine, an amino acid your body makes naturally and uses in several roles — it's thought to support heart function and liver health. The capsule also contains inactive ingredients (gelatin, water, silicon dioxide, cellulose, and magnesium stearate) as binders and fillers.
Does it work?
Moderate evidence
The evidence we hold rates taurine as possibly effective for hepatitis and congestive heart failure (CHF). For obesity, the data suggests it's possibly ineffective.
These ratings mean the evidence is limited or mixed, so talk with your doctor about whether taurine is a reasonable choice for your specific situation.
How safe is it?
Well-documented data
Taurine is generally well tolerated in typical doses for up to a year. The most common side effects in that window are constipation, diarrhea, and indigestion.
Rare cases of allergic reactions have been reported, especially in people with a history of sulfonamide or sulfite allergies — if that's you, check with your pharmacist before taking it. Long-term safety beyond one year is less certain, and we don't have enough data on supplement-level doses overall, so use taurine only under medical guidance.
While taurine occurs naturally in breast milk, supplement safety during lactation isn't well studied — talk it over with your doctor or pharmacist.
Meds to double-check
Moderate interaction found
Before taking this product, double-check your blood pressure medications and lithium with your doctor or pharmacist. Taurine may lower blood pressure further and may raise lithium levels in your blood.
The bottom line
Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with some supporting evidence behind its ingredients' uses. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.
Taurine may help with heart failure or hepatitis, but the evidence is limited. If you take blood pressure medications or lithium, check with your doctor or pharmacist before starting — the interactions could affect how these drugs work.
Otherwise, it's generally well tolerated short-term in healthy adults.
Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI
Assessment coverage: 1 of 1 active ingredient matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Jun 24, 2020.
This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed
General information
Key facts about Taurine, straight from the product label.
| Brand | Endo-met Laboratories |
|---|---|
| Net contents | 180 Capsule(s) |
| Market status | On market |
| Date entered into DSLD | Jun 24, 2020 |
| DSLD ID | 229032 |
| Product type | Non-nutrient/non-botanical |
| Supplement form | Capsule |
| Dietary claims / uses | All Other |
| Intended target group(s) | Adult (18 - 50 Years) |
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.
Supplement Facts
The label details for Taurine by Endo-met Laboratories, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.
Supplement Facts
| Ingredient | Amount | % DV |
|---|---|---|
| Taurine | 500 mg | -- |
Other ingredients: Gelatin, Water, Silicon Dioxide, Cellulose, Magnesium Stearate
Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions
Suggested use: One capsule daily, or as directed by a physician. Am noon pm
Precautions
Notice: It is advisable to keep this and all supplements out of the reach of children.
FDA Statement of Identity
Taurine Supplement
Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.
Taurine by Endo-met Laboratories label
The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.
Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.
View the full label (PDF)The Ingredients in Taurine by Endo-met Laboratories
This is the 1 active ingredient this product is made of. Select it to open its full monograph.
Serving size1 Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Amounts shown are per serving.
Taurine
Interacts with173 drugs
Taurine is an amino acid your body makes naturally and that you also get from animal foods. It is widely used in energy drinks and sports supplements,...
Taurine monograph & interactionsOther (inactive) ingredients: Gelatin, Water, Silicon Dioxide, Cellulose, Magnesium Stearate. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.
Taurine by Endo-met Laboratories Drug Interactions
HelloPharmacist Interaction Report
Taurine by Endo-met Laboratories interacts with two medication types: antihypertensive drugs (blood pressure medications) and lithium.
The most serious concern is with lithium — taurine may reduce how your kidneys clear it, potentially raising lithium levels in your blood to unsafe ranges. This is a moderate-severity interaction.
Read the full breakdown — every affected drug type, severity by severity
Taurine may also lower blood pressure on its own. If you take antihypertensive drugs, combining them with taurine could push your blood pressure too low (a moderate-severity interaction).
Altogether, these interactions span 173 individual medications. You'll want to check your exact blood pressure medications and any lithium prescription against the tool below before you start.
Check your own medications below · Editorial policy · How we use AI
Want to check YOUR meds against Taurine?
Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.
Go to the checkerIngredients driving the most interactions
Individual Drug Interactions
The ingredients in Taurine interact with 173 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.
1 of the 1 ingredient in Taurine interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Taurine
MoxonidinePhysiotens
How Moxonidine interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Moxonidine interactionNadololCorgard, Nadolol
How Nadolol interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Nadolol interactionNebivololBystolic, Nebilet
How Nebivolol interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Nebivolol interactionNebivolol Hydrochloride, ValsartanByvalson
How Nebivolol Hydrochloride, Valsartan interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Nebivolol Hydrochloride, Valsartan interactionNicardipineCardene, Cardene IV, Cardene SR
How Nicardipine interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Nicardipine interactionNifedipineAdalat, Adalat CC, Adalat LA, Adalat PA, Adalat Retard, Adalat XL +15 more
How Nifedipine interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Nifedipine interactionNimodipineNimotop, Nymalize
How Nimodipine interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Nimodipine interactionNisoldipineSular
How Nisoldipine interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Nisoldipine interactionNitroprussideNitropress
How Nitroprusside interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Nitroprusside interactionOlmesartan MedoxomilBenicar, Olmesartan Medoxomil
How Olmesartan Medoxomil interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Olmesartan Medoxomil interactionOxprenololSlow Trasicor, Trasicor
How Oxprenolol interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Oxprenolol interactionPargylineEutonyl
How Pargyline interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Pargyline interactionPenbutolol SulfateLevatol
How Penbutolol Sulfate interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Penbutolol Sulfate interactionPerindopril Arginine, AmlodipinePrestalia
How Perindopril Arginine, Amlodipine interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Perindopril Arginine, Amlodipine interactionPerindopril ErbumineAceon
How Perindopril Erbumine interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Perindopril Erbumine interactionPhenoxybenzamineDibenzyline
How Phenoxybenzamine interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Phenoxybenzamine interactionPindololPindol, Visken
How Pindolol interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Pindolol interactionPolythiazideRenese
How Polythiazide interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Polythiazide interactionPolythiazide, PrazosinMinizide
How Polythiazide, Prazosin interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Polythiazide, Prazosin interactionPolythiazide, ReserpineRenese R
How Polythiazide, Reserpine interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Polythiazide, Reserpine interactionPrazosinMinipress, Prazin, Prazo
How Prazosin interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Prazosin interactionPropranololAngilol, Bedranol SR, Beta Prograne, Half Beta Prograne, Half-Inderal LA, Inderal +6 more
How Propranolol interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Propranolol interactionPropranolol HydrochlorideHemangeol
How Propranolol Hydrochloride interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Propranolol Hydrochloride interactionQuinaprilAccupril, Accupro
How Quinapril interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Quinapril interactionQuinethazoneHydromox
How Quinethazone interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Quinethazone interactionQuinethazone, ReserpineHydromox R
How Quinethazone, Reserpine interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Quinethazone, Reserpine interactionRamiprilAltace
How Ramipril interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Ramipril interactionRescinnamineModeril
How Rescinnamine interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Rescinnamine interactionReserpineSandril, Serpasil
How Reserpine interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Reserpine interactionReserpine, TrichlormethiazideMetatensin #2, Metatensin #4, Naquival
How Reserpine, Trichlormethiazide interacts with Taurine — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
TaurineAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Taurine + Reserpine, Trichlormethiazide interactionEach ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects
For each ingredient in Taurine with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.
Taurine
Antihypertensive Drugs
Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Some clinical evidence suggests that taurine can reduce both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Lithium
Theoretically, taurine might reduce excretion and increase plasma levels of lithium.
Taurine is thought to have diuretic properties, which might reduce the excretion of lithium.
Brand information
Manufacturer and brand details for Taurine, from the product label.
Endo-met Laboratories
See all Endo-met Laboratories products- Name
- Endo-Met Laboratories, Inc.
- City
- Phoenix
- State
- AZ
- ZipCode
- 85021
Taurine by Endo-met Laboratories: Common Questions
Does Taurine by Endo-met Laboratories interact with any medications?
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Where does this information come from?
What is taurine?
Can I take this while breastfeeding?
What side effects should I expect?
Does taurine actually work for heart failure or hepatitis?
Is it safe to take long-term?
Does this product have fillers?
Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy
Not sure if Taurine is safe with your meds?
Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.
Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.
The Full Monographs Behind Taurine’s Ingredients
Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.
Sources & How We Checked
Taurine's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.
- NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) — The official product label on file for this supplement.
- Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center) — Evidence-graded clinical reference behind the ingredient interaction data.
Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.
The 21 references behind this product’s interaction data
Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.
Taurine 21 references
- Ahmad S, Robertson HT, Golper TA, et al. Multicenter trial of L-carnitine in maintenance hemodialysis patients. II. Clinical and biochemical effects. Kidney Int 1990;38:912-8. PubMed
- Machado-Vieira R, Viale CI, Kapczinski F. Mania associated with an energy drink: the possible role of caffeine, taurine, and inositol. Can J Psychiatry 2001;46:454-5. PubMed
- Obermann M, Schorn CF, Mummel P, et al. Taurine induced toxic encephalopathy? Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2006;108:812-3. PubMed
- Bichler, A., Swenson, A., and Harris, M. A. A combination of caffeine and taurine has no effect on short term memory but induces changes in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure. Amino Acids 2006;31(4):471-476. PubMed
- Iyadurai, S. J. and Chung, S. S. New-onset seizures in adults: possible association with consumption of popular energy drinks. Epilepsy Behav 2007;10(3):504-508. PubMed
- Berger, A. J. and Alford, K. Cardiac arrest in a young man following excess consumption of caffeinated "energy drinks". Med J Aust. 1-5-2009;190(1):41-43. PubMed
- Worthley, M. I., Prabhu, A., De, Sciscio P., Schultz, C., Sanders, P., and Willoughby, S. R. Detrimental effects of energy drink consumption on platelet and endothelial function. Am J Med 2010;123(2):184-187. PubMed
- Morchon, Simon D. and Perez Castrillon, J. L. [Hypoglycemia by intake of taurine]. Rev.Clin Esp. 2010;210(1):49.
- Livshits, Z., Hoffman, R. S., Hymes, K. B., and Nelson, L. S. If vitamins could kill: massive hemolysis following naturopathic vitamin infusion. J Med Toxicol. 2011;7(3):224-226. PubMed
- Schoffl, I., Kothmann, J. F., Schoffl, V., Rupprecht, H. D., and Rupprecht, T. "Vodka energy": too much for the adolescent nephron? Pediatrics 2011;128(1):e227-e231. PubMed
- Calabro, R. S., Italiano, D., Gervasi, G., and Bramanti, P. Single tonic-clonic seizure after energy drink abuse. Epilepsy Behav 2012;23(3):384-385. PubMed
- Fujita, T., Ando, K., Noda, H., Ito, Y., and Sato, Y. Effects of increased adrenomedullary activity and taurine in young patients with borderline hypertension. Circulation 1987;75(3):525-532. PubMed
- Darling, P. B., Lepage, G., Leroy, C., Masson, P., and Roy, C. C. Effect of taurine supplements on fat absorption in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Res 1985;19(6):578-582. PubMed
- Fukuyama, Y. and Ochiai, Y. Therapeutic trial by taurine for intractable childhood epilepsies. Brain Dev. 1982;4(1):63-69. PubMed
- Franconi, F., Bennardini, F., Mattana, A., Miceli, M., Ciuti, M., Mian, M., Gironi, A., Anichini, R., and Seghieri, G. Plasma and platelet taurine are reduced in subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effects of taurine supplementation. Am.J. DOI
- Stohs SJ, Miller M. A case study involving allergic reactions to sulfur-containing compounds including, sulfite, taurine, acesulfame potassium and sulfonamides. Food Chem Toxicol. 2014 Jan;63:240-3. PubMed
- Sun Q, Wang B, Li Y, Sun F, et al. Taurine supplementation lowers blood pressure and improves vascular function in prehypertension: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Hypertension 2016 Mar;67(3):541-9. PubMed
- Jang ES, Hwang SH, Kim JW, Jeong SH. Effectiveness of 4-week oral taurine treatment for muscle cramps in patients with liver cirrhosis: a single-arm pilot study. Yonsei Med J 2021;62(1):21-8. PubMed
- Guan L, Miao P. The effects of taurine supplementation on obesity, blood pressure and lipid profile: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Pharmacol 2020;885:173533. PubMed
- Higgins JP, Liras GN, Liras IN, et al. Energy Drink Effects on Hemodynamics and Endothelial Function in Young Adults. Cardiology. 2021;146(2):258-262. PubMed
- Pallangyo P, Bhalia SV, Komba M, et al. Acute Myocardial Infarction Following the Consumption of Energy Drink in a 28-Year-Old Male: A Case Report. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep. 2023 Jan-Dec;11:23247096231168811. PubMed
Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.
DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.
© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC