Efavirenz, Lamivudine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate 400 mg; 300 mg; 300 mg Tablet, Film Coated, 30-count — NDC 42385-929-30 (Billing 42385-0929-30)

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

12.1Mechanism of Action Efavirenz, lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets are a fixed-dose combination of antiviral drugs EFV, 3TC, and TDF with antiviral activity against HIV-1 [see Microbiology (12.4) ].

12.2Pharmacodynamics Cardiac Electrophysiology: The effect of EFV on the QTc interval was evaluated in an open- label, positive and placebo-controlled, fixed single sequence 3-period, 3-treatment crossover QT study in 58 healthy subjects enriched for CYP2B6 polymorphisms. The mean C max of EFV in subjects with CYP2B6 *6/*6 genotype following the administration of 600 mg daily dose for 14 days was 2.25-fold the mean C max observed in subjects with CYP2B6 *1/*1 genotype. A positive relationship between EFV concentration and QTc prolongation was observed.

Based on the concentration-QTc relationship, the mean QTc prolongation and its upper bound 90% confidence interval are 8.7 ms and 11.3 ms in subjects with CYP2B6*6/*6 genotype following the administration of 600 mg daily dose for 14 days [see Warnings and Precautions (5.16) ] .

12.3Pharmacokinetics The effect of food on efavirenz, lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate has not been evaluated. Efavirenz: In HIV-1-infected subjects, time-to-peak plasma concentrations were approximately 3 to 5 hours and steady-state plasma concentrations were reached in 6 to 10 days. EFV is highly bound (approximately 99.5 to 99.75%) to human plasma proteins, predominantly albumin.

Following administration of 14C-labeled EFV, 14 to 34% of the dose was recovered in the urine (mostly as metabolites) and 16 to 61% was recovered in feces (mostly as parent drug). In vitro studies suggest CYP3A and CYP2B6 are the major isozymes responsible for EFV metabolism. EFV has been shown to induce CYP enzymes, resulting in induction of its own metabolism.

EFV has a terminal half-life of 52 to 76 hours after single doses and 40 to 55 hours after multiple doses. Lamivudine: After oral administration of 2 mg/kg of 3TC twice a day to 9 adults with HIV-1, the peak serum 3TC concentration (Cmax) was 1.5 ± 0.5 mcg/mL (mean ± SD). The area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) and Cmax increased in proportion to oral dose over the range from 0.25 to 10 mg/kg and absolute bioavailability in 12 adult patients was 86% ± 16% (mean ± SD) for the 150-mg tablet and 87% ± 13% for the oral solution.

Binding of 3TC to human plasma proteins is low (< 36%). Within 12 hours after a single oral dose of 3TC in 6 HIV-l-infected adults, 5.2% ± 1.4% (mean ± SD) of the dose was excreted as the trans-sulfoxide metabolite in the urine. The majority of 3TC is eliminated unchanged in urine by active organic cationic secretion and the observed mean elimination half-life (t1/2) ranged from 5 to 7 hours in most single-dose studies with serum sampling for 24 hours after dosing.

Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: Following oral administration of a single 300 mg dose of TDF to HIV-1-infected subjects in the fasted state, maximum serum concentrations (Cmax) were achieved in 1.0 ± 0.4 hrs (mean ± SD) and Cmax and AUC values were 296 ± 90 ng/mL and 2,287 ± 685 ng•hr/mL, respectively. The oral bioavailability of tenofovir from TDF in fasted subjects is approximately 25%. Less than 0.7% of tenofovir binds to human plasma proteins in vitro and the binding is independent of concentration over the range of 0.01 to 25 mcg/mL.

Approximately 70 to 80% of the intravenous dose of tenofovir is recovered as unchanged drug in the urine. Tenofovir is eliminated by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion with a renal clearance in adults with normal renal function of 243 ± 33 mL/min (mean ± SD). Following a single oral dose, the terminal elimination half-life of tenofovir is approximately 17 hours.

Special Populations: Race: Efavirenz and Lamivudine: There are no significant or clinically relevant racial differences in EFV and 3TC pharmacokinetics. Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate:… [Excerpted — this section continues on DailyMed.]

12.1Mechanism of Action Efavirenz, lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets are a fixed-dose combination of antiviral drugs EFV, 3TC, and TDF with antiviral activity against HIV-1 [see Microbiology (12.4) ].

12.3Pharmacokinetics The effect of food on efavirenz, lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate has not been evaluated. Efavirenz: In HIV-1-infected subjects, time-to-peak plasma concentrations were approximately 3 to 5 hours and steady-state plasma concentrations were reached in 6 to 10 days. EFV is highly bound (approximately 99.5 to 99.75%) to human plasma proteins, predominantly albumin.

Following administration of 14C-labeled EFV, 14 to 34% of the dose was recovered in the urine (mostly as metabolites) and 16 to 61% was recovered in feces (mostly as parent drug). In vitro studies suggest CYP3A and CYP2B6 are the major isozymes responsible for EFV metabolism. EFV has been shown to induce CYP enzymes, resulting in induction of its own metabolism.

EFV has a terminal half-life of 52 to 76 hours after single doses and 40 to 55 hours after multiple doses. Lamivudine: After oral administration of 2 mg/kg of 3TC twice a day to 9 adults with HIV-1, the peak serum 3TC concentration (Cmax) was 1.5 ± 0.5 mcg/mL (mean ± SD). The area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) and Cmax increased in proportion to oral dose over the range from 0.25 to 10 mg/kg and absolute bioavailability in 12 adult patients was 86% ± 16% (mean ± SD) for the 150-mg tablet and 87% ± 13% for the oral solution.

Binding of 3TC to human plasma proteins is low (< 36%). Within 12 hours after a single oral dose of 3TC in 6 HIV-l-infected adults, 5.2% ± 1.4% (mean ± SD) of the dose was excreted as the trans-sulfoxide metabolite in the urine. The majority of 3TC is eliminated unchanged in urine by active organic cationic secretion and the observed mean elimination half-life (t1/2) ranged from 5 to 7 hours in most single-dose studies with serum sampling for 24 hours after dosing.

Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: Following oral administration of a single 300 mg dose of TDF to HIV-1-infected subjects in the fasted state, maximum serum concentrations (Cmax) were achieved in 1.0 ± 0.4 hrs (mean ± SD) and Cmax and AUC values were 296 ± 90 ng/mL and 2,287 ± 685 ng•hr/mL, respectively. The oral bioavailability of tenofovir from TDF in fasted subjects is approximately 25%. Less than 0.7% of tenofovir binds to human plasma proteins in vitro and the binding is independent of concentration over the range of 0.01 to 25 mcg/mL.

Approximately 70 to 80% of the intravenous dose of tenofovir is recovered as unchanged drug in the urine. Tenofovir is eliminated by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion with a renal clearance in adults with normal renal function of 243 ± 33 mL/min (mean ± SD). Following a single oral dose, the terminal elimination half-life of tenofovir is approximately 17 hours.

Special Populations: Race: Efavirenz and Lamivudine: There are no significant or clinically relevant racial differences in EFV and 3TC pharmacokinetics. Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: There were insufficient numbers from racial and ethnic groups other than Caucasian to adequately determine potential pharmacokinetic differences among these populations. Gender: There are no significant or clinically relevant gender differences in the pharmacokinetics of EFV, 3TC, and TDF.

Geriatric Patients: The pharmacokinetics of 3TC and TDF have not been studied in patients over 65 years of age. Patients with Renal Impairment: [ See Use in Specific Populations (8.6) . ] Efavirenz: The pharmacokinetics of EFV have not been studied in patients with renal impairment. Lamivudine: The pharmacokinetics of 3TC are altered in subjects with renal impairment (Table 6).

Table 6. Pharmacokinetic Parameters (Mean ± SD) after a Single 300-mg Oral Dose of 3TC in Subjects with Varying Degrees of Renal Function Parameter Creatinine Clearance Criterion (Number of Subjects) > 60 mL/min (n = 6) 10 to 30 mL/min (n = 4) < 10 mL/min (n = 6) Creatinine clearance (mL/min) 111 ± 14 28 ± 8 6 ± 2 Cmax (mcg/mL) 2.6 ± 0.5 3.6 ± 0.8 5.8 ±

1.2AUC ∞ (mcg•h/mL) 11.0 ± 1.7 48.0 ± 19 157 ± 74 Cl/F (… [Excerpted — this section continues on DailyMed.]

12.2Pharmacodynamics Cardiac Electrophysiology: The effect of EFV on the QTc interval was evaluated in an open- label, positive and placebo-controlled, fixed single sequence 3-period, 3-treatment crossover QT study in 58 healthy subjects enriched for CYP2B6 polymorphisms. The mean C max of EFV in subjects with CYP2B6 *6/*6 genotype following the administration of 600 mg daily dose for 14 days was 2.25-fold the mean C max observed in subjects with CYP2B6 *1/*1 genotype. A positive relationship between EFV concentration and QTc prolongation was observed.

Based on the concentration-QTc relationship, the mean QTc prolongation and its upper bound 90% confidence interval are 8.7 ms and 11.3 ms in subjects with CYP2B6*6/*6 genotype following the administration of 600 mg daily dose for 14 days [see Warnings and Precautions (5.16) ] .

14 CLINICAL STUDIES

14.1Clinical Efficacy in Patients with HIV-1 Infection Treatment-Naïve Adult Patients: The efficacy of EFV 400 mg, 3TC 300 mg, and TDF 300 mg in the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults with no antiretroviral treatment history was established in trials of: Trial 903 which evaluated the efficacy of a three-drug regimen including EFV 600 mg, 3TC 300 mg and TDF 300 mg ENCORE1, which evaluated the comparability of 400 mg of EFV in a triple drug regimen to a 600 mg dose of EFV in a triple drug regimen. Trial 903: Data through 144 weeks are reported for Trial 903, a double-blind, active-controlled multicenter trial comparing EFV 600 mg + 3TC 300 mg + TDF 300 mg vs.

EFV 600 mg + 3TC 300 mg + stavudine (d4T) 40 mg in 600 antiretroviral-naïve subjects. Subjects had a mean age of 36 years (range 18 to 64); 74% were male, 64% were Caucasian, and 20% were Black. The mean baseline CD4+ cell count was 279 cells/mm 3 (range 3 to 956) and median baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA was 77,600 copies/mL (range 417 to 5,130,000).

Subjects were stratified by baseline HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ cell count. Forty-three percent of subjects had baseline viral loads > 100,000 copies/mL and 39% had CD4+ cell counts < 200 cells/mm 3 . Table 11 provides treatment outcomes through 48 and 144 weeks.

Table 11. Outcomes of Randomized Treatment at Week 48 and 144 (Study 903) a Subjects achieved and maintained confirmed HIV-1 RNA < 400 copies/mL through Week 48 and 144. b Includes confirmed viral rebound and failure to achieve confirmed < 400 copies/mL through Week 48 and 144. c Includes lost to follow-up, subject’s withdrawal, noncompliance, protocol violation and other reasons. Outcomes At Week 48 At Week 144 EFV + 3TC + TDF (N = 299) EFV + 3TC + d4T (N = 301) EFV + 3TC + TDF (N = 299) EFV + 3TC + d4T (N = 301) Responder a 79% 82% 68% 62% Virologic failure b 6% 4% 10% 8% Rebound 5% 3% 8% 7% Never suppressed 0% 1% 0% 0% Added an antiretroviral agent 1% 1% 2% 1% Death < 1% 1% < 1% 2% Discontinued due to adverse event 6% 6% 8% 13% Discontinued for other reasons c 8% 7% 14% 15% Achievement of plasma HIV-1 RNA concentrations of < 400 copies/mL at Week 144 was similar between the two treatment groups for the population stratified at baseline on the basis of HIV-1 RNA concentration (> or ≤ 100,000 copies/mL) and CD4+ cell count (< or ≥ 200 cells/mm 3 ).

Through 144 weeks of therapy, 62% and 58% of subjects in the TDF and d4T arms, respectively, achieved and maintained confirmed HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL. The mean increase from baseline in CD4+ cell count was 263 cells/mm 3 for the TDF arm and 283 cells/mm 3 for the d4T arm. Through 144 weeks, 11 subjects in the TDF group and 9 subjects in the d4T group experienced a new CDC Class C event.

The ENCORE1 trial was a randomized, multinational clinical study comparing EFV 400 mg vs. EFV 600 mg in 630 antiretroviral-naïve adult subjects. Subjects were randomized 1:1 to receive EFV 400 mg in combination with TDF 300 mg plus FTC 200 mg all given once daily or EFV 600 mg in combination with TDF 300 mg/FTC 200 mg given once daily.

The randomization was stratified by the clinical sites and the screening visit plasma HIV RNA level, either < 100,000 copies/mL or ≥ 100,000 copies/mL. Subjects had a mean age of 36 years (range 18 to 69), 68% were male, 37% were of African heritage, 33% were of Asian ethnicity, 17% were Hispanic and 13% were Caucasian. The mean baseline CD4+ cell count was 273 cells/mm 3 (range 38 to 679).

Median baseline viral load was 56,469 copies/mL (range 162 to 10,000,000). Thirty-four percent of subjects had baseline viral load of ≥ 100,000 copies/mL. Treatment outcomes through Week 48 are presented in Table 12.

Table 12. Virologic Outcomes of Randomized Treatment in Trial ENCORE1 in Treatment-Naïve Subjects at Week 48 a Subjects achieved confirmed HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL at Week 48. b Includes confirmed viral rebound and failure to achieve confirmed < 50 copies/mL through Week 48. c Includes discontinu… [Excerpted — this section continues on DailyMed.]

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

13.1Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Efavirenz: Long-term carcinogenicity studies in mice and rats were carried out with efavirenz. Mice were dosed with 0, 25, 75, 150, or 300 mg/kg/day for 2 years. Incidences of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas and pulmonary alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas were increased above background in females.

No increases in tumor incidence above background were seen in males. There was no NOAEL in female established for this study because tumor findings occurred at all doses. AUC at the NOAEL (150 mg/kg) in the males was approximately 0.9 times that in humans at the recommended clinical dose.

In the rat study, no increases in tumor incidence were observed at doses up to 100 mg/kg/day, for which AUCs were 0.1 (males) or 0.2 (females) times those in humans at the recommended clinical dose. EFV tested negative in a battery of in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity assays. These included bacterial mutation assays in S. typhimurium and E. coli , mammalian mutation assays in Chinese hamster ovary cells, chromosome aberration assays in human peripheral blood lymphocytes or Chinese hamster ovary cells, and an in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay.

EFV did not impair mating or fertility of male or female rats, and did not affect sperm of treated male rats. The reproductive performance of offspring born to female rats given EFV was not affected. The AUCs at the NOAEL values in male (200 mg/kg) and female (100 mg/kg) rats were approximately ≤ 0.15 times that in humans at the recommended clinical dose.

Lamivudine: Long-term carcinogenicity studies with 3TC in mice and rats showed no evidence of carcinogenic potential at exposures up to 10 times (mice) and 58 times (rats) the human exposures at the recommended dose of 300 mg. 3TC was not mutagenic in a microbial mutagenicity assay, in an in vitro cell transformation assay, in a rat micronucleus test, in a rat bone marrow cytogenetic assay, and in assay for unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat liver. 3TC showed no evidence of in vivo genotoxic activity in the rat at oral doses of up to 2,000 mg per kg, producing plasma levels of 35 to 45 times those in humans at the recommended dose for HIV-1 infection.

In a study of reproductive performance, 3TC administered to rats at doses up to 4,000 mg per kg per day, producing plasma levels 47 to 70 times those in humans, revealed no evidence of impaired fertility and no effect on the survival, growth, and development to weaning of the offspring. Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: Long-term oral carcinogenicity studies of TDF in mice and rats were carried out at exposures up to approximately 16 times (mice) and 5 times (rats) those observed in humans at the therapeutic dose for HIV-1 infection.

At the high dose in female mice, liver adenomas were increased at exposures 16 times that in humans. In rats, the study was negative for carcinogenic findings at exposures up to 5 times that observed in humans at the therapeutic dose. TDF was mutagenic in the in vitro mouse lymphoma assay and negative in an in vitro bacterial mutagenicity test (Ames test).

In an in vivo mouse micronucleus assay, TDF was negative when administered to male mice. There were no effects on fertility, mating performance or early embryonic development when TDF was administered to male rats at a dose equivalent to 10 times the human dose based on body surface area comparisons for 28 days prior to mating and to female rats for 15 days prior to mating through day seven of gestation. There was, however, an alteration of the estrous cycle in female rats.

13.2Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology Efavirenz: Nonsustained convulsions were observed in 6 of 20 monkeys receiving EFV at doses yielding plasma AUC values 4- to 13-fold greater than those in humans given the recommended dose [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11)] . Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: Tenofovir and TDF administered in toxicology studies to rats, dogs, a… [Excerpted — this section continues on DailyMed.]