Aprepitant Kit, 1 kit — NDC 68462-112-33 (Billing 68462-0112-33)

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

12.1Mechanism of Action Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK 1 ) receptors. Aprepitant has little or no affinity for serotonin (5-HT 3 ), dopamine, and corticosteroid receptors, the targets of existing therapies for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Aprepitant has been shown in animal models to inhibit emesis induced by cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents, such as cisplatin, via central actions.

Animal and human Positron Emission Tomography (PET) studies with aprepitant have shown that it crosses the blood brain barrier and occupies brain NK 1 receptors. Animal and human studies show that aprepitant augments the antiemetic activity of the 5-HT 3 -receptor antagonist ondansetron and the corticosteroid dexamethasone and inhibits both the acute and delayed phases of cisplatin-induced emesis.

12.2Pharmacodynamics NK 1 Receptor Occupancy In two single-blind, multiple-dose, randomized, and placebo-controlled studies, healthy young men received oral aprepitant doses of 10 mg (N=2), 30 mg (N=3), 100 mg (N=3) or 300 mg (N=5) once daily (0.08, 0.24, 0.8, and 2.4 times the maximum recommended single dose, respectively) for 14 days with 2 or 3 subjects on placebo. Both plasma aprepitant concentration and NK 1 receptor occupancy in the corpus striatum by positron emission tomography were evaluated, at predose and 24 hours after the last dose.

At aprepitant plasma concentrations of approximately 10 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL, the NK 1 receptor occupancies were approximately 50% and 90%, respectively. The oral aprepitant regimen produced mean trough plasma aprepitant concentrations greater than 500 ng/mL in adults, which would be expected to, based on the fitted curve with the Hill equation, result in greater than 95% brain NK 1 receptor occupancy. However, the receptor occupancy has not been determined.

In addition, the relationship between NK 1 receptor occupancy and the clinical efficacy of aprepitant has not been established. Cardiac Electrophysiology In a randomized, double-blind, positive-controlled, thorough QTc study, a single 200-mg dose of fosaprepitant had no effect on the QTc interval. Maximum aprepitant concentrations after a single 200-mg dose of fosaprepitant were 4- and 9-fold higher than that achieved with oral aprepitant 125 mg and 40 mg, respectively.

QT prolongation with the oral aprepitant dosing regimens is not expected.

12.3Pharmacokinetics Absorption Following oral administration of a single 40 mg dose of aprepitant in the fasted state, mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC 0-∞ ) was 7.8 mcg•hr/mL and mean peak plasma concentration (C max ) was 0.7 mcg/mL, occurring at approximately 3 hours postdose (T max ). The absolute bioavailability at the 40 mg dose has not been determined. Following oral administration of a single 125 mg dose of aprepitant on Day 1 and 80 mg once daily on Days 2 and 3, the AUC 0-24hr was approximately 19.6 mcg•hr/mL and 21.2 mcg•hr/mL on Day 1 and Day 3, respectively.

The C max of 1.6 mcg/mL and 1.4 mcg/mL were reached in approximately 4 hours (T max ) on Day 1 and Day 3, respectively. At the dose range of 80 to 125 mg, the mean absolute oral bioavailability of aprepitant is approximately 60 to 65%. Oral administration of the capsule with a standard high-fat breakfast had no clinically meaningful effect on the bioavailability of aprepitant.

The pharmacokinetics of aprepitant were non-linear across the clinical dose range. In healthy young adults, the increase in AUC 0-∞ was 26% greater than dose proportional between 80 mg and 125 mg single doses administered in the fed state. Distribution Aprepitant is greater than 95% bound to plasma proteins.

The mean apparent volume of distribution at steady state (Vd ss ) was approximately 70 L in humans. Aprepitant crosses the blood brain barrier in humans [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.1 )] . Elimination Me… [Excerpted — this section continues on DailyMed.]

12.1Mechanism of Action Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK 1 ) receptors. Aprepitant has little or no affinity for serotonin (5-HT 3 ), dopamine, and corticosteroid receptors, the targets of existing therapies for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Aprepitant has been shown in animal models to inhibit emesis induced by cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents, such as cisplatin, via central actions.

Animal and human Positron Emission Tomography (PET) studies with aprepitant have shown that it crosses the blood brain barrier and occupies brain NK 1 receptors. Animal and human studies show that aprepitant augments the antiemetic activity of the 5-HT 3 -receptor antagonist ondansetron and the corticosteroid dexamethasone and inhibits both the acute and delayed phases of cisplatin-induced emesis.

12.3Pharmacokinetics Absorption Following oral administration of a single 40 mg dose of aprepitant in the fasted state, mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC 0-∞ ) was 7.8 mcg•hr/mL and mean peak plasma concentration (C max ) was 0.7 mcg/mL, occurring at approximately 3 hours postdose (T max ). The absolute bioavailability at the 40 mg dose has not been determined. Following oral administration of a single 125 mg dose of aprepitant on Day 1 and 80 mg once daily on Days 2 and 3, the AUC 0-24hr was approximately 19.6 mcg•hr/mL and 21.2 mcg•hr/mL on Day 1 and Day 3, respectively.

The C max of 1.6 mcg/mL and 1.4 mcg/mL were reached in approximately 4 hours (T max ) on Day 1 and Day 3, respectively. At the dose range of 80 to 125 mg, the mean absolute oral bioavailability of aprepitant is approximately 60 to 65%. Oral administration of the capsule with a standard high-fat breakfast had no clinically meaningful effect on the bioavailability of aprepitant.

The pharmacokinetics of aprepitant were non-linear across the clinical dose range. In healthy young adults, the increase in AUC 0-∞ was 26% greater than dose proportional between 80 mg and 125 mg single doses administered in the fed state. Distribution Aprepitant is greater than 95% bound to plasma proteins.

The mean apparent volume of distribution at steady state (Vd ss ) was approximately 70 L in humans. Aprepitant crosses the blood brain barrier in humans [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.1 )] . Elimination Metabolism Aprepitant undergoes extensive metabolism.

In vitro studies using human liver microsomes indicate that aprepitant is metabolized primarily by CYP3A4 with minor metabolism by CYP1A2 and CYP2C19. Metabolism is largely via oxidation at the morpholine ring and its side chains. No metabolism by CYP2D6, CYP2C9, or CYP2E1 was detected.

In healthy young adults, aprepitant accounts for approximately 24% of the radioactivity in plasma over 72 hours following a single oral 300 mg dose of [ 14 C]-aprepitant (2.4 times the maximum recommended dose), indicating a substantial presence of metabolites in the plasma. Seven metabolites of aprepitant, which are only weakly active, have been identified in human plasma. Excretion Following administration of a single intravenous 100 mg dose of [ 14 C]-aprepitant prodrug to healthy subjects, 57% of the radioactivity was recovered in urine and 45% in feces.

A study was not conducted with radiolabeled capsule formulation. The results after oral administration may differ. Aprepitant is eliminated primarily by metabolism; aprepitant is not renally excreted.

The apparent plasma clearance of aprepitant ranged from approximately 62 to 90 mL/min. The apparent terminal half-life ranged from approximately 9 to 13 hours. Specific Populations Geriatric Patients Following oral administration of a single 125 mg dose of aprepitant on Day 1 and 80 mg once daily on Days 2 through 5 (2 additional days of dosing compared to the recommended duration), the AUC 0-24hr of aprepitant was 21% higher on Day 1 and 36% higher on Day 5 in elderly (65 years and older) relative to younger adults.

The C max was 10% higher on Day 1 and 24% higher on Day 5 in elderly relative to younger adults. These differences are not considered clinically meaningful [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5)]. Pediatric Patients As part of a 3-day regimen, dosing of aprepitant capsules (125 mg/80 mg/80 mg) in 18 pediatric patients (aged 12 through 17 years) achieved a mean AUC 0-24hr of 17 mcg•hr/mL on Day 1 with mean peak plasma concentration (C max ) at 1.3 mcg/mL occurring at approximately 4 hours.

The mean concentrations at the end of Day 2 (N=8) and Day 3 (N=16) were both at 0.6 mcg/mL. A population pharmacokinetic analysis of aprepitant in pediatric patients (aged 6 months through 17 years) suggests that sex and race have no clinically meaningful effect on the pharmacokinetics of aprepitant. Male and Female Patients Following oral administration of a single dose of… [Excerpted — this section continues on DailyMed.]

12.2Pharmacodynamics NK 1 Receptor Occupancy In two single-blind, multiple-dose, randomized, and placebo-controlled studies, healthy young men received oral aprepitant doses of 10 mg (N=2), 30 mg (N=3), 100 mg (N=3) or 300 mg (N=5) once daily (0.08, 0.24, 0.8, and 2.4 times the maximum recommended single dose, respectively) for 14 days with 2 or 3 subjects on placebo. Both plasma aprepitant concentration and NK 1 receptor occupancy in the corpus striatum by positron emission tomography were evaluated, at predose and 24 hours after the last dose.

At aprepitant plasma concentrations of approximately 10 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL, the NK 1 receptor occupancies were approximately 50% and 90%, respectively. The oral aprepitant regimen produced mean trough plasma aprepitant concentrations greater than 500 ng/mL in adults, which would be expected to, based on the fitted curve with the Hill equation, result in greater than 95% brain NK 1 receptor occupancy. However, the receptor occupancy has not been determined.

In addition, the relationship between NK 1 receptor occupancy and the clinical efficacy of aprepitant has not been established. Cardiac Electrophysiology In a randomized, double-blind, positive-controlled, thorough QTc study, a single 200-mg dose of fosaprepitant had no effect on the QTc interval. Maximum aprepitant concentrations after a single 200-mg dose of fosaprepitant were 4- and 9-fold higher than that achieved with oral aprepitant 125 mg and 40 mg, respectively.

QT prolongation with the oral aprepitant dosing regimens is not expected.

14 CLINICAL STUDIES

14.1Prevention of Nausea and Vomiting Associated with HEC in Adults Oral administration of aprepitant in combination with ondansetron and dexamethasone (aprepitant regimen) has been shown to prevent acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with HEC including high-dose cisplatin, and nausea and vomiting associated with MEC. In Studies 1 and 2, both multicenter, randomized, parallel, double-blind, controlled clinical studies in adults, aprepitant in combination with ondansetron and dexamethasone was compared with standard therapy (ondansetron and dexamethasone alone) in patients receiving a chemotherapy regimen that included cisplatin greater than 50 mg/m 2 (mean cisplatin dose = 80.2 mg/m 2 ).

See Table 13. In these studies, 95% of the patients in the aprepitant group received a concomitant chemotherapeutic agent in addition to protocol-mandated cisplatin. The most common chemotherapeutic agents and the number of aprepitant patients exposed follows: etoposide (106), fluorouracil (100), gemcitabine (89), vinorelbine (82), paclitaxel (52), cyclophosphamide (50), doxorubicin (38), docetaxel (11).

Of the 550 patients who were randomized to receive the aprepitant regimen, 42% were women, 58% men, 59% White, 3% Asian, 5% Black, 12% Hispanic American, and 21% Multi-Racial. The aprepitant-treated patients in these clinical studies ranged from 14 to 84 years of age, with a mean age of 56 years. A total of 170 patients were 65 years or older, with 29 patients being 75 years or older.

Table 10: HEC Treatment Regimens – Studies 1 and 2* Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 CINV Aprepitant Regimen Oral Aprepitant † 125 mg 80 mg 80 mg none Oral Dexamethasone ‡ 12 mg 8 mg 8 mg 8 mg Ondansetron 5-HT 3 antagonist § none none none CINV Standard Therapy Oral Dexamethasone 20 mg 8 mg twice daily 8 mg twice daily 8 mg twice daily Ondansetron 5-HT 3 antagonist § none none none * Aprepitant placebo and dexamethasone placebo were used to maintain blinding. † Aprepitant was administered 1 hour prior to chemotherapy treatment on Day 1 and in the morning on Days 2 and 3. ‡ Dexamethasone was administered 30 minutes prior to chemotherapy treatment on Day 1 and in the morning on Days 2 through 4.

The 12 mg dose of dexamethasone on Day 1 reflects a dosage adjustment to account for a drug interaction with the aprepitant regimen [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . § Ondansetron 32 mg intravenous was used in the clinical trials of aprepitant. Although this dose was used in clinical trials, this is no longer the currently recommended dose. Refer to the ondansetron prescribing information for the current recommended dose.

The antiemetic activity of aprepitant was evaluated during the acute phase (0 to 24 hours post-cisplatin treatment), the delayed phase (25 to 120 hours post-cisplatin treatment) and overall (0 to 120 hours post-cisplatin treatment) in Cycle 1. Efficacy was based on evaluation of the following endpoints in which emetic episodes included vomiting, retching, or dry heaves: Primary endpoint: • complete response (defined as no emetic episodes and no use of rescue therapy as recorded in patient diaries) Other prespecified endpoints: • complete protection (defined as no emetic episodes, no use of rescue therapy, and a maximum nausea visual analogue scale [VAS] score less than 25 mm on a 0 to 100 mm scale) • no emesis (defined as no emetic episodes regardless of use of rescue therapy) • no nausea (maximum VAS less than 5 mm on a 0 to 100 mm scale) • no significant nausea (maximum VAS less than 25 mm on a 0 to 100 mm scale) A summary of the key study results from each individual study analysis is shown in Table 14.

In both studies, a statistically significantly higher proportion of patients receiving the aprepitant regimen in Cycle 1 had a complete response in the overall phase (primary endpoint), compared with patients receiving standard therapy. A statistically significant difference in complete response in favor of the aprepitant re… [Excerpted — this section continues on DailyMed.]

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

13.1Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Carcinogenesis Carcinogenicity studies were conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats and in CD-1 mice for 2 years. In the rat carcinogenicity studies, animals were treated with oral doses ranging from 0.05 to 1000 mg/kg twice daily. The highest dose produced a systemic exposure to aprepitant (AUC) of 0.7 to 1.6 times the adult human exposure at the 125 mg/80 mg/80 mg aprepitant regimen.

Treatment with aprepitant at doses of 5 to 1000 mg/kg twice daily caused an increase in the incidences of thyroid follicular cell adenomas and carcinomas in male rats. In female rats, it produced hepatocellular adenomas at 5 to 1000 mg/kg twice daily and hepatocellular carcinomas and thyroid follicular cell adenomas at 125 to 1000 mg/kg twice daily. In the mouse carcinogenicity studies, the animals were treated with oral doses ranging from 2.5 to 2000 mg/kg/day.

The highest dose produced a systemic exposure of about 2.8 to 3.6 times the adult human exposure at the 125 mg/80 mg/80 mg aprepitant regimen. Treatment with aprepitant produced skin fibrosarcomas at 125 and 500 mg/kg/day doses in male mice. Mutagenesis Aprepitant was not genotoxic in the Ames test, the human lymphoblastoid cell (TK6) mutagenesis test, the rat hepatocyte DNA strand break test, the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell chromosome aberration test and the mouse micronucleus test.

Impairment of Fertility Aprepitant did not affect the fertility or general reproductive performance of male or female rats at doses up to the maximum feasible dose of 1000 mg/kg twice daily (providing exposure in male rats lower than the exposure at the recommended adult human dose and exposure in female rats at about 1.6 times the adult human exposure at the 125 mg/80 mg/80 mg aprepitant regimen).