Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 8 of 13 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Ultra Prostate Formula Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Life Extension

Softgel Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Ultra Prostate Formula is a dietary supplement by Life Extension with 13 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for benign prostatic hyperplasia (bph) symptoms, urinary symptoms in men, prostate health.Based on those ingredients, 1,360 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are ApresFlex Indian Frankincense (Boswellia serrata) extract, Flax Lignan (seed) extract, Saw Palmetto CO2 extract. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Ultra Prostate Formula by Life Extension

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

What’s inside

Partial disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Partial

Most active ingredients list an amount, but at least one is hidden in a blend or missing.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 10 of its 12 active ingredients.
  • “Proprietary Enterolactone Precursors Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (20.15 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.

Ultra Prostate Formula contains 12 active ingredients focused on prostate and urinary health. The main ones are pygeum extract (an African tree bark used for prostate function), saw palmetto CO2 extract (a berry concentrate for the prostate), beta-sitosterol (a plant compound), pumpkin seed oil, lycopene (a red pigment from tomatoes), boron (a mineral), and several plant extracts including frankincense and flower pollen.

The formula also includes a proprietary blend of enterolactone precursors and nettle extracts. The softgel capsule itself contains gelatin, sunflower oil, glycerin, and other inactive ingredients like beeswax and carob color to hold everything together.

Does it work?

Strong evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Strong

Clinical evidence supports at least one of this product's ingredients for its stated purpose.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: prostate health and function.
  • We looked for evidence on: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), Chronic prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS), Prostate cancer, Prostatitis, Non-neurogenic lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), Overactive bladder — and 3 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Pygeum is rated "Likely Effective" for Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Beta-sitosterol is rated "Likely Effective" for Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
  • Also on file: Lycopene is rated "Possibly Effective" for Prostate cancer.

Pygeum is likely effective for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), the condition where the prostate gland enlarges. Beta-sitosterol is also likely effective for BPH, and possibly effective for high cholesterol and heart disease.

Saw palmetto, however, is rated possibly ineffective for BPH despite its common use. Pumpkin seed oil is rated possibly effective for BPH.

Lycopene is possibly effective for prostate cancer prevention. For the other ingredients in the formula — boron, stinging nettle, frankincense, and flower pollen — the evidence we hold is either insufficient to rate or shows they may be ineffective for these conditions.

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 8 of the 8 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 8 of 8.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 8 of 8.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

The ingredients that have been checked are generally well tolerated at typical doses. Pygeum and saw palmetto are mild and reversible in their side effects, which can include nausea, stomach pain, diarrhea, and headache — though these were similar to placebo in studies.

Beta-sitosterol may cause gas, diarrhea, constipation, or nausea. Lycopene supplements can cause gastrointestinal upset like diarrhea and nausea.

Boron is safe in low doses but at high doses can be toxic, so stay within the tolerable upper limit of 20 mg daily. Pumpkin oil is generally safe and well tolerated.

Because pygeum, saw palmetto, and beta-sitosterol are not established as safe in pregnancy, they should be avoided if you're pregnant or nursing. Boron supplements and lycopene supplements are not well studied in pregnancy and breastfeeding either — talk with your doctor before using this product if you're pregnant or breastfeeding.

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 5 of the 8 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Boswellia Serrata, Lycopene, Pumpkin, Saw Palmetto, Flaxseed.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; diabetes medications; lithium.
  • For scale: 1,361 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check with your pharmacist if you take blood thinners or antiplatelet drugs (warfarin, aspirin, clopidogrel) — lycopene and saw palmetto may increase bleeding risk. If you take estrogens or birth control pills, saw palmetto may reduce their effectiveness.

If you take lithium for mood, pumpkin oil may raise lithium levels. These are the main medication types documented to interact with this product's ingredients.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glancePartially disclosed formula with clinical evidence supporting its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This formula is aimed at men with prostate concerns, particularly benign enlargement. If you take blood thinners, estrogens, birth control, or lithium, talk with your pharmacist before adding this product — it may affect how those medications work.

Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid it. For anyone else, run your medications through the tool on this page.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 8 of 12 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Aug 23, 2020.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Ultra Prostate Formula, straight from the product label.

Brand Life Extension
Barcode (UPC) 737870202967
Net contents 60 Softgel(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Aug 23, 2020
DSLD ID 232309
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Softgel Capsule
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult Male (18-50 Years), Seniors/Mature (>50 Years) - Men ONLY
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Ultra Prostate Formula by Life Extension, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
2 Softgel(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
2 Softgel(s)
Servings per container
30
UPC/BARCODE
737870202967
IngredientAmount% DV
Calories15 Calorie(s)--
Total Carbohydrates1 Gram(s)1%
Phospholipids160 mg--
Total Fat1.5 Gram(s)2%
Protein1 Gram(s)--
Pygeum extract100 mg--
Boron3 mg--
Beta-Sitosterol180 mg--
Proprietary Enterolactone Precursors Blend20.15 mg--
Stinging and Dwarf Nettle extracts240 mg--
Lycopene10 mg--
Saw Palmetto CO2 extract320 mg--
Pumpkin Oil200 mg--
Flax Lignan (seed) extract0 NP--
HMRlignan Norway Spruce (Picea abies) (knot wood) extract0 NP--
ApresFlex Indian Frankincense (Boswellia serrata) extract70 mg--
Graminex flower pollen extract and NAX paste63 mg--

Other ingredients: Gelatin, Sunflower Oil, Glycerin, Maltodextrin, Tricalcium Phosphate, purified Water, Beeswax, Carob color, Rosemary extract

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Read the entire label and follow the directions carefully prior to use. Directions: Take two (2) softgels daily divided between morning and evening, with food, or as recommended by a healthcare practitioner.

Storage

Store tightly closed in a cool, dry place.

Precautions

Warnings: Keep out of reach of children.

Do not exceed recommended dose. Do not purchase if outer seal is broken or damaged.

When using nutritional supplements, please consult with your physician if you are undergoing treatment for a medical condition or if you are pregnant or lactating.

To report a serious adverse event or obtain product information, contact 1-866-280-2852.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Brand IP Statement(s)

ApresFlex is a registered trademark of Laila Nutraceuticals exclusively licensed to PL Thomas – Laila Nutra LLC. HMRlignanTM is a trademark used under sublicense from Linnea S.A. Lyc-O-Mato is a registered trademark of Lycored Corp. Albion is a registered trademark of Albion Laboratories, Inc. Graminex is a registered trademark of Graminex LLC.

Formulation

Gluten free Non GMO LE Certified

Comprehensive support for aging prostate glands

Seals/Symbols

Non GMO LE Certified

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

See for yourself

Ultra Prostate Formula by Life Extension label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

What’s inside

The Ingredients in Ultra Prostate Formula by Life Extension

These are the 13 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size2 Softgel(s) Dosage formSoftgel Capsule Servings per container30 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Phospholipids

160 mg per serving

Protein

1 Gram(s) per serving

Pygeum extract

No known
interactions
100 mg per serving

Pygeum is an extract from the bark of the African cherry tree that is most often used to ease urinary symptoms linked to an enlarged prostate. Some st...

Pygeum extract monograph & interactions

Boron

No known
interactions
3 mg per serving Form: Albion Bororganic Glycine

Boron is a trace mineral found in many plant foods and sold as a supplement, mainly promoted for bone, joint, and hormone health. The human evidence f...

Boron monograph & interactions

Beta-Sitosterol

No known
interactions
180 mg per serving

Beta-sitosterol is a plant sterol that may modestly lower LDL ('bad') cholesterol and may help ease urinary symptoms from an enlarged prostate. Eviden...

Beta-Sitosterol monograph & interactions

Proprietary Enterolactone Precursors Blend

20.15 mg per serving

Stinging and Dwarf Nettle extracts

240 mg per serving

Lycopene

Interacts with
122 drugs
10 mg per serving Form: Lyc-O-Mato natural Tomato extract

Lycopene is a red plant pigment and antioxidant found mainly in tomatoes and other red fruits. Eating lycopene-rich foods is linked with possible hear...

Lycopene monograph & interactions

Saw Palmetto CO2 extract

Interacts with
174 drugs
320 mg per serving Form: Total Fatty Acids

Saw palmetto is a plant extract most often used for urinary symptoms linked to an enlarged prostate (BPH). The best research suggests it works no bett...

Saw Palmetto CO2 extract monograph & interactions

Pumpkin Oil

Interacts with
1 drug
200 mg per serving Form: Total Fatty Acids

Pumpkin is a nutritious squash, and its seeds and seed oil are the parts most often used as supplements, mainly for urinary and prostate symptoms. The...

Pumpkin Oil monograph & interactions
70 mg per serving Form: AKBA

Boswellia serrata is a tree resin used in traditional medicine, mainly for joint pain and inflammation. Some studies suggest it may help with osteoart...

ApresFlex Indian Frankincense (Boswellia serrata) extract monograph & interactions

Graminex flower pollen extract and NAX paste

63 mg per serving Form: Phytosterols, Rye

Other (inactive) ingredients: Gelatin, Sunflower Oil, Glycerin, Maltodextrin, Tricalcium Phosphate, Purified Water, Beeswax, Carob color, Rosemary extract. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Ultra Prostate Formula by Life Extension Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Ultra Prostate Formula?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

Go to the checker
1,360Drugs
1,360 Moderate

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Ultra Prostate Formula with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

ApresFlex Indian Frankincense (Boswellia serrata) extract6 drug types · 952 drugs

Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, Boswellia serrata might increase the levels of CYP1A2 substrates.
In vitro research shows that Boswellia serrata gum resin inhibits CYP1A2 enzymes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (Cyp2C19) Substrates

Theoretically, Boswellia serrata might increase the levels of CYP2C19 substrates.
In vitro research shows that Boswellia serrata gum resin inhibits CYP2C19 enzymes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates

Theoretically, Boswellia serrata might increase the levels of CYP2C9 substrates.
In vitro research shows that Boswellia serrata gum resin inhibits CYP2C9 enzymes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (Cyp2D6) Substrates

Theoretically, Boswellia serrata might increase the levels of CYP2D6 substrates.
In vitro research shows that Boswellia serrata gum resin inhibits CYP2D6 enzymes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, Boswellia serrata might increase or decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
In vitro research shows that Boswellia serrata gum resin inhibits CYP3A4 enzymes. Other in vitro research shows that Boswellia serrata extract inhibits CYP3A4 enzymes at most concentrations, although it may modestly induce enzyme activity at low concentrations.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Immunosuppressants

Theoretically, Boswellia serrata might alter the effects of immunosuppressive drugs.
Some in vitro research suggests that Boswellia serrata extracts might inhibit mediators of autoimmune disorders such as leukotrienes and reduce production of antibodies and cell-mediated immunity. However, other in vitro research suggests that, when coupled with calcium ions, boswellic acids containing the keto group have immunostimulant properties within specific cell signaling pathways.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D

Flax Lignan (seed) extract5 drug types · 597 drugs

Antibiotic Drugs

Theoretically, antibiotics might interfere with the metabolism of flaxseed constituents, which could potentially alter the effects of flaxseed.
Some potential benefits of flaxseed are thought to be due to its lignan content. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), a major lignan precursor, is found in high concentrations in flaxseed. SDG is converted by bacteria in the colon to the lignans enterolactone and enterodiol. Antibiotics alter the flora of the colon, which could theoretically alter the metabolism of flaxseed.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, using flaxseed in combination with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs might have additive effects and increase the risk of bleeding.
Some clinical evidence suggests that the oil contained in flaxseed can decrease platelet aggregation.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, flaxseed might have additive effects when used with antidiabetes drugs and increase the risk for hypoglycemia.
Some clinical research suggests that flaxseed can lower blood glucose levels.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, flaxseed might have additive effects when used with antihypertensive drugs and increase the risk of hypotension.
Clinical research shows that daily flaxseed consumption, especially for longer than 12 weeks, modestly reduces blood pressure.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Estrogens

Theoretically, taking flaxseed might decrease the effects of estrogens.
Flaxseed contains lignans with mild estrogenic and possible antiestrogenic effects. The lignans seem to compete with circulating endogenous estrogen and might reduce estrogen binding to estrogen receptors, resulting in an anti-estrogen effect. It is unclear if this effect transfers to exogenously administered estrogens.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D

Saw Palmetto CO2 extract3 drug types · 174 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Saw palmetto might increase the risk of bleeding with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Saw palmetto is reported to prolong bleeding time. Theoretically, it might increase the risk of bleeding when used concomitantly with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Contraceptive Drugs

Saw palmetto might reduce the effectiveness of contraceptive drugs.
Saw palmetto might have antiestrogenic effects. Theoretically, it might interfere with contraceptive drugs taken concomitantly.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Estrogens

Saw palmetto might reduce the effectiveness of estrogens.
Saw palmetto might have antiestrogenic effects. Theoretically, it might interfere with estrogens taken concomitantly.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B

Lycopene1 drug type · 122 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, taking lycopene with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs might increase the risk of bleeding.
In vitro research shows that lycopene has antiplatelet effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D

Pumpkin Oil1 drug type · 1 drug

Lithium

Pumpkin might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium.
Pumpkin is thought to have diuretic properties. Theoretically, this might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium. The dose of lithium might need to be decreased.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Ultra Prostate Formula, from the product label.

Life Extension

See all Life Extension products
Name
Quality Supplements and Vitamins, Inc.
City
Ft. Lauderdale
State
FL
ZipCode
33309
Phone Number
1-866-280-2852
Web Address
LifeExtension.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Ultra Prostate Formula by Life Extension: Common Questions

Does Ultra Prostate Formula by Life Extension interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Ultra Prostate Formula has a known interaction with 1,360 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Ultra Prostate Formula contains 13 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Does this actually help with prostate problems?
Pygeum and beta-sitosterol are both rated likely effective for benign prostatic hyperplasia — that's the enlargement that causes urinary symptoms. Pumpkin seed oil is possibly effective for it. Saw palmetto is in here too, but research rates it possibly ineffective for BPH despite its popularity. Talk with your doctor about what you're treating to make sure this formula fits your needs.
Are there any common side effects I should know about?
The main ones are mild: nausea, stomach pain, diarrhea, gas, and headache. These are infrequent and usually reversible. Boron at high doses can cause skin problems and hair loss, but this formula should be well within safe limits. If you have any stomach issues, start slowly and see how you tolerate it.
Can I take this if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
No — several key ingredients in this formula, including pygeum, saw palmetto, and beta-sitosterol, don't have enough safety data for pregnancy and breastfeeding, so they're best avoided. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist about whether this product is right for you at this time.
What's in the softgel capsule itself?
The inactive ingredients are gelatin, sunflower oil, glycerin, and a few others like beeswax and carob color that hold the capsule together and give it color. If you're allergic to gelatin or sunflower, let us know so we can check if there's an alternative.
Why do some ingredients list 'insufficient evidence'?
It means the research we have isn't detailed or complete enough to say whether they work for prostate health or other conditions. They may still be effective — we just don't have the data yet. That doesn't mean they're unsafe, only that effectiveness isn't proven.
Are there any fillers in this?
The capsule and formula use ingredients like gelatin, glycerin, and tricalcium phosphate to make it work and stay stable. These are the inactive ingredients that help deliver the active ones — they're normal in supplements like this one.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Ultra Prostate Formula is safe with your meds?

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Ultra Prostate Formula label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Ultra Prostate Formula’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Pygeum

Pygeum is an extract from the bark of the African cherry tree that is most often used to ease urinary symptoms linked to an enlarged prostate. Some studies suggest modest benefit for these s...

Read the full Pygeum monograph →
Herb & supplement monograph

Boron

Boron is a trace mineral found in many plant foods and sold as a supplement, mainly promoted for bone, joint, and hormone health. The human evidence for most of these uses is limited or prel...

Read the full Boron monograph →
Herb & supplement monograph

Beta-sitosterol

Beta-sitosterol is a plant sterol that may modestly lower LDL ('bad') cholesterol and may help ease urinary symptoms from an enlarged prostate. Evidence is moderate for these uses and weaker...

Read the full Beta-sitosterol monograph →
Herb & supplement monograph

Flaxseed

Interacts with 597 drugs

Flaxseed is a nutritious food rich in fiber, omega-3 fats (ALA), and plant compounds called lignans. It is most reliably helpful for constipation and may modestly lower cholesterol, but evid...

Read the full Flaxseed monograph →
Herb & supplement monograph

Lycopene

Interacts with 122 drugs

Lycopene is a red plant pigment and antioxidant found mainly in tomatoes and other red fruits. Eating lycopene-rich foods is linked with possible heart and prostate benefits, but evidence fr...

Read the full Lycopene monograph →
Herb & supplement monograph

Saw Palmetto

Interacts with 174 drugs

Saw palmetto is a plant extract most often used for urinary symptoms linked to an enlarged prostate (BPH). The best research suggests it works no better than a placebo for most men, though i...

Read the full Saw Palmetto monograph →
Herb & supplement monograph

Pumpkin

Interacts with 1 drug

Pumpkin is a nutritious squash, and its seeds and seed oil are the parts most often used as supplements, mainly for urinary and prostate symptoms. The evidence for these uses is limited and...

Read the full Pumpkin monograph →
Herb & supplement monograph

Boswellia Serrata

Interacts with 952 drugs

Boswellia serrata is a tree resin used in traditional medicine, mainly for joint pain and inflammation. Some studies suggest it may help with osteoarthritis symptoms, but the overall evidenc...

Read the full Boswellia Serrata monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Ultra Prostate Formula's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 106 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Pygeum 3 references
  1. Ishani A, MacDonald R, Nelson D, et al. Pygeum africanum for the treatment of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis. Am J Med 2000;109:654-64.. PubMed
  2. Wilt T, Ishani A, Mac Donald R, et al. Pygeum africanum for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;CD001044.. PubMed
  3. Andro M and Riffaud J. Pygeum africanum extract for the treatment of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a review of 25 years of published experience. Curr Ther Res 1995;56(8):796-817. DOI

See these in context on the Pygeum monograph →

Boron 6 references
  1. Ellenhorn MJ, et al. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnoses and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1997.
  2. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2002.
  3. Thai L, Hart LL. Boric acid vaginal suppositories. Ann Pharmacother 1993;27:1355-7.
  4. Acs N, Banhidy F, Puho E, Czeizel AE. Teratogenic effects of vaginal boric acid treatment during pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2006;93:55-6. PubMed
  5. Garabrant, D. H., Bernstein, L., Peters, J. M., and Smith, T. J. Respiratory and eye irritation from boron oxide and boric acid dusts. J Occup Med 1984;26(8):584-586. PubMed
  6. Hjelm C, Harari F, Vahter M. Pre- and postnatal environmental boron exposure and infant growth: results from a mother-child cohort in northern Argentina. Environ Res 2019;171:60-8. PubMed

See these in context on the Boron monograph →

Beta-sitosterol 7 references
  1. Berges RR, Windeler J, Trampisch HJ, et al. Randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of beta-sitosterol in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Beta-sitosterol Study Group. Lancet 1995;345:1529-32.
  2. Klippel KF, Hiltl DM, Schipp B. A multicentric, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of beta-sitosterol (phytosterol) for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Br J Urol 1997;80:427-32.
  3. Wilt TJ, MacDonald R, Ishani A. beta-sitosterol for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review. BJU Int 1999;83:976-83. PubMed
  4. Oster P, Schlierf G, Heuck CC, et al. [Sitosterol in familial hyperlipoproteinemia type II. A randomized, double-blind, cross-over study]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1976;101:1308-11.
  5. Becker M, Staab D, Von Bergman K. Long-term treatment of severe familial hypercholesterolemia in children: effect of sitosterol and bezafibrate. Pediatrics 1992;89:138-42. DOI
  6. Prager N, Bickett K, French N, Marcovici G. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of botanically derived inhibitors of 5-alpha-reductase in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia. J Altern Complement Med 2002
  7. Lorenze A, Hsueh W, Nasr J. Beta-sitosterol-induced acute pancreatitis: A case report and review of the literature. Cureus. 2020;12(3):e7407. PubMed

See these in context on the Beta-sitosterol monograph →

Lycopene 10 references
  1. Sharma, J. B., Kumar, A., Kumar, A., Malhotra, M., Arora, R., Prasad, S., and Batra, S. Effect of lycopene on pre-eclampsia and intra-uterine growth retardation in primigravidas. Int J Gynaecol.Obstet. 2003;81(3):257-262. PubMed
  2. Hsiao, G., Wang, Y., Tzu, N. H., Fong, T. H., Shen, M. Y., Lin, K. H., Chou, D. S., and Sheu, J. R. Inhibitory effects of lycopene on in vitro platelet activation and in vivo prevention of thrombus formation. J Lab Clin Med 2005;146(4):216-226. PubMed
  3. Clark, P. E., Hall, M. C., Borden, L. S., Jr., Miller, A. A., Hu, J. J., Lee, W. R., Stindt, D., D'Agostino, R., Jr., Lovato, J., Harmon, M., and Torti, F. M. Phase I-II prospective dose-escalating trial of lycopene in patients with biochemical relapse o
  4. O'Kennedy, N., Crosbie, L., Whelan, S., Luther, V., Horgan, G., Broom, J. I., Webb, D. J., and Duttaroy, A. K. Effects of tomato extract on platelet function: a double-blinded crossover study in healthy humans. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2006;84(3):561-569. PubMed
  5. Jatoi, A., Burch, P., Hillman, D., Vanyo, J. M., Dakhil, S., Nikcevich, D., Rowland, K., Morton, R., Flynn, P. J., Young, C., and Tan, W. A tomato-based, lycopene-containing intervention for androgen-independent prostate cancer: results of a Phase II stu
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Saw Palmetto 22 references
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Pumpkin 5 references
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Flaxseed 37 references
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Boswellia Serrata 16 references
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