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Dietary supplement

Vegan Omega-3 DHA Lemon Flavor Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by DEVA

Vegan Omega-3 DHA Lemon Flavor label
See full label image
Liquid Category: Fat/fatty Acid
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 9, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Vegan Omega-3 DHA Lemon Flavor against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Vegan Omega-3 DHA Lemon Flavor is a dietary supplement by DEVA with 2 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for general antioxidant support, skin and hair care, heart health.Based on those ingredients, 982 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Vitamin E, Microalgae Oil. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Vegan Omega-3 DHA Lemon Flavor by DEVA

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Vegan Omega-3 DHA Lemon Flavor by DEVA — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Vegan Omega-3 DHA Lemon Flavor by DEVA

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 2 of its 2 active ingredients.
  • “Microalgae Oil” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label gives one combined amount (500 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.

This product contains 2 active ingredients. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid derived from microalgae — a plant-based source for those avoiding fish oils.

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that your body uses to protect cells and support immune function. The formula also includes several inactive ingredients — a blend of oils, stevia for sweetness, lemon flavoring, and preservatives like rosemary extract and ascorbic acid.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: Brain, heart and eye health support.
  • We looked for evidence on: Age-related cognitive decline, Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Alzheimer disease, Cardiovascular disease (CVD), Cognitive function, Coronary heart disease (CHD) — and 4 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Vitamin E is rated "Possibly Effective" for Alzheimer disease (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Vitamin E is rated "Possibly Ineffective" for Age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
  • Also on file: Vitamin E is rated "Likely Ineffective" for Cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Vitamin E in this product is effective for treating actual vitamin E deficiency and a rare genetic condition called AVED (ataxia with vitamin E deficiency). It's possibly effective for Alzheimer disease, beta-thalassemia, G6PD deficiency, and intracranial hemorrhage, though the evidence is not conclusive.

We hold no effectiveness data on the DHA ingredient in our system, so we cannot speak to its specific uses.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Vitamin E Algal Oil

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 1 of the 1 matched ingredient.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 1 of 1.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 1 of 1.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Vitamin E from food and standard doses is generally well tolerated, but high-dose long-term supplements carry real risks. At high doses, vitamin E increases your bleeding risk — a particular concern if you have a vitamin K deficiency or take blood thinners.

There's also concern it might raise the risk of hemorrhagic stroke (bleeding in the brain), especially in male smokers taking synthetic vitamin E over several years, though other studies haven't confirmed this consistently. Pregnancy and breastfeeding: standard dietary amounts are fine, but avoid high-dose supplements during pregnancy or while breastfeeding unless your doctor directs it.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Vitamin E Algal Oil

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 1 of the 1 matched ingredient can interact with medications — Vitamin E.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; cancer treatments.
  • For scale: 765 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

If you take blood thinners (anticoagulants) or antiplatelet drugs, check with your pharmacist before starting — vitamin E increases bleeding risk. Also double-check if you take chemotherapy (alkylating agents or antitumor antibiotics), medications processed by your liver (CYP3A4 substrates), cyclosporine, selumetinib, or niacin.

Warfarin users need special caution.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This is a plant-based omega-3 option, but the vitamin E content means you need to check your medications first — especially if you take blood thinners, chemotherapy, or other prescription drugs. Talk with your pharmacist or doctor before starting, particularly if you're male, a smoker, or take warfarin.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 1 of 2 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Mar 22, 2024.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Vegan Omega-3 DHA Lemon Flavor, straight from the product label.

Brand DEVA
Barcode (UPC) 895634000287
Net contents 2 Fluid Ounce(s); 60 mL
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Mar 22, 2024
DSLD ID 304313
Product type Fat/fatty Acid
Supplement form Liquid
Dietary claims / uses Nutrient, All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Vegan, Vegetarian, Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free, Dairy Free, Sugar Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Vegan Omega-3 DHA Lemon Flavor by DEVA, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
7 Drop(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
14 Drop(s)
Servings per container
90
UPC/BARCODE
895634000287
IngredientAmount% DV
Calories5 Calorie(s), 0 Calorie(s)--
Calories from Fat5 Calorie(s), 0 Calorie(s)--
Docosahexaenoic Acid200 mg, 100 mg--
Vitamin E6.6 mg, 3.3 mg44%, 55%
Total Fat0.5 Gram(s), 0 Gram(s)1%
Microalgae Oil500 mg, 250 mg--

Other ingredients: mid-Oleic Sunflower Oil, Mixed Tocopherols, Lemon Oil, Stevia, Canola Oil, Rosemary Extract, Ascorbic Acid, Citric Acid

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Formula

The DHA oil used in this product is derived from microalgae grown in USA, outside of the ocean.

Vegan Omega-3 DHA derived from algae

Precautions

Do not use if safety seal is broken or missing.

Keep out of reach of children.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place.

Refrigerate after opening.

Formulation

Food sensitivity: Free of fish, shellfish, yeast, dairy, egg, gluten, hexane, wheat, sugar, salt and artificial colors.

Vegan This product does not contain animal products, derivatives or byproducts. 100% vegetarian, vegan. This product is registered with the Vegan Society.

This product does not contain animal products, derivatives or byproducts. Non-fish

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Directions: Adults 14 drops; children over 2 years of age 7 drops daily with food, or as directed by a health care provider. Shake well before using.

Seals/Symbols

Vegan

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

General Statements

(All are non-animal)

Servings per container: adults 90; children 180

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Vegan Omega-3 DHA Lemon Flavor by DEVA label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Vegan Omega-3 DHA Lemon Flavor label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Vegan Omega-3 DHA Lemon Flavor by DEVA

These are the 2 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size7 Drop(s) Dosage formLiquid Servings per container90 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Vitamin E

Interacts with
764 drugs
6.6 mg per serving

Vitamin E is an essential fat-soluble vitamin and antioxidant that most people get in adequate amounts from a normal diet. Supplements can help correc...

Vitamin E monograph & interactions

Microalgae Oil

Interacts with
375 drugs
500 mg per serving Form: Docosahexaenoic Acid

Algal oil is a plant-based source of the omega-3 fats DHA and (in some products) EPA, making it a popular alternative to fish oil for vegetarians, veg...

Microalgae Oil monograph & interactions
  • › Docosahexaenoic Acid

Other (inactive) ingredients: Mid-Oleic Sunflower Oil, Mixed Tocopherols, Lemon Oil, Stevia, Canola Oil, Rosemary Extract, Ascorbic Acid, Citric Acid. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Vegan Omega-3 DHA Lemon Flavor by DEVA Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Vegan Omega-3 DHA Lemon Flavor?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
982Drugs
981 Moderate 1 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Vitamin E 764
Microalgae Oil 375

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Vegan Omega-3 DHA Lemon Flavor interact with 982 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

2 of the 2 ingredients in Vegan Omega-3 DHA Lemon Flavor interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Vitamin E Microalgae Oil

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Vegan Omega-3 DHA Lemon Flavor with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Vitamin E8 drug types · 764 drugs

Alkylating Agents

Theoretically, antioxidant effects of vitamin E might reduce the effectiveness of alkylating agents.
There's concern that antioxidants could reduce the activity of chemotherapy drugs which generate free radicals, such as cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, carmustine, busulfan, and thiotepa. However, some researchers theorize that antioxidants might make chemotherapy more effective by reducing oxidative stress that might interfere with apoptosis (cell death) of cancer cells. More evidence is needed to determine what effect, if any, antioxidants such as vitamin E have on chemotherapy. Advise patients to consult their oncologist before using vitamin E supplements, especially in high doses.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Concomitant use of vitamin E and anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents might increase the risk of bleeding.
Vitamin E seems to inhibit of platelet aggregation and antagonize the effects of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. These effects appear to be dose-dependent, and are probably only likely to be clinically significant with doses of at least 800 units daily. Mixed tocopherols, such as those found in food, might have a greater antiplatelet effect than alpha-tocopherol. RRR alpha-tocopherol (natural vitamin E) 1000 IU daily antagonizes vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Advise patients to avoid high doses of vitamin E, especially in people with low vitamin K intake or other risk factors for bleeding.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Antitumor Antibiotics

Theoretically, antioxidant effects of vitamin E might reduce the effectiveness of antitumor antibiotics.
There's concern that antioxidants could reduce the activity of antitumor antibiotic drugs such as doxorubicin, which generate free radicals. However, some researchers theorize that antioxidants might make chemotherapy more effective by reducing oxidative stress that might interfere with apoptosis (cell death) of cancer cells. More evidence is needed to determine what effect, if any, antioxidants such as vitamin E have on chemotherapy involving antitumor antibiotics. Advise patients to consult their oncologist before using vitamin E supplements, especially in high doses.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)

A specific form of vitamin E might increase absorption and levels of cyclosporine.
There is some evidence that one specific formulation of vitamin E (D-alpha-tocopheryl-polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate, TPGS, tocophersolan, Liqui-E) might increase absorption of cyclosporine. This vitamin E formulation forms micelles which seems to increase absorption of cyclosporine by 40% to 72% in some patients. However, this interaction is unlikely to occur with the usual forms of vitamin E.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, vitamin E might induce metabolism of CYP3A4, possibly reducing the levels CYP3A4 substrates.
Vitamin E appears to bind with the nuclear receptor, pregnane X receptor (PXR), which results in increased expression of CYP3A4. Although the clinical significance of this is not known, use caution when considering concomitant use of vitamin E and other drugs affected by these enzymes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Selumetinib (Koselugo)

Taking selumetinib with vitamin E can result in a total daily dose of vitamin E that exceeds safe limits and therefore might increase the risk of bleeding.
Selumetinib contains 48-54 IU vitamin E per capsule. The increased risk of bleeding with vitamin E appears to be dose-dependent. Be cautious when using selumetinib in combination with supplemental vitamin E, especially in patients at higher risk of bleed, such as those with chronic conditions and those taking antiplatelet drugs.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Using vitamin E with warfarin might increase the risk of bleeding.
Due to interference with production of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors, use of more than 400 IU of vitamin E daily with warfarin might increase prothrombin time (PT), INR, and the risk of bleeding,. At a dose of 1000 IU per day, vitamin E can antagonize vitamin K-dependent clotting factors even in people not taking warfarin. Limited clinical evidence suggests that doses up to 1200 IU daily may be used safely by patients taking warfarin, but this may not be applicable in all patient populations.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Niacin

Vitamin E might decrease the beneficial effects of niacin on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels.
A combination of niacin and simvastatin (Zocor) effectively raises high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels in people with coronary disease and low HDL levels. Clinical research shows that taking a combination of antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, and selenium) along with niacin and simvastatin (Zocor) attenuates this rise in HDL, specifically the HDL-2 and apolipoprotein A1 fractions, by more than 50%. Vitamin E alone combined with a statin does not seem to decrease HDL levels. It is not known whether the adverse effect on HDL is due to one of the other antioxidants or to the combination. It also is not known whether it will occur in other patient populations.

Likelihood Possible Evidence A
Vitamin E full monograph & interactions

Microalgae Oil3 drug types · 375 drugs

Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, taking algal oil with antidiabetes drugs might interfere with the effects of antidiabetes drugs and reduce their effects.
Most algal oil contains docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Clinical research in people with type 2 diabetes, including those taking antidiabetes drugs, shows that taking DHA 4 grams daily for 6 weeks increases fasting blood glucose levels by about 18 mg/dL when compared with taking olive oil.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, taking algal oil with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Algal oil usually contains docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and/or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). There is evidence that fish oil, which also contains DHA and EPA, can modestly lower blood pressure and might have additive effects in patients treated with antihypertensive drugs.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, algal oil may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
The risk of interaction is highest for algal oil containing high amounts (> 2 grams daily) of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), or EPA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). High doses of EPA or oils containing EPA and DHA can reduce platelet aggregation in humans. However, most algal oil contains very little EPA and larger amounts of DHA. While some conflicting evidence exist, most research shows that DHA alone does not affect blood clotting.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence D
Microalgae Oil full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Vegan Omega-3 DHA Lemon Flavor, from the product label.

DEVA

See all DEVA products
Name
DEVA Nutrition LLC
Phone Number
(888)988-3382
Web Address
www.devanutrition.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Vegan Omega-3 DHA Lemon Flavor by DEVA: Common Questions

Does Vegan Omega-3 DHA Lemon Flavor by DEVA interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Vegan Omega-3 DHA Lemon Flavor has a known interaction with 982 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Vegan Omega-3 DHA Lemon Flavor contains 2 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Does this product have any omega-3 from fish?
No. The DHA comes from microalgae oil, not fish, making it suitable for plant-based diets.
What's the vitamin E in this product actually for?
Vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects your cells. In this product, it's effective for treating genuine vitamin E deficiency and a rare genetic disorder called AVED. It's possibly helpful for Alzheimer disease, beta-thalassemia, and some other conditions, though the evidence isn't definitive.
Is vitamin E safe at high doses?
High-dose long-term vitamin E supplements carry risks, especially increased bleeding and a possible higher risk of hemorrhagic stroke in some groups. Stick to dietary amounts unless your doctor specifically prescribes higher doses.
Can I take this while pregnant or breastfeeding?
Amounts from food and prenatal vitamins are fine, but avoid high-dose supplements unless your doctor directs it. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist about whether this product is right for you during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
What inactive ingredients are in the bottle?
The product contains several inactive ingredients: mid-oleic sunflower oil, mixed tocopherols, lemon oil, stevia, canola oil, rosemary extract, ascorbic acid, and citric acid.
Why do I need to check my medications before taking this?
The vitamin E in this product can interact with blood thinners, chemotherapy drugs, and several other medications, potentially making them less effective or increasing bleeding risk. Your pharmacist can check your specific prescriptions to make sure it's safe for you.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Vegan Omega-3 DHA Lemon Flavor label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Vegan Omega-3 DHA Lemon Flavor’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Vitamin E

Interacts with 764 drugs

Vitamin E is an essential fat-soluble vitamin and antioxidant that most people get in adequate amounts from a normal diet. Supplements can help correct a true deficiency, but high-dose vitam...

Read the full Vitamin E monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Algal Oil

Interacts with 375 drugs

Algal oil is a plant-based source of the omega-3 fats DHA and (in some products) EPA, making it a popular alternative to fish oil for vegetarians, vegans, and people who dislike fish. There...

Read the full Algal Oil monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Vegan Omega-3 DHA Lemon Flavor's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 107 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Vitamin E 64 references
  1. Kim JM, White RH. Effect of vitamin E on the anticoagulant response to warfarin. Am J Cardiol 1996;77:545-6. PubMed
  2. Corrigan JJ Jr. The effect of vitamin E on warfarin-induced vitamin K deficiency. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1982;393:361-8. PubMed
  3. Corrigan JJ Jr. Coagulation problems relating to vitamin E. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1979;1:169-73.
  4. Corrigan JJ Jr, Marcus FI. Coagulopathy associated with vitamin E ingestion. JAMA 1974;230:1300-1. DOI
  5. Labriola D, Livingston R. Possible interactions between dietary antioxidants and chemotherapy. Oncology 1999;13:1003-8.
  6. Chang T, Benet LZ, Hebert MF. The effect of water-soluble vitamin E on cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996;59:297-303. PubMed
  7. Pan SH, Lopez RR Jr, Sher LS, et al. Enhanced oral cyclosporine absorption with water-soluble vitamin E early after liver transplantation. Pharmacother 1996;16:59-65. DOI
  8. Anon. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Soprawivenza nell'Infarto miocardico. Lancet 1999;354:447-55. DOI
  9. Chappell LC, Seed PT, Briley AL, et al. Effect of antioxidants on the occurrence of pre-eclampsia in women at increased risk: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999;354:810-6. DOI
  10. Yusuf S, Dagenais G, Pogue J, et al. Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The heart outcomes prevention evaluation study investigators. N Engl J Med 2000;342:154-60. PubMed
  11. Stephens NG, Parsons A, Schofield PM, et al. Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study. Lancet 1996;347:781-6.
  12. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1029-35. PubMed
  13. Takahashi O. Haemorrhagic toxicity of a large dose of alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherols, ubiquinone, beta-carotene, retinol acetate and L-ascorbic acid in the rat. Food Chem Toxicol 1995;33:121-8.
  14. Briggs GB, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1998.
  15. Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas RG, et al. A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer's disease. The Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1216-22. PubMed
  16. Liede KE, Haukka JK, Saxen LM, Heinonen OP. Increased tendency towards gingival bleeding caused by joint effect of alpha-tocopherol supplementation and acetylsalicylic acid. Ann Med 1998;30:542-6.
  17. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309069351/html/.
  18. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1583-93. DOI
  19. Liu M, Wallmon A, Olsson-Mortlock C, et al. Mixed tocopherols inhibit platelet aggregation in humans: potential mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:700-6. PubMed
  20. Sokol RJ, Johnson KE, Karrer FM, et al. Improvement of cyclosporin absorption in children after liver transplantation by means of water-soluble vitamin E. Lancet 1991;338:212-4.. PubMed
  21. Stein JH, Carlsson CM, Papcke-Benson K, et al. The effects of lipid-lowering and antioxidant vitamin therapies on flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery in older adults with hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:1806-13.. PubMed
  22. Carlsson CM, Papcke-Benson K, Carnes M, et al. Health-related quality of life and long-term therapy with pravastatin and tocopherol (vitamin E) in older adults. Drugs Aging 2002;19:793-805. . PubMed
  23. Cheung MC, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al. Antioxidant supplements block the response of HDL to simvastatin-niacin therapy in patients with coronary artery disease and low HDL. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21:1320-6. PubMed
  24. Schrogie JJ. Coagulopathy and fat-soluble vitamins (letter). JAMA 1975;232:19. DOI
  25. Celestini A, Pulcinelli FM, Pignatelli P, et al. Vitamin E potentiates the antiplatelet activity of aspirin in collagen-stimulated platelets. Haematologica 2002;87:420-6.
  26. Stampfer MJ, Jakubowski JA, Faigel D, et al. Vitamin E supplementation effect on human platelet function, arachidonic acid metabolism, and plasma prostacyclin levels. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;47:700-6. PubMed
  27. Jandak J, Steiner M, Richardson PD. Alpha-tocopherol, an effective inhibitor of platelet adhesion. Blood 1989;73:141-9. DOI
  28. Freedman JE, Farhat JH, Loscalzo J, Keaney JF. Alpha-tocopherol inhibits aggregation of human platelets by a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism. Circulation 1996;94:2434-40. PubMed
  29. Steiner M. Vitamin E, a modifier of platelet function: rationale and use in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Nutr Rev 1999;57:306-9. PubMed
  30. Brodkin RH, Bleiberg J. Sensitivity to topically applied vitamin E. Arch Dermatol 1965;92:76-7. DOI
  31. Booth SL, Golly I, Sacheck JM, et al. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on vitamin K status in adults with normal coagulation status. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:143-8. PubMed
  32. Miller ER 3rd, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, et al. Meta-analysis: High-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:60520-53. PubMed
  33. Lonn E, Bosch J, Yusuf S, et al. HOPE and HOPE-TOO Trial Investigators. Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005;293:1338-47. PubMed
  34. Landes N, Pfluger P, Kluth D, et al. Vitamin E activates gene expression via the pregnane X receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2003;65:269-73. . PubMed
  35. Brigelius-Flohe R. Vitamin E and drug metabolism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003;305:737-40. PubMed
  36. Prasad KN. Rationale for using high-dose multiple dietary antioxidants as an adjunct to radiation therapy and chemotherapy. J Nutr 2004;134:3182S-3S. PubMed
  37. Conklin KA. Cancer chemotherapy and antioxidants. J Nutr 2004;134:3201S-3204S. PubMed
  38. Schurks M, Glynn RJ, Rist PM, et al. Effects of vitamin E on stroke subtypes: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMJ 2010;341: c5702. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c5702.
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